2019 AIME I 第 2 题

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2.

Jenn 随机选择一个数 JJ,它来自 112233\ldots19192020。然后 Bela 随机选择一个数 BB,它也来自 112233\ldots19192020,且不同于 JJBJB - J 至少为 22 的概率可以表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Jenn randomly chooses a number JJ from 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 19,19, 20.20. Bela then randomly chooses a number BB from 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 19,19, 2020 distinct from J.J. The value of BJB - J is at least 22 with a probability that can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:29
知识点:基本概率数对计数
难度评级:1950
小提示:

共有 201920 \cdot 19 个等可能的有序对 (J,B)(J, B),其中 BJB \neq J

All 201920 \cdot 19 ordered pairs (J,B)(J, B) with BJB \neq J are equally likely

大提示:

对每个 JJ,有 19J19 - JBB 满足 BJ+2B \ge J + 2,所以有利情况数是 1+2++181 + 2 + \cdots + 18

For each JJ there are 19J19 - J values of BB with BJ+2,B \ge J + 2, so the favorable count is 1+2++181 + 2 + \cdots + 18

解答:

共有 2019=38020 \cdot 19 = 380 个等可能的有序对 (J,B)(J, B),其中 BJB \neq J。条件 BJ+2B \ge J + 2 给出 19J19 - JBB 的选择,只需考虑 J18J \le 18,所以有利有序对数为 J=118(19J)=18+17++1=171 \begin{aligned} &\sum_{J=1}^{18} (19 - J) \\ &= 18 + 17 + \cdots + 1 = 171 \end{aligned}\text{。}

概率为 171380=920\frac{171}{380} = \frac{9}{20},所以 m+n=9+20=29m + n = 9 + 20 = 29

There are 2019=38020 \cdot 19 = 380 equally likely ordered pairs (J,B)(J, B) with BJ.B \neq J. The condition BJ+2B \ge J + 2 allows 19J19 - J choices of BB for each J18,J \le 18, so the number of favorable pairs is J=118(19J)=18+17++1=171. \begin{aligned} &\sum_{J=1}^{18} (19 - J) \\ &= 18 + 17 + \cdots + 1 = 171. \end{aligned}

The probability is 171380=920,\frac{171}{380} = \frac{9}{20}, so m+n=9+20=29.m + n = 9 + 20 = 29.

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