2019 AIME I 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
考虑整数 求 的各位数字之和。
Consider the integer Find the sum of the digits of
小提示:
每一项都是 ,所以 是一长串一(后面接一个零)再减去
Each summand is so is a long string of ones (followed by a zero) minus
大提示:
先看减数 :用 减去它只会影响最后四位;数一数剩下多少个一
Subtracting from disturbs only the last four digits; count the ones that survive
解答:
每一项都是 ,所以
这个减法只改变最后四位:,所以最后四位变为 。因此 由 个一后接 组成,数字和为 。
Each summand is so
The subtraction changes only the last four digits: so those four digits become Thus consists of ones followed by and the digit sum is
2.
Jenn 随机选择一个数 ,它来自 、、、、、。然后 Bela 随机选择一个数 ,它也来自 、、、、、,且不同于 。 至少为 的概率可以表示为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Jenn randomly chooses a number from Bela then randomly chooses a number from distinct from The value of is at least with a probability that can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
共有 个等可能的有序对 ,其中
All ordered pairs with are equally likely
大提示:
对每个 ,有 个 满足 ,所以有利情况数是
For each there are values of with so the favorable count is
解答:
共有 个等可能的有序对 ,其中 。条件 给出 个 的选择,只需考虑 ,所以有利有序对数为
概率为 ,所以 。
There are equally likely ordered pairs with The condition allows choices of for each so the number of favorable pairs is
The probability is so
3.
在 中,、、。点 与 在 上,点 与 在 上,点 与 在 上,且 。求六边形 的面积。
In and Points and lie on points and lie on and points and lie on with Find the area of hexagon
小提示:
因为 ,该三角形在 处是直角
Since the triangle has a right angle at
大提示:
从 中减去三个角上的小三角形;每个角上的小三角形都有两条长为 的边夹着一个已知角,所以面积是
Subtract the three corner triangles from each corner triangle has two sides of length around a known angle, so its area is
解答:
因为 ,三角形在 处为直角,面积为 。同时 ,。
六边形等于大三角形减去三个角上的三角形,每个小三角形都有两条长为 的边:在 处,面积为 ;在 处,面积为 ;在 处,面积为 。
因此六边形面积为 。
Since the triangle is right-angled at and its area is Also and
The hexagon is the triangle minus three corner triangles, each with two sides of length at area at area at area
Therefore the hexagon has area
4.
一支足球队有 名可用球员。固定的 名球员首发,另外 名可作为替补。比赛中,教练最多可以换人 次,每次用一名替补替换场上的 名球员之一。被换下的球员不能再上场,但已经上场的替补之后可以被换下。任意两次换人不能同时发生。参与换人的球员以及换人的顺序都要计入不同方式。设 为教练在比赛中换人的方式数(包括不换人的可能)。求 除以 的余数。
A soccer team has available players. A fixed set of players starts the game, while the other are available as substitutes. During the game, the coach may make as many as substitutions, where any one of the players in the game is replaced by one of the substitutes. No player removed from the game may reenter the game, although a substitute entering the game may be replaced later. No two substitutions can happen at the same time. The players involved and the order of the substitutions matter. Let be the number of ways the coach can make substitutions during the game (including the possibility of making no substitutions). Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
按换人次数分别计数;任一时刻场上恰好有 名球员
Count separately by the number of substitutions made; at every moment exactly players are in the game
大提示:
第 次换人有 种被换下球员的选择,以及 种上场替补的选择,因为替补席每次少一人
The th substitution has choices for who leaves and choices for who enters, since the bench shrinks by one each time
解答:
任一时刻场上都有 名球员,其中任意一人都可以被换下,而替补席每次换人后少一人。因此第一次换人有 种方式,第二次有 种方式,第三次有 种方式。
对换 、、 或 次的情况求和,得到 所以除以 的余数为 。
At every moment there are players in the game, any of whom may be removed, while the bench shrinks by one with each substitution. So the first substitution can be made in ways, the second in ways, and the third in ways.
Summing over or substitutions, The remainder upon division by is
5.
一个运动粒子从点 出发,直到第一次碰到某条坐标轴为止。当粒子位于点 时,它随机移动到 、,或 中的一个点,每种概率都是 ,且与之前的移动相互独立。它在 处碰到坐标轴的概率为 ,其中 与 是正整数,且 不能被 整除。求 。
A moving particle starts at the point and moves until it hits one of the coordinate axes for the first time. When the particle is at the point it moves at random to one of the points or each with probability independently of its previous moves. The probability that it will hit the coordinate axes at is where and are positive integers, and is not divisible by Find
小提示:
粒子第一次在 碰到坐标轴,只可能是从 走对角步到达
The particle can first hit the axes at only by taking the diagonal step from
大提示:
数从 到 的路径,并按对角步数 分类:每条这样的路径有 步,并有一个多重排列数
Count paths from to by the number of diagonal steps: each such path has steps and a multinomial number of orderings
解答:
坐标不会增加,所以第一次到达的坐标轴上的点是 ,恰好等价于粒子先到达 ,然后走一步对角步。每条从 到 的路径都会自动避开坐标轴,因为它的坐标始终至少为 。
一条从 到 且含 个对角步的路径,还含有 个向左步和 个向下步,总步数为 ,排列数为 。这些排列数依次为 、、、,分别对应 、、、。含 步的路径概率为 ,所以到达 后再走到 的概率为
因为 不能被 整除,所以 。
Coordinates never increase, so the first axis point reached is exactly when the particle reaches and then takes the diagonal step. Every path from to automatically stays off the axes, since its coordinates remain at least
A path from to with diagonal steps also has left steps and down steps, for steps in all, and there are orderings: for Since a path with steps has probability the probability of reaching and then stepping to is
Since is not divisible by we get
6.
在凸四边形 中,边 垂直于对角线 ,边 垂直于对角线 ,且 、。过 作垂直于边 的直线,与对角线 交于 ,且 。求 。
In convex quadrilateral side is perpendicular to diagonal side is perpendicular to diagonal and The line through perpendicular to side intersects diagonal at with Find
小提示:
设 为从 到 的垂足;在直角三角形 中,高给出
Let be the foot of the perpendicular from to in right triangle the altitude gives
大提示:
三角形 与 共有角 ,且各有一个直角,所以
Triangles and share angle and each has a right angle, so
解答:
设 为从 到 的垂足,因此 在 上。在直角三角形 (直角在 )中,斜边上的高 给出几何平均关系 。
三角形 与 共有角 ,且 ,所以它们相似。因此 ,也就是 。由 得 ,所以
Let be the foot of the perpendicular from to so lies on segment In right triangle (right angle at ), the altitude to the hypotenuse gives the geometric mean relation
Triangles and share angle and so they are similar. Hence that is, With this gives so
7.
存在正整数 和 满足方程组 设 为 的质因数分解中质因数的个数(不要求互异),设 为 的质因数分解中质因数的个数(不要求互异)。求 。
There are positive integers and that satisfy the system of equations Let be the number of (not necessarily distinct) prime factors in the prime factorization of and let be the number of (not necessarily distinct) prime factors in the prime factorization of Find
小提示:
方程说明 且 ,所以只可能出现质数 和
The equations say and so only the primes and can appear
大提示:
对每个质数,最大公因数取较小指数,最小公倍数取较大指数;若 中的指数大于 中的指数,会导致负指数
For each prime, gcd takes the smaller exponent and lcm the larger; the case where ’s exponent exceeds ’s leads to a negative exponent
解答:
方程说明 且 ,所以 和 只含质数 与 。固定其中一个质数,令 与 分别表示它在 和 中的指数。由于最大公因数取较小指数、最小公倍数取较大指数,
若 ,则 且 ;相加得 ,相减得 ,迫使 ,不可能。因此 ,方程变为 与 ,对两个质数都得到 、。
因此 ,,所以 、,且 。
The equations say and so and are products of the primes and only. Fix one of these primes and let and be its exponents in and Since the gcd takes the smaller exponent and the lcm the larger,
If then and adding gives and subtracting gives forcing impossible. So and the equations become and giving and for both primes.
Thus and so and
8.
设 为实数,且 。则 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Let be a real number such that Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
令 、,所以 ;每个对称幂和都是 的多项式
Set and so every symmetric power sum is a polynomial in
大提示:
;解出 (只有一个根满足 ),再代入
solve for (only one root satisfies ) and plug into
解答:
令 、,所以 ,并设 。展开 得 ,所以条件变为 根为 与 。由于 ,必须有 。
类似地,代入 ,得到 所以 。
Let and so and set Expanding gives so the hypothesis reads with roots and Since we must have
Similarly Substituting so
9.
记 为 的正整数因数个数。求最小六个正整数 的和,其中这些整数满足 。
Let denote the number of positive integer divisors of Find the sum of the six least positive integers that are solutions to
小提示:
先排除 ;因数个数的分拆只能是 或 ,而取值 和 分别迫使某数为质数平方 或质数四次方
First rule out then the split must be or and values and force a prime square or fourth power
大提示:
因此 中有一个属于 、、、、、、、、 或 、、、;检查它的邻数是否满足 或为质数
So one of is among or test each neighbor for or primality
解答:
当 时,,所以任何解都满足 ,且相邻两数的因数个数都至少为 。因此 ,所以 中有一个等于 或 。而 表示质数平方 , 表示质数四次方 。因此 中有一个属于 ,它的邻数必须有 (对应平方)或为质数(对应四次方)。
按从小到大的顺序检查邻数: 可行 ,; 可行 ; 可行 , 为质数 ; 可行 。接着 、、 和 都不行:、、、 不是质数、、、、。然后 可行 , 可行 。
最小的六个解为 、、、、、,和为 。
The case gives so any solution has and both divisor counts are at least Thus so one of equals or Now means a prime square while means a prime fourth power So one of lies in and its neighbor must have (for a square) or be prime (for a fourth power).
Checking neighbors in increasing order: works works works prime works Then and all fail: is not prime, Next, works and works
The six least solutions are with sum
10.
对于互不相同的复数 、、、,多项式 可以表示为 ,其中 是次数至多为 的复系数多项式。数值 可以表示为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
For distinct complex numbers the polynomial can be expressed as where is a polynomial with complex coefficients and with degree at most The value of can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
这 个根是各个 ,每个重复 次; 的系数给出
The roots are the each with multiplicity the coefficient gives
大提示:
根的成对乘积要么来自同一个三重根,要么来自不同三重根:,且
Pairs of roots either come from the same triple or from different ones: and
解答:
该多项式的 个根是各个 ,每个重复三次。由韦达定理, 的系数是所有根之和的相反数:,所以 。
的系数是所有无序根对乘积之和。一个根对可以有 种方式取自每个编号 的同一个三重根,也可以有 种方式取自每对 所对应的两个不同三重根。记 ,则 所以 ,。
因此 ,已为最简分数,。
The polynomial’s roots are the numbers each repeated three times. By Vieta’s formulas, the coefficient of is minus the sum of all roots: so
The coefficient of is the sum over unordered pairs of roots. A pair may use two copies from one triple ( pairs for each ) or copies from two different triples ( pairs for each ). Writing so and
Hence which is in lowest terms, and
11.
在 中,边长均为整数,且 。圆 的圆心为 的内心。 的一个旁切圆是指位于 外部、与三角形一边相切并与另外两边的延长线相切的圆。设与 相切的旁切圆与 内切,另外两个旁切圆都与 外切。求 周长的最小可能值。
In the sides have integer lengths and Circle has its center at the incenter of An excircle of is a circle in the exterior of that is tangent to one side of the triangle and tangent to the extensions of the other two sides. Suppose that the excircle tangent to is internally tangent to and the other two excircles are both externally tangent to Find the minimum possible value of the perimeter of
小提示:
与 对面的旁切圆内切,迫使 的半径为 ,其中 是内切圆半径, 是该旁切圆半径
Internal tangency with the excircle opposite forces the radius of to be where is the inradius and that exradius
大提示:
把 放在 轴上时,-旁切圆的半径 等于从 引出的高;外切条件会化成底边与腰之间的一个线性关系
With on the -axis, the -excircle has radius equal to the height from the external tangency collapses to one linear relation between base and leg
解答:
设 ,。取 、、,其中 。于是半周长为 ,面积为 。内切圆半径与旁切圆半径为 、,以及 。内心为 ,-旁切圆圆心为 。-旁切圆与直线 相切;沿底边量出的距离是 ,起点为 。相切点的横坐标为 ,所以其圆心为 。
与 -旁切圆内切时,圆心距为 ,所以半径 所对应的圆 满足 ,即 。与 -旁切圆外切要求 ,整理得 。由于 且 并且 ,条件化为 ,也就是 ,所以 。
若边长为整数,则 、,其中 为正整数,周长为 。最小值为 ,由边长 、、 的三角形达到。
Let and Place with so the semiperimeter is and the area is The inradius and exradii are and The incenter is and the -excircle has center The -excircle touches line at distance from that is, at so its center is
Internal tangency with the -excircle: the center distance is so the radius of satisfies i.e. External tangency with the -excircle requires which rearranges to Since and and the condition becomes that is, so
For integer sides, and for a positive integer giving perimeter The minimum is achieved by the triangle with sides
12.
给定 ,存在复数 使得 、 和 是复平面中一个直角三角形的三个顶点,且直角在 处。存在正整数 与 ,使某一个这样的 等于 。求 。
Given there are complex numbers with the property that and are the vertices of a right triangle in the complex plane with a right angle at There are positive integers and such that one such value of is Find
小提示:
注意 ,所以 ,并且
Note so and
大提示:
直角条件表示这两个差的商 是纯虚数;把实部设为 ,再令
The right angle means the quotient of those two differences, is purely imaginary; set the real part to with
解答:
因为 ,所以在 处的两条边为 其中用到 和 。它们垂直恰好等价于它们的商 为非零纯虚数。
写 。 的实部为 ,所以需要 ,得 。为了符合 且 、 为正整数的形式,必须取 。
因此 。
Since the two legs at are using and They are perpendicular exactly when their quotient is purely imaginary and nonzero.
Write The real part of is so we need giving The form with positive integers requires
Hence
13.
三角形 的边长为 、、。点 和 在射线 上,且 。点 是 与 的外接圆的一个交点,并满足 、。则 可以表示为 ,其中 、、、 为正整数, 与 互质,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Triangle has side lengths and Points and are on ray with The point is a point of intersection of the circumcircles of and satisfying and Then can be expressed as where and are positive integers such that and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
圆内接四边形给出 和 ,所以 ;接着用余弦定理求
The cyclic quadrilaterals give and so now the law of cosines finds
大提示:
直线 是根轴:若它与直线 交于 ,幂相等给出 。为定位 ,使用角 ,这个角可由三角形 求出
Line is the radical axis: where it crosses line at the powers give Locate using the angle found from triangle
解答:
点 、 位于 以外的射线 上,而点 在直线 的另一侧(相对于 而言)。由于 与 为圆内接四边形,圆周角给出 和 。记 、,则三角形 有 、,所以 。在三角形 中,,所以在三角形 中用余弦定理得到
在三角形 中,,所以 为锐角,且 、。设 为直线 与直线 的交点。在三角形 中,,且 、,又 ,所以 ,并且
直线 是两圆的根轴,所以 。设 ,则 :因为 ,且 。这给出 ,所以 ,并且 。因此 。
Points lie beyond on ray and lies on the opposite side of line from Since and are cyclic, the inscribed angles give and Writing and triangle has angles and so From triangle so the law of cosines in triangle gives
In triangle so is acute with and Let be the intersection of line with line In triangle has and so and
Line is the radical axis of the two circles, so With and since and This gives so and Therefore
14.
求 的最小奇质因数。
Find the least odd prime factor of
小提示:
若 整除 ,则 ,所以 模 的阶恰好为
If divides then so the order of modulo is exactly
大提示:
阶整除 ,所以 ;用反复平方检验最小的这类质数中 的情况
The order divides so test the smallest such primes by repeated squaring of
解答:
设奇质数 整除 。则 ,所以 ,但 : 模 的乘法阶恰好为 。由于阶整除 ,必须有 。最小的这类质数是 与 。
模 时,,且 ,所以 ,从而 。模 时,,反复平方,
所以 整除 ,并且它是最小奇质因数:。
Suppose an odd prime divides Then so while the multiplicative order of modulo is exactly Since the order divides we need and the smallest such primes are and
Modulo and so and Modulo and squaring repeatedly,
So divides and it is the least odd prime factor:
15.
设 为圆 的一条弦,点 在弦 上。圆 经过 与 ,并与 内切。圆 经过 与 ,并与 内切。圆 与 交于点 和 。直线 与 交于 和 。已知 、、,且 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Let be a chord of a circle and let be a point on the chord Circle passes through and and is internally tangent to Circle passes through and and is internally tangent to Circles and intersect at points and Line intersects at and Assume that and where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
同时在 与 上,但相切的圆只相交一次,所以 与 的切点就是 (同理 在 处相切)
lies on both and but tangent circles meet only once, so is tangent to at itself (and at )
大提示:
设 为 在 与 处的切线交点:则 在直线 上,且 ,并且
Let be the intersection of the tangents to at and then lies on line with and
解答:
因为 同时在 与 上,而相切的两圆只在切点处相交,所以 与 的切点就是 ;同理 在 处相切。设 为 在 与 处的切线交点。每条切线也分别是相应内圆的切线,所以 关于 与 的幂分别为 与 ,二者相等。因此 在根轴 上,并且沿过 、、、、 的直线有 最后一个等式来自 是 的切线。
因为 ,点 在 的垂直平分线上;若 为 的中点,则 。同时 关于 的幂给出 。设 、,于是 。关系变为 展开第二式并代入第一式,得 ,再代回可得 ,所以 。
最后 ,所以 ,并且 。因此 。
Since lies on both and and internally tangent circles meet only at their point of tangency, is tangent to at likewise is tangent at Let be the intersection of the tangent lines to at and Each tangent line is also tangent to the corresponding inner circle, so the powers of with respect to and are and which are equal. Hence lies on the radical axis and along the line through the last equality because is tangent to
Because the point lies on the perpendicular bisector of if is the midpoint of then Also the power of in gives Set and so The relations become Expanding the second and substituting the first yields and substituting back gives so
Finally so and Therefore