2023 AIME I 真题

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1.

五名男子和九名女子按相等间隔随机站在一个圆周上。每名男子都恰好站在一名女子正对面的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Five men and nine women stand equally spaced around a circle in random order. The probability that every man stands diametrically opposite a woman is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:191
知识点:基本概率组合配对与分组
难度评级:2170
小提示:

1414 个位置分成 77 对直径相对的位置;只需要关心男子占据的是哪些位置。

The 1414 positions split into 77 diametrically opposite pairs, and only the set of positions the men occupy matters.

大提示:

数出没有任何一对位置同时有两名男子的情形:选出 77 对中的 55 对放男子,再在每对中选一个位置;与 (145)\binom{14}{5} 比较。

Count sets where no pair has two men: choose 55 of the 77 pairs to hold a man, then a position in each; compare with (145).\binom{14}{5}.

解答:

1414 个位置分成 77 对直径相对的位置。只需要看男子占据的位置集合,而所有 (145)=2002\binom{14}{5} = 2002 个五元素位置集合等可能。每名男子都与一名女子相对,等价于没有一对相对位置里有两名男子。因此先选出 77 对中的 55 对含有男子,有 (75)=21\binom{7}{5} = 21 种;再在每个选中的对里选出男子的位置,有 25=322^5 = 32 种,共有 2132=67221 \cdot 32 = 672 个有利集合。

概率为 6722002=48143\frac{672}{2002} = \frac{48}{143},所以 m+n=48+143=191m + n = 48 + 143 = 191

The 1414 positions split into 77 diametrically opposite pairs. Only the set of positions occupied by the men matters, and all (145)=2002\binom{14}{5} = 2002 five-element sets are equally likely. Every man stands opposite a woman exactly when no pair contains two men, so choose which 55 of the 77 pairs contain a man ((75)=21\binom{7}{5} = 21 ways) and which position of each chosen pair the man occupies (25=322^5 = 32 ways), for 2132=67221 \cdot 32 = 672 favorable sets.

The probability is 6722002=48143,\frac{672}{2002} = \frac{48}{143}, so m+n=48+143=191.m + n = 48 + 143 = 191.

2.

正实数 b1b \ne 1nn 满足方程 logbn=logbn\sqrt{\log_b n} = \log_b \sqrt{n} 以及 blogbn=logb(bn)b \cdot \log_b n = \log_b (bn)\text{。} nn 的值为 jk\frac{j}{k},其中 jjkk 是互质的正整数。求 j+kj + k

Positive real numbers b1b \ne 1 and nn satisfy the equations logbn=logbn\sqrt{\log_b n} = \log_b \sqrt{n} and blogbn=logb(bn).b \cdot \log_b n = \log_b (bn). The value of nn is jk,\frac{j}{k}, where jj and kk are relatively prime positive integers. Find j+k.j + k.

答案:881
知识点:对数换元法
难度评级:2100
小提示:

x=logbnx = \log_b n,把两个方程都改写成关于 xxbb 的式子。

Set x=logbnx = \log_b n and rewrite both equations in terms of xx and b.b.

大提示:

第一个方程迫使 x=x2\sqrt{x} = \frac{x}{2};舍去不满足第二个方程的根,而第二个方程为 bx=1+xbx = 1 + x

The first equation forces x=x2;\sqrt{x} = \frac{x}{2}; discard the root that breaks the second equation, which reads bx=1+x.bx = 1 + x.

解答:

x=logbnx = \log_b n。第一个方程给出 x=logbn12=x2\sqrt{x} = \log_b n^{\frac{1}{2}} = \frac{x}{2},所以 x=x24x = \frac{x^2}{4},得到 x=0x = 0x=4x = 4。若 x=0x = 0,则 n=1n = 1,第二个方程会变成 0=logbb=10 = \log_b b = 1,矛盾;因此 x=4x = 4

第二个方程给出 bx=logbb+logbn=1+xbx = \log_b b + \log_b n = 1 + x,所以 4b=54b = 5,从而 b=54b = \frac{5}{4}。于是 n=b4=(54)4=625256n = b^4 = \left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^4 = \frac{625}{256}\text{,} 这已经是最简分数,所以 j+k=625+256=881j + k = 625 + 256 = 881

Let x=logbn.x = \log_b n. The first equation says x=logbn12=x2,\sqrt{x} = \log_b n^{\frac{1}{2}} = \frac{x}{2}, so x=x24,x = \frac{x^2}{4}, giving x=0x = 0 or x=4.x = 4. If x=0x = 0 then n=1,n = 1, and the second equation would read 0=logbb=1,0 = \log_b b = 1, impossible; so x=4.x = 4.

The second equation says bx=logbb+logbn=1+x,bx = \log_b b + \log_b n = 1 + x, so 4b=54b = 5 and b=54.b = \frac{5}{4}. Then n=b4=(54)4=625256,n = b^4 = \left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^4 = \frac{625}{256}, which is in lowest terms, so j+k=625+256=881.j + k = 625 + 256 = 881.

3.

平面上有 4040 条直线,其中任意 22 条都不平行。已知有 33 个点恰好有 33 条直线相交,有 44 个点恰好有 44 条直线相交,有 55 个点恰好有 55 条直线相交,有 66 个点恰好有 66 条直线相交,并且没有超过 66 条直线相交的点。求恰好有 22 条直线相交的点的个数。

A plane contains 4040 lines, no 22 of which are parallel. Suppose that there are 33 points where exactly 33 lines intersect, 44 points where exactly 44 lines intersect, 55 points where exactly 55 lines intersect, 66 points where exactly 66 lines intersect, and no points where more than 66 lines intersect. Find the number of points where exactly 22 lines intersect.

答案:607
难度评级:2090
小提示:

因为任意两条直线都不平行,每一对直线都恰好在一个交点相交。

Since no two lines are parallel, every pair of lines meets at exactly one intersection point.

大提示:

一个恰好有 kk 条直线相交的点,对应 (402)\binom{40}{2} 对直线中的 (k2)\binom{k}{2} 对。

A point where exactly kk lines cross accounts for (k2)\binom{k}{2} of the (402)\binom{40}{2} pairs of lines.

解答:

因为这 4040 条直线中任意两条都不平行,所以每两条直线相交,共有 (402)=780\binom{40}{2} = 780 对直线,并且每一对直线恰好对应一个交点。一个恰好有 kk 条直线相交的点,恰好对应这些直线对中的 (k2)\binom{k}{2} 对。

已给出的交点共对应 3(32)+4(42)3\binom{3}{2} + 4\binom{4}{2} +5(52)+6(62)+ 5\binom{5}{2} + 6\binom{6}{2} =9+24+50+90=173= 9 + 24 + 50 + 90 = 173 对直线。剩下的每一对直线都在一个恰好有 22 条直线相交的点相交,每对给出一个这样的点,所以共有 780173=607780 - 173 = 607 个。

Since no two of the 4040 lines are parallel, every two lines cross, giving (402)=780\binom{40}{2} = 780 pairs of lines, and each pair meets at exactly one point. A point where exactly kk lines meet accounts for exactly (k2)\binom{k}{2} of these pairs.

The given points account for 3(32)+4(42)3\binom{3}{2} + 4\binom{4}{2} +5(52)+6(62)+ 5\binom{5}{2} + 6\binom{6}{2} =9+24+50+90=173= 9 + 24 + 50 + 90 = 173 pairs of lines. Each remaining pair meets at a point where exactly 22 lines intersect, one point per pair, so there are 780173=607780 - 173 = 607 such points.

4.

对所有使 13!m\frac{13!}{m} 为完全平方数的正整数 mm 求和,所得结果可写成 2a3b5c7d11e13f2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d 11^e 13^f,其中 aabbccddeeff 都是正整数。求 a+b+c+d+e+fa + b + c + d + e + f

The sum of all positive integers mm such that 13!m\frac{13!}{m} is a perfect square can be written as 2a3b5c7d11e13f,2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d 11^e 13^f, where a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, e,e, and ff are positive integers. Find a+b+c+d+e+f.a + b + c + d + e + f.

答案:12
难度评级:2330
小提示:

分解 13!=21035527111313! = 2^{10} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13,并判断 mm 的各个质因数指数可以是什么。

Factor 13!=21035527111313! = 2^{10} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 and decide which prime exponents mm can have.

大提示:

mm 的每个指数必须与 13!13! 中相应指数同奇偶,因此所有合法 mm 的和可以分解成若干个等比和的乘积。

Each exponent of mm must match the parity of the corresponding exponent of 13!,13!, so the sum of all valid mm factors as a product of geometric sums.

解答:

因为 13!=21035527111313! = 2^{10} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13,合法的 m=2x3y5z7w11u13vm = 2^x 3^y 5^z 7^w 11^u 13^v 必须使 13!m\frac{13!}{m} 中每个质因数的指数为偶数:x{0,2,4,6,8,10}x \in \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10\}y{1,3,5}y \in \{1, 3, 5\}z{0,2}z \in \{0, 2\},且 w=u=v=1w = u = v = 1

这些选择彼此独立,所以所有这样的 mm 之和分解为 (1+4++1024)(3+27+243)(1+25)71113=1365273261001 \begin{aligned} &(1 + 4 + \cdots + 1024) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3 + 27 + 243) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (1 + 25) \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 \\ &= 1365 \cdot 273 \cdot 26 \cdot 1001 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因为 1365=357131365 = 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 13273=3713273 = 3 \cdot 7 \cdot 1326=21326 = 2 \cdot 13,且 1001=711131001 = 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13,所以该和等于 213251731111342^1 3^2 5^1 7^3 11^1 13^4,从而 a+b+c+d+e+fa + b + c + d + e + f =1+2+1+3+1+4= 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 4 =12= 12

Since 13!=210355271113,13! = 2^{10} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13, a valid m=2x3y5z7w11u13vm = 2^x 3^y 5^z 7^w 11^u 13^v must leave every exponent of 13!m\frac{13!}{m} even: x{0,2,4,6,8,10},x \in \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10\}, y{1,3,5},y \in \{1, 3, 5\}, z{0,2},z \in \{0, 2\}, and w=u=v=1.w = u = v = 1.

The choices are independent, so the sum of all such mm factors as (1+4++1024)(3+27+243)(1+25)71113=1365273261001. \begin{aligned} &(1 + 4 + \cdots + 1024) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (3 + 27 + 243) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (1 + 25) \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 \\ &= 1365 \cdot 273 \cdot 26 \cdot 1001. \end{aligned} Since 1365=35713,1365 = 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 13, 273=3713,273 = 3 \cdot 7 \cdot 13, 26=213,26 = 2 \cdot 13, and 1001=71113,1001 = 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13, the sum equals 21325173111134,2^1 3^2 5^1 7^3 11^1 13^4, and a+b+c+d+e+fa + b + c + d + e + f =1+2+1+3+1+4= 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 4 =12.= 12.

5.

PP 是正方形 ABCDABCD 的外接圆上的一点,且满足 PAPC=56PA \cdot PC = 56PBPD=90PB \cdot PD = 90。求 ABCDABCD 的面积。

Let PP be a point on the circle circumscribing square ABCDABCD that satisfies PAPC=56PA \cdot PC = 56 and PBPD=90.PB \cdot PD = 90. Find the area of ABCD.ABCD.

答案:106
难度评级:2400
小提示:

把圆心放在原点,令 A=(R,0)A = (R, 0)B=(0,R)B = (0, R)C=(R,0)C = (-R, 0)D=(0,R)D = (0, -R),并设 P=(Rcosθ,Rsinθ)P = (R\cos\theta, R\sin\theta)

Put the center at the origin with A=(R,0),A = (R, 0), B=(0,R),B = (0, R), C=(R,0),C = (-R, 0), D=(0,R),D = (0, -R), and P=(Rcosθ,Rsinθ).P = (R\cos\theta, R\sin\theta).

大提示:

证明 PAPC=2R2sinθPA \cdot PC = 2R^2|\sin\theta|,且 PBPD=2R2cosθPB \cdot PD = 2R^2|\cos\theta|;一个勾股恒等式会把两个乘积联系起来。

Show PAPC=2R2sinθPA \cdot PC = 2R^2|\sin\theta| and PBPD=2R2cosθ;PB \cdot PD = 2R^2|\cos\theta|; a Pythagorean identity links the two products.

解答:

设圆心为 OO、半径为 RR,并取 A=(R,0)A = (R, 0)B=(0,R)B = (0, R)C=(R,0)C = (-R, 0)D=(0,R)D = (0, -R),以及 P=(Rcosθ,Rsinθ)P = (R\cos\theta, R\sin\theta)。则 PA2=2R2(1cosθ)PA^2 = 2R^2(1 - \cos\theta)PC2=2R2(1+cosθ)PC^2 = 2R^2(1 + \cos\theta),所以 PAPC=2R2sinθ=56PA \cdot PC = 2R^2|\sin\theta| = 56。同理,PBPD=2R2cosθ=90PB \cdot PD = 2R^2|\cos\theta| = 90

两式平方后相加,得 4R4=562+902=112364R^4 = 56^2 + 90^2 = 11236,所以 2R2=11236=1062R^2 = \sqrt{11236} = 106。正方形的对角线为 2R2R,因此面积为 (2R)22=2R2=106\frac{(2R)^2}{2} = 2R^2 = 106

Let the circle have center OO and radius R,R, with A=(R,0),A = (R, 0), B=(0,R),B = (0, R), C=(R,0),C = (-R, 0), D=(0,R),D = (0, -R), and P=(Rcosθ,Rsinθ).P = (R\cos\theta, R\sin\theta). Then PA2=2R2(1cosθ)PA^2 = 2R^2(1 - \cos\theta) and PC2=2R2(1+cosθ),PC^2 = 2R^2(1 + \cos\theta), so PAPC=2R2sinθ=56.PA \cdot PC = 2R^2|\sin\theta| = 56. In the same way PBPD=2R2cosθ=90.PB \cdot PD = 2R^2|\cos\theta| = 90.

Squaring and adding, 4R4=562+902=11236,4R^4 = 56^2 + 90^2 = 11236, so 2R2=11236=106.2R^2 = \sqrt{11236} = 106. The square has diagonal 2R,2R, hence area (2R)22=2R2=106.\frac{(2R)^2}{2} = 2R^2 = 106.

6.

Alice 知道将有 33 张红牌和 33 张黑牌按随机顺序一张一张展示给她。每张牌展示前,Alice 必须猜它的颜色。如果 Alice 采用最优策略,她猜对牌数的期望为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Alice knows that 33 red cards and 33 black cards will be revealed to her one at a time in random order. Before each card is revealed, Alice must guess its color. If Alice plays optimally, the expected number of cards she will guess correctly is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:51
难度评级:2600
小提示:

猜剩余张数更多的颜色是最优的;令 E(r,b)E(r, b) 表示还剩 rr 张红牌和 bb 张黑牌时猜对张数的期望。

Guessing the color with more cards remaining is optimal; let E(r,b)E(r, b) be the expected number correct with rr red and bb black left.

大提示:

E(r,b)=max(r,b)r+bE(r,b) = \frac{\max(r,b)}{r+b} +rE(r1,b)+bE(r,b1)r+b+ \frac{r\,E(r-1,b) + b\,E(r,b-1)}{r+b};从 E(1,1)E(1,1) 开始向上计算。

E(r,b)=max(r,b)r+bE(r,b) = \frac{\max(r,b)}{r+b} +rE(r1,b)+bE(r,b1)r+b;+ \frac{r\,E(r-1,b) + b\,E(r,b-1)}{r+b}; build up from E(1,1).E(1,1).

解答:

无论 Alice 猜什么颜色,牌堆接下来的状态转移方式都一样;只有这一步猜中的概率取决于她的猜测,因此最优做法是猜剩余张数最多的颜色。令 E(r,b)E(r, b) 表示还剩 rr 张红牌和 bb 张黑牌时,之后猜对张数的期望。则 E(r,0)=rE(r, 0) = rE(0,b)=bE(0, b) = b,且 E(r,b)=max(r,b)r+b+rE(r1,b)r+b+bE(r,b1)r+b \begin{aligned} E(r, b) &= \frac{\max(r, b)}{r + b} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{r\,E(r-1,b)}{r+b} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{b\,E(r,b-1)}{r+b} \end{aligned}\text{。}

由对称性 E(r,b)=E(b,r)E(r, b) = E(b, r)。向上计算:E(1,1)=32E(1,1) = \frac{3}{2}E(2,1)=23+232+23=73E(2,1) = \frac{2}{3} + \frac{2 \cdot \frac{3}{2} + 2}{3} = \frac{7}{3}E(2,2)=12+73=176E(2,2) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{7}{3} = \frac{17}{6}E(3,1)=34+373+34=134E(3,1) = \frac{3}{4} + \frac{3 \cdot \frac{7}{3} + 3}{4} = \frac{13}{4}E(3,2)=35+3176+21345=185E(3,2) = \frac{3}{5} + \frac{3 \cdot \frac{17}{6} + 2 \cdot \frac{13}{4}}{5} = \frac{18}{5},最后 E(3,3)=12+185=4110E(3,3) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{18}{5} = \frac{41}{10}

因此猜对张数的期望为 4110\frac{41}{10},所以 m+n=41+10=51m + n = 41 + 10 = 51

Whatever Alice guesses, the deck evolves the same way; only the immediate success probability depends on her guess, so it is optimal to guess a color with the most cards remaining. Let E(r,b)E(r, b) be the expected number of correct guesses from a state with rr red and bb black cards left. Then E(r,0)=r,E(r, 0) = r, E(0,b)=b,E(0, b) = b, and E(r,b)=max(r,b)r+b+rE(r1,b)r+b+bE(r,b1)r+b. \begin{aligned} E(r, b) &= \frac{\max(r, b)}{r + b} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{r\,E(r-1,b)}{r+b} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{b\,E(r,b-1)}{r+b}. \end{aligned}

By symmetry E(r,b)=E(b,r).E(r, b) = E(b, r). Computing upward: E(1,1)=32,E(1,1) = \frac{3}{2}, E(2,1)=23+232+23=73,E(2,1) = \frac{2}{3} + \frac{2 \cdot \frac{3}{2} + 2}{3} = \frac{7}{3}, E(2,2)=12+73=176,E(2,2) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{7}{3} = \frac{17}{6}, E(3,1)=34+373+34=134,E(3,1) = \frac{3}{4} + \frac{3 \cdot \frac{7}{3} + 3}{4} = \frac{13}{4}, E(3,2)=35+3176+21345=185,E(3,2) = \frac{3}{5} + \frac{3 \cdot \frac{17}{6} + 2 \cdot \frac{13}{4}}{5} = \frac{18}{5}, and finally E(3,3)=12+185=4110.E(3,3) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{18}{5} = \frac{41}{10}.

So the expected number of correct guesses is 4110,\frac{41}{10}, and m+n=41+10=51.m + n = 41 + 10 = 51.

7.

如果正整数 nn 除以 2233445566 所得的余数互不相同,则称 nn超互异。求小于 10001000 的超互异正整数的个数。

Call a positive integer nn extra-distinct if the remainders when nn is divided by 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, and 66 are distinct. Find the number of extra-distinct positive integers less than 1000.1000.

答案:49
难度评级:2560
小提示:

22 的余数由模 44 和模 66 的余数限制,模 33 的余数由模 66 的余数限制;能留下的模式很少。

The remainder mod 22 is forced by the remainders mod 44 and mod 6,6, and the remainder mod 33 by the one mod 66 — few patterns survive.

大提示:

一切只取决于 nmod60n \bmod 60;恰有三个余数类可行,所以数出每一类中小于 10001000 的数。

Everything depends only on nmod60;n \bmod 60; exactly three residues work, so count each class below 1000.1000.

解答:

rkr_knnkk 的余数,并注意到 r2r4(mod2)r_2 \equiv r_4 \pmod 2r2r6(mod2)r_2 \equiv r_6 \pmod 2,且 r3r6(mod3)r_3 \equiv r_6 \pmod 3。若 r2=0r_2 = 0:则 r4r_4 是偶数且不能等于 r2r_2,所以 r4=2r_4 = 2;接着 r6r_6 是偶数且避开 {0,2}\{0, 2\},所以 r6=4r_6 = 4,这给出 r3=1r_3 = 1;最后 r5r_5 避开 {0,1,2,4}\{0, 1, 2, 4\},所以 r5=3r_5 = 3。这些条件说明 n2n \equiv -22,3,4,5,62, 3, 4, 5, 6 分别成立,即 n58(mod60)n \equiv 58 \pmod{60}

r2=1r_2 = 1:类似地 r4=3r_4 = 3,然后 r6=5r_6 = 5,给出 r3=2r_3 = 2,而 r5r_5 避开 {1,2,3,5}\{1, 2, 3, 5\},所以 r5{0,4}r_5 \in \{0, 4\}。选择 r5=4r_5 = 4 时,n1(mod60)n \equiv -1 \pmod{60},即 n59n \equiv 59;选择 r5=0r_5 = 0 时,n11(mod12)n \equiv 11 \pmod{12}55 整除 nn,即 n35(mod60)n \equiv 35 \pmod{60}

小于 10001000 的正整数中,按模 6060 计数,同余于 3535 的有 1717 个,同余于 5858 的有 1616 个,同余于 5959 的有 1616 个,因此总数为 17+16+16=4917 + 16 + 16 = 49

Write rkr_k for the remainder of nn modulo k,k, and note r2r4(mod2),r_2 \equiv r_4 \pmod 2, r2r6(mod2),r_2 \equiv r_6 \pmod 2, and r3r6(mod3).r_3 \equiv r_6 \pmod 3. If r2=0:r_2 = 0: then r4r_4 is even and different from r2,r_2, so r4=2;r_4 = 2; then r6r_6 is even and avoids {0,2},\{0, 2\}, so r6=4,r_6 = 4, which gives r3=1;r_3 = 1; finally r5r_5 avoids {0,1,2,4},\{0, 1, 2, 4\}, so r5=3.r_5 = 3. These say n2n \equiv -2 modulo each of 2,3,4,5,6,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, i.e. n58(mod60).n \equiv 58 \pmod{60}.

If r2=1:r_2 = 1: similarly r4=3,r_4 = 3, then r6=5,r_6 = 5, giving r3=2,r_3 = 2, and r5r_5 avoids {1,2,3,5},\{1, 2, 3, 5\}, so r5{0,4}.r_5 \in \{0, 4\}. The choice r5=4r_5 = 4 gives n1(mod60),n \equiv -1 \pmod{60}, i.e. n59;n \equiv 59; the choice r5=0r_5 = 0 gives n11(mod12)n \equiv 11 \pmod{12} with 55 dividing n,n, i.e. n35(mod60).n \equiv 35 \pmod{60}.

Below 10001000 there are 1717 integers congruent to 35,35, 1616 congruent to 58,58, and 1616 congruent to 5959 modulo 60,60, for a total of 17+16+16=49.17 + 16 + 16 = 49.

8.

菱形 ABCDABCD 满足 BAD<90\angle BAD \lt 90^\circ。在这个菱形的内切圆上有一点 PP,使得 PP 到直线 DADAABABBCBC 的距离分别为 99551616,求 ABCDABCD 的周长。

Rhombus ABCDABCD has BAD<90.\angle BAD \lt 90^\circ. There is a point PP on the incircle of the rhombus such that the distances from PP to the lines DA,DA, AB,AB, and BCBC are 9,9, 5,5, and 16,16, respectively. Find the perimeter of ABCD.ABCD.

答案:125
难度评级:2920
小提示:

PP 到平行直线 DADABCBC 的距离之和等于菱形的高,所以高为 2525

The distances from PP to the parallel lines DADA and BCBC add up to the height of the rhombus, so the height is 25.25.

大提示:

把内切圆圆心放在原点:P=(±12,72)P = (\pm 12, \frac{7}{2}),而到切线 ABAB 的距离为 55 会给出关于 sinBAD\sin \angle BAD 的方程。

Center the incircle at the origin: P=(±12,72),P = (\pm 12, \frac{7}{2}), and the distance-55 condition to the tangent line ABAB becomes an equation in sinBAD.\sin \angle BAD.

解答:

从内部一点到平行直线 DADABCBC 的距离之和,等于这两条直线之间的距离,也就是菱形的高。因此高为 9+16=259 + 16 = 25,而与这两条直线相切的内切圆半径为 252\frac{25}{2}。以内切圆圆心为原点,设 DA: y=252DA:\ y = \frac{25}{2}BC: y=252BC:\ y = -\frac{25}{2}。则 PPyy 坐标为 2529=72\frac{25}{2} - 9 = \frac{7}{2},由 x2+(72)2=(252)2x^2 + \left(\frac{7}{2}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2x=±12x = \pm 12

α=BAD\alpha = \angle BAD。直线 ABAB 与内切圆相切,并与水平方向成角 α\alpha,所以在适当取向下,它的方程为 xsinα+ycosα=252x \sin\alpha + y \cos\alpha = -\frac{25}{2},且内部点满足 xsinα+ycosα+252>0x\sin\alpha + y\cos\alpha + \frac{25}{2} \gt 0。条件 dist(P,AB)=5\operatorname{dist}(P, AB) = 5 给出 xsinα+72cosα+252=5x \sin\alpha + \frac{7}{2}\cos\alpha + \frac{25}{2} = 5。若 x=12x = 12,左边大于 252\frac{25}{2},所以 x=12x = -12,方程变为 24sinα7cosα=1524\sin\alpha - 7\cos\alpha = 15

7cosα=24sinα157\cos\alpha = 24\sin\alpha - 15 代入 sin2α+cos2α=1\sin^2\alpha + \cos^2\alpha = 1,得到 625sin2α720sinα625\sin^2\alpha - 720\sin\alpha +176=0+ 176 = 0,所以 sinα=45\sin\alpha = \frac{4}{5}44125\frac{44}{125}。根 44125\frac{44}{125} 会使 cosα=24sinα157\cos\alpha = \frac{24\sin\alpha - 15}{7} 为负,矛盾于 BAD<90\angle BAD \lt 90^\circ。因此 sinα=45\sin\alpha = \frac{4}{5},边长为 25sinα=1254\frac{25}{\sin\alpha} = \frac{125}{4},周长为 41254=1254 \cdot \frac{125}{4} = 125

The distances from an interior point to the parallel lines DADA and BCBC add up to the distance between them, the height of the rhombus. So the height is 9+16=25,9 + 16 = 25, and the incircle, tangent to both lines, has radius 252.\frac{25}{2}. Center the incircle at the origin with DA: y=252DA:\ y = \frac{25}{2} and BC: y=252.BC:\ y = -\frac{25}{2}. Then PP has yy-coordinate 2529=72,\frac{25}{2} - 9 = \frac{7}{2}, and x2+(72)2=(252)2x^2 + \left(\frac{7}{2}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2 gives x=±12.x = \pm 12.

Let α=BAD.\alpha = \angle BAD. Line ABAB is tangent to the incircle and makes angle α\alpha with the horizontal, so (orienting the figure suitably) it is xsinα+ycosα=252,x \sin\alpha + y \cos\alpha = -\frac{25}{2}, and interior points satisfy xsinα+ycosα+252>0.x\sin\alpha + y\cos\alpha + \frac{25}{2} \gt 0. The condition dist(P,AB)=5\operatorname{dist}(P, AB) = 5 reads xsinα+72cosα+252=5.x \sin\alpha + \frac{7}{2}\cos\alpha + \frac{25}{2} = 5. For x=12x = 12 the left side exceeds 252,\frac{25}{2}, so x=12,x = -12, and the equation becomes 24sinα7cosα=15.24\sin\alpha - 7\cos\alpha = 15.

Substituting 7cosα=24sinα157\cos\alpha = 24\sin\alpha - 15 into sin2α+cos2α=1\sin^2\alpha + \cos^2\alpha = 1 yields 625sin2α720sinα625\sin^2\alpha - 720\sin\alpha +176=0,+ 176 = 0, so sinα=45\sin\alpha = \frac{4}{5} or 44125.\frac{44}{125}. The root 44125\frac{44}{125} makes cosα=24sinα157\cos\alpha = \frac{24\sin\alpha - 15}{7} negative, contradicting BAD<90.\angle BAD \lt 90^\circ. So sinα=45,\sin\alpha = \frac{4}{5}, the side length is 25sinα=1254,\frac{25}{\sin\alpha} = \frac{125}{4}, and the perimeter is 41254=125.4 \cdot \frac{125}{4} = 125.

9.

求三次多项式 p(x)=x3+ax2+bx+cp(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c 的个数,其中 aabbcc 都是 {20,19,18,,18,19,20}\{-20, -19, -18, \ldots, 18, 19, 20\} 中的整数,并且存在唯一一个整数 m2m \ne 2 满足 p(m)=p(2)p(m) = p(2)

Find the number of cubic polynomials p(x)=x3+ax2+bx+c,p(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers in {20,19,18,,18,19,20},\{-20, -19, -18, \ldots, 18, 19, 20\}, such that there is a unique integer m2m \ne 2 with p(m)=p(2).p(m) = p(2).

答案:738
难度评级:2920
小提示:

cc 无关紧要:p(m)p(2)=(m2)q(m)p(m)-p(2)=(m-2)q(m),其中二次式 q(m)q(m) 的三项是 m2m^2(a+2)m(a+2)m2a+b+42a+b+4

cc is irrelevant: p(m)p(2)=(m2)q(m),p(m)-p(2)=(m-2)q(m), where the three terms of the quadratic q(m)q(m) are m2,m^2, (a+2)m,(a+2)m, and 2a+b+4.2a+b+4.

大提示:

一个首项系数为一的整数二次式若有一个整数根,就有两个整数根,所以它的根集必须是 {2,k}\{2, k\} 或重根 kk,其中 k2k \ne 2

A monic integer quadratic with one integer root has two, so its root set must be {2,k}\{2, k\} or a double root k,k, with k2.k \ne 2.

解答:

因为 p(m)p(2)p(m) - p(2)cc 无关,每个合法的 (a,b)(a, b) 都对应 4141 个多项式。分解得 p(x)p(2)=(x2)q(x),q(x)=x2+(a+2)x+(2a+b+4) \begin{aligned} p(x)-p(2) &= (x-2)q(x), \\ q(x) &= x^2+(a+2)x \\ &\quad {}+(2a+b+4) \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以二次因子 q(x)q(x) 需要恰好有一个不同于 22 的整数根。若 qq 有一个整数根,则另一个根也为整数(两根之和 (a+2)-(a+2) 是整数);若 qq 没有整数根,则根本不存在这样的 mm。因此,qq 的根要么是 22kkk2k \ne 2,要么是重根 k2k \ne 2

当根为 22kk 时,韦达定理给出 a=4ka = -4 - kb=4k+4b = 4k + 4。限制 20b20-20 \le b \le 20 迫使 6k4-6 \le k \le 4(此时 aa 自动在范围内),排除 k=2k = 2 后留下 1010 对。当重根为 kk 时,有 a=2k2a = -2k - 2b=k2+4kb = k^2 + 4k,且 b20b \le 20 迫使 6k2-6 \le k \le 2,这些 aa 都合法,排除 k=2k = 2 后留下 88 对。

因此共有 1818(a,b)(a, b),从而有 1841=73818 \cdot 41 = 738 个多项式。

Since p(m)p(2)p(m) - p(2) does not involve c,c, each valid pair (a,b)(a, b) contributes 4141 polynomials. Factoring, p(x)p(2)=(x2)q(x),q(x)=x2+(a+2)x+(2a+b+4), \begin{aligned} p(x)-p(2) &= (x-2)q(x), \\ q(x) &= x^2+(a+2)x \\ &\quad {}+(2a+b+4), \end{aligned} so we need the quadratic factor q(x)q(x) to have exactly one integer root different from 2.2. If qq has any integer root, its other root is also an integer (their sum (a+2)-(a+2) is an integer); if qq has no integer root, then no mm exists at all. So either qq has roots 22 and kk with k2,k \ne 2, or a double root k2.k \ne 2.

Roots 22 and k:k: Vieta’s formulas give a=4ka = -4 - k and b=4k+4.b = 4k + 4. The constraint 20b20-20 \le b \le 20 forces 6k4-6 \le k \le 4 (and then aa is automatically in range), so excluding k=2k = 2 leaves 1010 pairs. Double root k:k: here a=2k2a = -2k - 2 and b=k2+4k,b = k^2 + 4k, and b20b \le 20 forces 6k2,-6 \le k \le 2, all valid for a,a, so excluding k=2k = 2 leaves 88 pairs.

That is 1818 pairs (a,b),(a, b), hence 1841=73818 \cdot 41 = 738 polynomials.

10.

存在唯一的正整数 aa,使得和 U=n=12023n2na5U = \sum_{n=1}^{2023} \left\lfloor \frac{n^2 - na}{5} \right\rfloor 是一个严格介于 1000-100010001000 之间的整数。对这个唯一的 aa,求 a+Ua + U

(注:x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。)

There exists a unique positive integer aa for which the sum U=n=12023n2na5U = \sum_{n=1}^{2023} \left\lfloor \frac{n^2 - na}{5} \right\rfloor is an integer strictly between 1000-1000 and 1000.1000. For that unique a,a, find a+U.a + U.

(Note that x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.x.)

答案:944
难度评级:2990
小提示:

不考虑取整时,和为 15(n2an)\frac{1}{5}\bigl(\sum n^2 - a\sum n\bigr);存在一个整数 aa 使它恰好为 00

Without the floor the sum is 15(n2an);\frac{1}{5}\bigl(\sum n^2 - a\sum n\bigr); there is an integer aa making it exactly 0.0.

大提示:

对这个 aaU=15((n2na)mod5)U = -\frac{1}{5}\sum\bigl((n^2 - na) \bmod 5\bigr),而余数以 55 为周期重复。

For that a,a, U=15((n2na)mod5),U = -\frac{1}{5}\sum\bigl((n^2 - na) \bmod 5\bigr), and the residues repeat with period 5.5.

解答:

先忽略取整,n=12023n2na5\sum_{n=1}^{2023} \frac{n^2 - na}{5} =15(n2an)= \frac{1}{5}\left(\sum n^2 - a\sum n\right),它恰好为零当且仅当 a=n2n=22023+13=1349a = \frac{\sum n^2}{\sum n} = \frac{2 \cdot 2023 + 1}{3} = 1349,这是整数。对任何其他整数 aa,原始和的绝对值至少为 15n=202310125409455\frac{1}{5}\sum n = \frac{2023 \cdot 1012}{5} \approx 409455,而取整使总和改变小于 20232023,所以只有 a=1349a = 1349 可能让 UU 严格介于 1000-100010001000 之间。

a=1349a = 1349 时,每一项等于 n21349nrn5\frac{n^2 - 1349n - r_n}{5},其中 rn=(n21349n)mod5r_n = (n^2 - 1349n) \bmod 5,所以 U=15rnU = -\frac{1}{5}\sum r_n。因为 13494(mod5)1349 \equiv 4 \pmod 5,有 n21349nn^2 - 1349n n(n+1)(mod5)\equiv n(n+1) \pmod 5,当 n0,1,2,3,4n \equiv 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 时余数分别为 0,2,1,2,00, 2, 1, 2, 0,每五项和为 55。由于 2023=5404+32023 = 5 \cdot 404 + 3,剩余的 n1,2,3n \equiv 1, 2, 3 项贡献 2+1+2=52 + 1 + 2 = 5,所以 rn=4055=2025\sum r_n = 405 \cdot 5 = 2025

因此 U=20255=405U = -\frac{2025}{5} = -405,确实严格介于 1000-100010001000 之间,并且 a+U=1349405=944a + U = 1349 - 405 = 944

Ignoring the floors, n=12023n2na5\sum_{n=1}^{2023} \frac{n^2 - na}{5} =15(n2an)= \frac{1}{5}\left(\sum n^2 - a\sum n\right) vanishes exactly when a=n2n=22023+13=1349,a = \frac{\sum n^2}{\sum n} = \frac{2 \cdot 2023 + 1}{3} = 1349, an integer. For any other integer aa the raw sum has absolute value at least 15n=202310125409455,\frac{1}{5}\sum n = \frac{2023 \cdot 1012}{5} \approx 409455, while taking floors changes the total by less than 2023,2023, so only a=1349a = 1349 can put UU strictly between 1000-1000 and 1000.1000.

With a=1349,a = 1349, each term is n21349nrn5\frac{n^2 - 1349n - r_n}{5} with rn=(n21349n)mod5,r_n = (n^2 - 1349n) \bmod 5, so U=15rn.U = -\frac{1}{5}\sum r_n. Since 13494(mod5),1349 \equiv 4 \pmod 5, we have n21349nn^2 - 1349n n(n+1)(mod5),\equiv n(n+1) \pmod 5, whose residues for n0,1,2,3,4n \equiv 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 are 0,2,1,2,0,0, 2, 1, 2, 0, summing to 55 per block of five. With 2023=5404+3,2023 = 5 \cdot 404 + 3, the leftover terms n1,2,3n \equiv 1, 2, 3 contribute 2+1+2=5,2 + 1 + 2 = 5, so rn=4055=2025.\sum r_n = 405 \cdot 5 = 2025.

So U=20255=405,U = -\frac{2025}{5} = -405, which indeed lies strictly between 1000-1000 and 1000,1000, and a+U=1349405=944.a + U = 1349 - 405 = 944.

11.

{1,2,3,,10}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\} 的子集个数,使得子集中恰好有一对连续整数。这样的子集例子包括 {1,2,5}\{\mathbf{1}, \mathbf{2}, 5\}{1,3,6,7,10}\{1, 3, \mathbf{6}, \mathbf{7}, 10\}

Find the number of subsets of {1,2,3,,10}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\} that contain exactly one pair of consecutive integers. Examples of such subsets are {1,2,5}\{\mathbf{1}, \mathbf{2}, 5\} and {1,3,6,7,10}.\{1, 3, \mathbf{6}, \mathbf{7}, 10\}.

答案:235
难度评级:2650
小提示:

mm 个连续整数中选子集且不含相邻元素的个数,是斐波那契数 Fm+2F_{m+2}

The number of subsets of mm consecutive integers with no two consecutive elements is the Fibonacci number Fm+2.F_{m+2}.

大提示:

若这对连续整数是 {k,k+1}\{k, k+1\},其他元素必须避开 k1k-1k+2k+2,并且在左右两个剩余区块内不相邻。

If the pair is {k,k+1},\{k, k+1\}, the other elements must avoid k1k-1 and k+2k+2 and be non-consecutive inside the two remaining blocks.

解答:

首先,一个由 mm 个连续整数组成的区块中,不含两个连续元素的子集个数是斐波那契数 Fm+2F_{m+2} (其中 F1=F2=1F_1 = F_2 = 1):按最后一个元素是否被选来分类,会得到斐波那契递推,初始计数为 1,2,3,5,1, 2, 3, 5, \ldots

设唯一的连续整数对是 {k,k+1}\{k, k+1\},其中 1k91 \le k \le 9。其余元素必须排除 k1k - 1k+2k + 2(否则会产生第二对连续整数),并且在 {1,,k2}\{1, \ldots, k-2\}{k+3,,10}\{k+3, \ldots, 10\},这两个大小分别为 k2k - 28k8 - k 的区块中,不能包含连续整数。因此对此 kk 的计数为 FkF10kF_k \cdot F_{10-k}

k=1,,9k = 1, \ldots, 9 求和:k=19FkF10k=34+21+26+24+25+24+26+21+34=235 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{9} F_k F_{10-k} &= 34 + 21 + 26 \\ &\quad {}+ 24 + 25 + 24 \\ &\quad {}+ 26 + 21 + 34 \\ &= 235 \end{aligned}\text{。}

First, the number of subsets of a block of mm consecutive integers containing no two consecutive elements is the Fibonacci number Fm+2F_{m+2} (with F1=F2=1F_1 = F_2 = 1): conditioning on whether the last element is used gives the Fibonacci recursion, and the counts start 1,2,3,5,.1, 2, 3, 5, \ldots.

Suppose the unique consecutive pair is {k,k+1}\{k, k+1\} for some 1k9.1 \le k \le 9. The remaining elements must exclude k1k - 1 and k+2k + 2 (either would create a second consecutive pair) and must contain no consecutive pair within {1,,k2}\{1, \ldots, k-2\} or within {k+3,,10},\{k+3, \ldots, 10\}, blocks of sizes k2k - 2 and 8k.8 - k. So the count for this kk is FkF10k.F_k \cdot F_{10-k}.

Summing over k=1,,9:k = 1, \ldots, 9: k=19FkF10k=34+21+26+24+25+24+26+21+34=235. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{9} F_k F_{10-k} &= 34 + 21 + 26 \\ &\quad {}+ 24 + 25 + 24 \\ &\quad {}+ 26 + 21 + 34 \\ &= 235. \end{aligned}

12.

ABC\triangle ABC 是边长为 5555 的等边三角形。点 DDEEFF 分别在 BC\overline{BC}CA\overline{CA}AB\overline{AB} 上,且 BD=7BD = 7CE=30CE = 30AF=40AF = 40。点 PPABC\triangle ABC 内部,并满足 AEP=BFP=CDP\angle AEP = \angle BFP = \angle CDP\text{。}tan2(AEP)\tan^2(\angle AEP)

Let ABC\triangle ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length 55.55. Points D,D, E,E, and FF lie on BC,\overline{BC}, CA,\overline{CA}, and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively, with BD=7,BD = 7, CE=30,CE = 30, and AF=40.AF = 40. Point PP inside ABC\triangle ABC has the property that AEP=BFP=CDP.\angle AEP = \angle BFP = \angle CDP. Find tan2(AEP).\tan^2(\angle AEP).

答案:75
难度评级:3270
小提示:

把从 EEFFDDPP 的每个向量分解成沿边方向的分量和到该边的距离;沿边分量等于距离乘以 cotθ\cot\theta

Decompose each vector from E,E, F,F, DD to PP into a part along the side and the distance to that side; the along-part equals the distance times cotθ.\cot\theta.

大提示:

把三个关系相加:方向 CAC \to AABA \to BBCB \to C 的单位向量和为零,而三个距离之和等于高(维维亚尼定理)。

Add the three relations: the unit directions CA,C \to A, AB,A \to B, BCB \to C sum to zero, and the three distances sum to the height (Viviani).

解答:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(55,0)C = (55, 0)A=(552,5532)A = \left(\frac{55}{2}, \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{2}\right),则 D=(7,0)D = (7, 0)E=(40,153)E = (40, 15\sqrt{3}),且 F=(152,1532)F = \left(\frac{15}{2}, \frac{15\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)。令公共角为 θ\theta,并令 u1,u2,u3\mathbf{u}_1, \mathbf{u}_2, \mathbf{u}_3 分别为方向 CAC \to AABA \to BBCB \to C 的单位向量,也就是从 EE 指向 AA、从 FF 指向 BB、从 DD 指向 CC 的方向。把 PEP - E 分解为沿 u1\mathbf{u}_1 的分量和垂直于边 CACA 的分量,后者长度为 PP 到直线 CACA 的距离 d1d_1。角度条件给出 (PE)u1=d1cotθ(P - E)\cdot\mathbf{u}_1 = d_1\cot\theta;同理 (PF)u2=d2cotθ(P - F)\cdot\mathbf{u}_2 = d_2\cot\theta,且 (PD)u3=d3cotθ(P - D)\cdot\mathbf{u}_3 = d_3\cot\theta

现在把三个关系相加。因为 u1+u2+u3=0\mathbf{u}_1 + \mathbf{u}_2 + \mathbf{u}_3 = \mathbf{0} (三角形的有向边首尾相接),PP 项会消去;并且由 Viviani 定理,d1+d2+d3d_1 + d_2 + d_3 等于高 5532\frac{55\sqrt{3}}{2}。取 u1=(12,32)\mathbf{u}_1 = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)u2=(12,32)\mathbf{u}_2 = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)、以及 u3=(1,0)\mathbf{u}_3 = (1, 0) 可得 Eu1=52E \cdot \mathbf{u}_1 = \frac{5}{2}Fu2=15F \cdot \mathbf{u}_2 = -15,且 Du3=7D \cdot \mathbf{u}_3 = 7,所以 5532cotθ=(5215+7)=112 \begin{aligned} \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{2}\,\cot\theta &= -\left(\frac{5}{2} - 15 + 7\right) \\ &= \frac{11}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 cotθ=11553=153\cot\theta = \frac{11}{55\sqrt{3}} = \frac{1}{5\sqrt{3}},所以 tan2(AEP)=(53)2=75\tan^2(\angle AEP) = \left(5\sqrt{3}\right)^2 = 75

Place B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(55,0),C = (55, 0), A=(552,5532),A = \left(\frac{55}{2}, \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), so that D=(7,0),D = (7, 0), E=(40,153),E = (40, 15\sqrt{3}), and F=(152,1532).F = \left(\frac{15}{2}, \frac{15\sqrt{3}}{2}\right). Let θ\theta be the common angle and let u1,u2,u3\mathbf{u}_1, \mathbf{u}_2, \mathbf{u}_3 be the unit vectors in the directions CA,C \to A, AB,A \to B, BCB \to C — the directions from EE toward A,A, from FF toward B,B, and from DD toward C.C. Splitting PEP - E into its component along u1\mathbf{u}_1 and its component perpendicular to side CA,CA, whose length is the distance d1d_1 from PP to line CA,CA, the angle condition gives (PE)u1=d1cotθ;(P - E)\cdot\mathbf{u}_1 = d_1\cot\theta; similarly (PF)u2=d2cotθ(P - F)\cdot\mathbf{u}_2 = d_2\cot\theta and (PD)u3=d3cotθ.(P - D)\cdot\mathbf{u}_3 = d_3\cot\theta.

Now add all three relations. Since u1+u2+u3=0\mathbf{u}_1 + \mathbf{u}_2 + \mathbf{u}_3 = \mathbf{0} (the directed sides of a triangle close up), PP drops out, and by Viviani’s theorem d1+d2+d3d_1 + d_2 + d_3 equals the height 5532.\frac{55\sqrt{3}}{2}. With u1=(12,32),\mathbf{u}_1 = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), u2=(12,32),\mathbf{u}_2 = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), and u3=(1,0),\mathbf{u}_3 = (1, 0), we get Eu1=52,E \cdot \mathbf{u}_1 = \frac{5}{2}, Fu2=15,F \cdot \mathbf{u}_2 = -15, and Du3=7,D \cdot \mathbf{u}_3 = 7, so 5532cotθ=(5215+7)=112. \begin{aligned} \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{2}\,\cot\theta &= -\left(\frac{5}{2} - 15 + 7\right) \\ &= \frac{11}{2}. \end{aligned}

Hence cotθ=11553=153,\cot\theta = \frac{11}{55\sqrt{3}} = \frac{1}{5\sqrt{3}}, so tan2(AEP)=(53)2=75.\tan^2(\angle AEP) = \left(5\sqrt{3}\right)^2 = 75.

13.

两个不全等的平行六面体,每个面都是菱形,且菱形两条对角线的长度为 21\sqrt{21}31\sqrt{31}。这两个多面体中较大体积与较小体积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n。平行六面体是一个有六个平行四边形面的立体,如下图所示。

Each face of two noncongruent parallelepipeds is a rhombus whose diagonals have lengths 21\sqrt{21} and 31.\sqrt{31}. The ratio of the volume of the larger of the two polyhedra to the volume of the smaller is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n. A parallelepiped is a solid with six parallelogram faces such as the one shown below.

答案:125
难度评级:3160
小提示:

每条棱长为 13\sqrt{13},而由两条面对角线可知,每一对棱向量的点积为 ±52\pm\frac{5}{2}

Every edge has length 13,\sqrt{13}, and each pair of edge vectors has dot product ±52\pm\frac{5}{2} from the two face diagonals.

大提示:

体积的平方是三个棱向量的格拉姆行列式;只有三个点积的乘积符号会影响结果。

The squared volume is the Gram determinant of the three edge vectors; only the sign of the product of the three dot products matters.

解答:

对角线为 21\sqrt{21}31\sqrt{31} 的菱形边长为 214+314=13\sqrt{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{31}{4}} = \sqrt{13},所以三个棱向量 u\mathbf{u}v\mathbf{v}w\mathbf{w} 的长度平方都为 1313。在由 u\mathbf{u}v\mathbf{v} 张成的面中,对角线为 u±v\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v},且 u±v2=26±2uv|\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v}|^2 = 26 \pm 2\,\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v};与 {21,31}\{21, 31\} 对应,可得 uv=±52\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v} = \pm\frac{5}{2},另外两对向量同理。

体积平方是格拉姆行列式 V2=det(13xyx13zyz13)=219713(x2+y2+z2)+2xyz=21979754+2xyz \begin{aligned} V^2 &= \det\begin{pmatrix} 13 & x & y \\ x & 13 & z \\ y & z & 13 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= 2197 - 13(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \\ &= 2197 - \frac{975}{4} \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \end{aligned}\text{,} 其中 x,y,z{±52}x, y, z \in \left\{\pm\frac{5}{2}\right\}。把一个棱向量取相反数会翻转 x,y,zx, y, z 中两个的符号,所以只有 xyzxyz 的符号重要:2xyz=±12542xyz = \pm\frac{125}{4},从而 V2=79384V^2 = \frac{7938}{4}76884\frac{7688}{4}

体积比为 79387688=39693844=6362\sqrt{\frac{7938}{7688}} = \sqrt{\frac{3969}{3844}} = \frac{63}{62},已经是最简形式,所以 m+n=63+62=125m + n = 63 + 62 = 125

A rhombus with diagonals 21\sqrt{21} and 31\sqrt{31} has side 214+314=13,\sqrt{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{31}{4}} = \sqrt{13}, so the three edge vectors u,\mathbf{u}, v,\mathbf{v}, w\mathbf{w} all have squared length 13.13. In the face spanned by u\mathbf{u} and v\mathbf{v} the diagonals are u±v,\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v}, with u±v2=26±2uv;|\mathbf{u} \pm \mathbf{v}|^2 = 26 \pm 2\,\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v}; matching {21,31}\{21, 31\} gives uv=±52,\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{v} = \pm\frac{5}{2}, and likewise for the other two pairs.

The squared volume is the Gram determinant V2=det(13xyx13zyz13)=219713(x2+y2+z2)+2xyz=21979754+2xyz \begin{aligned} V^2 &= \det\begin{pmatrix} 13 & x & y \\ x & 13 & z \\ y & z & 13 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= 2197 - 13(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \\ &= 2197 - \frac{975}{4} \\ &\quad {}+ 2xyz \end{aligned} with x,y,z{±52}.x, y, z \in \left\{\pm\frac{5}{2}\right\}. Negating an edge vector flips the signs of two of x,y,z,x, y, z, so only the sign of xyzxyz matters: 2xyz=±1254,2xyz = \pm\frac{125}{4}, giving V2=79384V^2 = \frac{7938}{4} or 76884.\frac{7688}{4}.

The ratio of the volumes is 79387688=39693844=6362,\sqrt{\frac{7938}{7688}} = \sqrt{\frac{3969}{3844}} = \frac{63}{62}, already in lowest terms, so m+n=63+62=125.m + n = 63 + 62 = 125.

14.

下面的模拟时钟有两根指针,它们可以彼此独立地移动。

起初,两根指针都指向数字 1212。时钟执行一串指针移动,使得每一步移动中,两根指针中的一根顺时针移动到表盘上的下一个数字,另一根指针不动。

NN 为这样的 144144 步指针移动序列的个数:在整个序列中,每一种可能的两指针位置恰好出现一次,并且在 144144 步移动结束时,两根指针回到初始位置。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

The following analog clock has two hands that can move independently of each other.

Initially, both hands point to the number 12.12. The clock performs a sequence of hand movements so that on each movement, one of the two hands moves clockwise to the next number on the clock face while the other hand does not move.

Let NN be the number of sequences of 144144 hand movements such that during the sequence, every possible positioning of the hands appears exactly once, and at the end of the 144144 movements, the hands have returned to their initial position. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:608
难度评级:3500
小提示:

Z12×Z12\mathbb{Z}_{12} \times \mathbb{Z}_{12} 中的有序对记录两根指针的位置;按一根指针的值把 144144 个位置分成若干行,并标出另一根指针在哪些位置移动。

Track the ordered pair of hand positions in Z12×Z12;\mathbb{Z}_{12} \times \mathbb{Z}_{12}; sort the 144144 positions into rows by one hand’s value and mark where the other hand moves.

大提示:

每一行都恰好覆盖一次会迫使每一行的离开集合等于前一行的离开集合平移 11;当且仅当每行离开次数与 1212 互质时,整条巡游是一个单循环。

Covering each row once forces each row’s exit set to be the previous row’s shifted by 1;1; the tour is a single cycle exactly when the exits per row are coprime to 12.12.

解答:

将两根指针记为有序对 (a,b)Z12×Z12(a, b) \in \mathbb{Z}_{12} \times \mathbb{Z}_{12};每一步把 (a,b)(a, b) 替换为 (a+1,b)(a+1, b)(a,b+1)(a, b+1),因此一个合法序列就是经过全部 144144 个位置的闭合巡游,等价于在每个位置选择下一步移动哪根指针。按 bb 把位置分成 1212 行,并令 SbZ12S_b \subseteq \mathbb{Z}_{12} 为巡游离开第 bb 行时的 aa 值集合(一次 bb-移动)。从第 b1b - 1 行的一次 bb-移动会以同一个 aa 值进入第 bb 行,之后巡游沿连续的 aa 值前进,直到下一次离开。为了让这些连续段恰好覆盖第 bb 行一次,它们必须分割 Z12\mathbb{Z}_{12},这迫使每个进入点都正好在某个离开点之后一步:Sb1=Sb+1S_{b-1} = S_b + 1。特别地,每个 SbS_b 的大小相同,设为 cc,并且 Sb=S0bS_b = S_0 - b

在第 bb 行的第 ii 个离开点(按循环顺序)离开,会导致一段在第 b+1b + 1 行的第 (i+1)(i+1) 个离开点结束:每次 bb-移动都使行指标模 1212 增加 11,并使离开点指标模 cc 增加 11。因此巡游会在 lcm(12,c)\operatorname{lcm}(12, c)bb-移动后闭合,而完整巡游必须使用全部 12c12c 个离开点,所以这条巡游恰好是经过全部 144144 个位置的单循环,当且仅当 gcd(c,12)=1\gcd(c, 12) = 1。反过来,每个满足 gcd(S0,12)=1\gcd(|S_0|, 12) = 1S0S_0 都从起点给出恰好一个合法移动序列。

因此 N=(121)+(125)+(127)+(1211)=12+792+792+12=1608 \begin{aligned} N &= \binom{12}{1} + \binom{12}{5} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{12}{7} + \binom{12}{11} \\ &= 12 + 792 + 792 \\ &\quad {}+ 12 = 1608 \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 NN 除以 10001000 的余数为 608608

Record the hands as an ordered pair (a,b)Z12×Z12;(a, b) \in \mathbb{Z}_{12} \times \mathbb{Z}_{12}; each movement replaces (a,b)(a, b) by (a+1,b)(a+1, b) or (a,b+1),(a, b+1), so a valid sequence is a closed tour through all 144144 positions — equivalently, a choice, at each position, of which hand moves next. Sort the positions into 1212 rows according to b,b, and let SbZ12S_b \subseteq \mathbb{Z}_{12} be the set of aa-values at which the tour leaves row bb (a bb-move). A bb-move from row b1b - 1 enters row bb at the same aa-value, and the tour then runs through consecutive aa-values until its next exit. For these runs to cover row bb exactly once they must partition Z12,\mathbb{Z}_{12}, which forces each entry point to sit one step past an exit: Sb1=Sb+1.S_{b-1} = S_b + 1. In particular every SbS_b has the same size c,c, and Sb=S0b.S_b = S_0 - b.

Leaving row bb at its ii-th exit (in cyclic order) leads to a run ending at the (i+1)(i+1)-st exit of row b+1:b + 1: each bb-move advances the row index by 11 modulo 1212 and the exit index by 11 modulo c.c. The tour therefore closes after lcm(12,c)\operatorname{lcm}(12, c) bb-moves, while a full tour must use all 12c12c exits, so the tour is a single cycle through all 144144 positions precisely when gcd(c,12)=1.\gcd(c, 12) = 1. Conversely, every choice of S0S_0 with gcd(S0,12)=1\gcd(|S_0|, 12) = 1 yields exactly one valid movement sequence from the starting position.

Hence N=(121)+(125)+(127)+(1211)=12+792+792+12=1608, \begin{aligned} N &= \binom{12}{1} + \binom{12}{5} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{12}{7} + \binom{12}{11} \\ &= 12 + 792 + 792 \\ &\quad {}+ 12 = 1608, \end{aligned} and the remainder when NN is divided by 10001000 is 608.608.

15.

求最大的素数 p<1000p \lt 1000,使得存在一个复数 zz 满足

zz 的实部和虚部都是整数;

z=p|z| = \sqrt{p},并且

• 存在一个三角形,它的三条边长分别为 ppz3z^3 的实部、以及 z3z^3 的虚部。

Find the largest prime number p<1000p \lt 1000 for which there exists a complex number zz satisfying

• the real and imaginary part of zz are both integers;

z=p,|z| = \sqrt{p}, and

• there exists a triangle whose three side lengths are p,p, the real part of z3,z^3, and the imaginary part of z3.z^3.

答案:349
难度评级:3370
小提示:

z=a+biz = a + bi,其中 a2+b2=pa^2 + b^2 = p;在改变符号和交换顺序后,三角形需要 Rez3Imz3<p\bigl||\operatorname{Re} z^3| - |\operatorname{Im} z^3|\bigr| \lt p

Write z=a+biz = a + bi with a2+b2=p;a^2 + b^2 = p; up to signs and swapping, the triangle needs Rez3Imz3<p.\bigl||\operatorname{Re} z^3| - |\operatorname{Im} z^3|\bigr| \lt p.

大提示:

Rez3Imz3\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 =(a+b)(a2+b24ab)= (a + b)(a^2 + b^2 - 4ab),所以 4ab4ab 必须在 ppp\sqrt{p} 范围内。

Rez3Imz3\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 =(a+b)(a2+b24ab),= (a + b)(a^2 + b^2 - 4ab), so 4ab4ab must be within p\sqrt{p} of p.p.

解答:

z=a+biz = a + bi,其中 a2+b2=pa^2 + b^2 = p。素数 p=2p = 2 确实可行:取 z=1+iz = -1 + i,就有 z3=2+2iz^3 = 2 + 2i,但它不可能是最大答案。因此只需考虑奇素数 pp,此时 p1(mod4)p \equiv 1 \pmod 4,而数对 {a,b}\{|a|, |b|\} 唯一确定。把 zz 替换为 ±z\pm z±zˉ\pm\bar{z}±iz\pm iz±izˉ\pm i\bar{z},只会改变 z3z^3 实部与虚部的符号或交换两者,所以可设 a>b>0a \gt b \gt 0。两个候选边长是 Rez3|\operatorname{Re} z^3|Imz3|\operatorname{Im} z^3|。展开 z3=(a33ab2)+(3a2bb3)iz^3 = (a^3 - 3ab^2) + (3a^2b - b^3)i 并因式分解,得 Rez3+Imz3=(ab)(p+4ab),Rez3Imz3=(a+b)(p4ab) \begin{aligned} &\operatorname{Re} z^3 + \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a - b)(p + 4ab), \qquad \\ &\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a + b)(p - 4ab) \end{aligned}\text{。}当且仅当 ReIm<p\bigl||\operatorname{Re}| - |\operatorname{Im}|\bigr| \lt p <Re+Im\lt |\operatorname{Re}| + |\operatorname{Im}| 时,这三个长度能构成三角形;后两个量与上面两个表达式的绝对值一一对应。因为 a>ba \gt b 导致 (ab)(p+4ab)>p(a - b)(p + 4ab) \gt p,所以全部条件等价于 (a+b)p4ab<p(a + b)\,|p - 4ab| \lt p

因为 a+b>a2+b2=pa+b\gt\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=\sqrt p,所以必须有 Δ=p4ab<p\Delta=|p-4ab|\lt\sqrt p。由 p=a2+b2<1000p=a^2+b^2\lt10001b<a311\le b\lt a\le31;而且 b21b \le 21,因为 b22b \ge 22 会迫使 a23a \ge 23,从而 p222+232>1000p \ge 22^2 + 23^2 \gt 1000。把 p=a2+b2p=a^2+b^2 代入 (a2+b24ab)2<a2+b2 (a^2+b^2-4ab)^2\lt a^2+b^2 并检查这些有限范围内的整数,可得可能值的完整列表 p{10,17,53,68,130,153,212,241,272,349,386,520,565,725,778,905,964} \begin{aligned} p \in \{&10,17,53,68,130,153, \\ &212,241,272,349,386,520, \\ &565,725,778,905,964\} \end{aligned}\text{。}其中只有四个值是素数,对应于 (a,b,p,Δ)=(4,1,17,1),(7,2,53,3),(15,4,241,1),(18,5,349,11) \begin{aligned} (a,b,p,\Delta)&=(4,1,17,1), \\ &\quad (7,2,53,3), \\ &\quad (15,4,241,1), \\ &\quad (18,5,349,11) \end{aligned}\text{。}相应的 (a+b)Δ(a+b)\Delta 依次是 5,27,19,2535,27,19,253,都小于 pp,所以这四个值也都满足完整的三角形不等式。因此最大的可能素数是 349349

确实,取 z=18+5iz = 18 + 5i,得 z3=4482+4735iz^3 = 4482 + 4735i,而 3493494482448247354735 能构成一个三角形。答案是 349349

Write z=a+biz = a + bi with a2+b2=p.a^2 + b^2 = p. The prime p=2p = 2 does qualify: for z=1+iz = -1 + i we have z3=2+2i,z^3 = 2 + 2i, but it cannot be the largest answer. Hence consider an odd prime p,p, so p1(mod4)p \equiv 1 \pmod 4 and the pair {a,b}\{|a|, |b|\} is unique. Replacing zz by ±z,\pm z, ±zˉ,\pm\bar{z}, ±iz,\pm iz, ±izˉ\pm i\bar{z} only changes the real and imaginary parts of z3z^3 by signs and swaps, so we may take a>b>0,a \gt b \gt 0, and the two candidate side lengths are Rez3|\operatorname{Re} z^3| and Imz3.|\operatorname{Im} z^3|. Expanding z3=(a33ab2)+(3a2bb3)iz^3 = (a^3 - 3ab^2) + (3a^2b - b^3)i and factoring, Rez3+Imz3=(ab)(p+4ab),Rez3Imz3=(a+b)(p4ab). \begin{aligned} &\operatorname{Re} z^3 + \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a - b)(p + 4ab), \qquad \\ &\operatorname{Re} z^3 - \operatorname{Im} z^3 \\ &\quad = (a + b)(p - 4ab). \end{aligned} The triangle exists exactly when ReIm<p\bigl||\operatorname{Re}| - |\operatorname{Im}|\bigr| \lt p <Re+Im,\lt |\operatorname{Re}| + |\operatorname{Im}|, and those two quantities are, in some order, the absolute values above. Since a>ba \gt b forces (ab)(p+4ab)>p,(a - b)(p + 4ab) \gt p, the whole condition reduces to (a+b)p4ab<p.(a + b)\,|p - 4ab| \lt p.

Because a+b>a2+b2=p,a+b\gt\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=\sqrt p, this requires Δ=p4ab<p.\Delta=|p-4ab|\lt\sqrt p. The bound p=a2+b2<1000p=a^2+b^2\lt1000 gives 1b<a31;1\le b\lt a\le31; moreover b21,b \le 21, because b22b \ge 22 would force a23a \ge 23 and p222+232>1000.p \ge 22^2 + 23^2 \gt 1000. Substituting p=a2+b2p=a^2+b^2 into (a2+b24ab)2<a2+b2 (a^2+b^2-4ab)^2\lt a^2+b^2 and checking these bounded integers gives the complete list of possible values p{10,17,53,68,130,153,212,241,272,349,386,520,565,725,778,905,964}. \begin{aligned} p \in \{&10,17,53,68,130,153, \\ &212,241,272,349,386,520, \\ &565,725,778,905,964\}. \end{aligned} Only four values in this list are prime, at (a,b,p,Δ)=(4,1,17,1),(7,2,53,3),(15,4,241,1),(18,5,349,11). \begin{aligned} (a,b,p,\Delta)&=(4,1,17,1), \\ &\quad (7,2,53,3), \\ &\quad (15,4,241,1), \\ &\quad (18,5,349,11). \end{aligned} The corresponding values of (a+b)Δ(a+b)\Delta are 5,27,19,253,5,27,19,253, respectively, all below p,p, so all four also pass the full triangle inequality. Thus the largest possible prime is 349.349.

Indeed for z=18+5iz = 18 + 5i we get z3=4482+4735i,z^3 = 4482 + 4735i, and the lengths 349,349, 4482,4482, 47354735 form a valid triangle. The answer is 349.349.