2023 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

两个不全等的平行六面体,每个面都是菱形,且菱形两条对角线的长度为 21\sqrt{21}31\sqrt{31}。这两个多面体中较大体积与较小体积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n。平行六面体是一个有六个平行四边形面的立体,如下图所示。

Each face of two noncongruent parallelepipeds is a rhombus whose diagonals have lengths 21\sqrt{21} and 31.\sqrt{31}. The ratio of the volume of the larger of the two polyhedra to the volume of the smaller is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n. A parallelepiped is a solid with six parallelogram faces such as the one shown below.

答案:125
知识点:向量行列式体积
难度评级:3160
小提示:

每条棱长为 13\sqrt{13},而由两条面对角线可知,每一对棱向量的点积为 ±52\pm\frac{5}{2}

Every edge has length 13,\sqrt{13}, and each pair of edge vectors has dot product ±52\pm\frac{5}{2} from the two face diagonals.

大提示:

体积的平方是三个棱向量的格拉姆行列式;只有三个点积的乘积符号会影响结果。

The squared volume is the Gram determinant of the three edge vectors; only the sign of the product of the three dot products matters.

解答:

对角线为 21\sqrt{21}31\sqrt{31} 的菱形边长为 214+314=13\sqrt{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{31}{4}} = \sqrt{13},所以三个棱向量 u\mathbf{u}v\mathbf{v}w\mathbf{w} 的长度平方都为 1313。在由 u\mathbf{u}v\mathbf{v} 张成的面中,对角线为 u±v\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v},且 u±v2=26±2uv|\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v}|^2 = 26 \pm 2\,\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v};与 {21,31}\{21, 31\} 对应,可得 uv=±52\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v} = \pm\frac{5}{2},另外两对向量同理。

体积平方是格拉姆行列式 V2=det(13xyx13zyz13)=219713(x2+y2+z2)+2xyz=21979754+2xyz \begin{aligned} V^2 &= \det\begin{pmatrix} 13 & x & y \\ x & 13 & z \\ y & z & 13 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= 2197 - 13(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \\ &= 2197 - \frac{975}{4} \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \end{aligned}\text{,} 其中 x,y,z{±52}x, y, z \in \left\{\pm\frac{5}{2}\right\}。把一个棱向量取相反数会翻转 x,y,zx, y, z 中两个的符号,所以只有 xyzxyz 的符号重要:2xyz=±12542xyz = \pm\frac{125}{4},从而 V2=79384V^2 = \frac{7938}{4}76884\frac{7688}{4}

体积比为 79387688=39693844=6362\sqrt{\frac{7938}{7688}} = \sqrt{\frac{3969}{3844}} = \frac{63}{62},已经是最简形式,所以 m+n=63+62=125m + n = 63 + 62 = 125

A rhombus with diagonals 21\sqrt{21} and 31\sqrt{31} has side 214+314=13,\sqrt{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{31}{4}} = \sqrt{13}, so the three edge vectors u,\mathbf{u}, v,\mathbf{v}, w\mathbf{w} all have squared length 13.13. In the face spanned by u\mathbf{u} and v\mathbf{v} the diagonals are u±v,\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v}, with u±v2=26±2uv;|\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v}|^2 = 26 \pm 2\,\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v}; matching {21,31}\{21, 31\} gives uv=±52,\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v} = \pm\frac{5}{2}, and likewise for the other two pairs.

The squared volume is the Gram determinant V2=det(13xyx13zyz13)=219713(x2+y2+z2)+2xyz=21979754+2xyz \begin{aligned} V^2 &= \det\begin{pmatrix} 13 & x & y \\ x & 13 & z \\ y & z & 13 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= 2197 - 13(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \\ &= 2197 - \frac{975}{4} \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \end{aligned} with x,y,z{±52}.x, y, z \in \left\{\pm\frac{5}{2}\right\}. Negating an edge vector flips the signs of two of x,y,z,x, y, z, so only the sign of xyzxyz matters: 2xyz=±1254,2xyz = \pm\frac{125}{4}, giving V2=79384V^2 = \frac{7938}{4} or 76884.\frac{7688}{4}.

The ratio of the volumes is 79387688=39693844=6362,\sqrt{\frac{7938}{7688}} = \sqrt{\frac{3969}{3844}} = \frac{63}{62}, already in lowest terms, so m+n=63+62=125.m + n = 63 + 62 = 125.

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