2023 AIME I 第 2 题

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2.

正实数 b1b \ne 1nn 满足方程 logbn=logbn\sqrt{\log_b n} = \log_b \sqrt{n} 以及 blogbn=logb(bn)b \cdot \log_b n = \log_b (bn)\text{。} nn 的值为 jk\frac{j}{k},其中 jjkk 是互质的正整数。求 j+kj + k

Positive real numbers b1b \ne 1 and nn satisfy the equations logbn=logbn\sqrt{\log_b n} = \log_b \sqrt{n} and blogbn=logb(bn).b \cdot \log_b n = \log_b (bn). The value of nn is jk,\frac{j}{k}, where jj and kk are relatively prime positive integers. Find j+k.j + k.

答案:881
知识点:对数换元法
难度评级:2100
小提示:

x=logbnx = \log_b n,把两个方程都改写成关于 xxbb 的式子。

Set x=logbnx = \log_b n and rewrite both equations in terms of xx and b.b.

大提示:

第一个方程迫使 x=x2\sqrt{x} = \frac{x}{2};舍去不满足第二个方程的根,而第二个方程为 bx=1+xbx = 1 + x

The first equation forces x=x2;\sqrt{x} = \frac{x}{2}; discard the root that breaks the second equation, which reads bx=1+x.bx = 1 + x.

解答:

x=logbnx = \log_b n。第一个方程给出 x=logbn12=x2\sqrt{x} = \log_b n^{\frac{1}{2}} = \frac{x}{2},所以 x=x24x = \frac{x^2}{4},得到 x=0x = 0x=4x = 4。若 x=0x = 0,则 n=1n = 1,第二个方程会变成 0=logbb=10 = \log_b b = 1,矛盾;因此 x=4x = 4

第二个方程给出 bx=logbb+logbn=1+xbx = \log_b b + \log_b n = 1 + x,所以 4b=54b = 5,从而 b=54b = \frac{5}{4}。于是 n=b4=(54)4=625256n = b^4 = \left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^4 = \frac{625}{256}\text{,} 这已经是最简分数,所以 j+k=625+256=881j + k = 625 + 256 = 881

Let x=logbn.x = \log_b n. The first equation says x=logbn12=x2,\sqrt{x} = \log_b n^{\frac{1}{2}} = \frac{x}{2}, so x=x24,x = \frac{x^2}{4}, giving x=0x = 0 or x=4.x = 4. If x=0x = 0 then n=1,n = 1, and the second equation would read 0=logbb=1,0 = \log_b b = 1, impossible; so x=4.x = 4.

The second equation says bx=logbb+logbn=1+x,bx = \log_b b + \log_b n = 1 + x, so 4b=54b = 5 and b=54.b = \frac{5}{4}. Then n=b4=(54)4=625256,n = b^4 = \left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^4 = \frac{625}{256}, which is in lowest terms, so j+k=625+256=881.j + k = 625 + 256 = 881.

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