2019 AIME I 真题

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1.

考虑整数 N=9+99+999+9999++9999321 位数字 \begin{aligned} &N = 9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + \underbrace{99\ldots99}_{\text{321 位数字}} \end{aligned}\text{。}NN 的各位数字之和。

Consider the integer N=9+99+999+9999++9999321 digits. \begin{aligned} &N = 9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + \underbrace{99\ldots99}_{\text{321 digits}}. \end{aligned} Find the sum of the digits of N.N.

答案:342
知识点:数字位值
难度评级:1890
小提示:

每一项都是 10k110^k - 1,所以 NN 是一长串一(后面接一个零)再减去 321321

Each summand is 10k1,10^k - 1, so NN is a long string of ones (followed by a zero) minus 321321

大提示:

先看减数 321321:用 1111011\ldots110 减去它只会影响最后四位;数一数剩下多少个一

Subtracting 321321 from 1111011\ldots110 disturbs only the last four digits; count the ones that survive

解答:

每一项都是 10k110^k - 1,所以 N=k=1321(10k1)=1113210321 \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{321} \left(10^k - 1\right) \\ &= \underbrace{11\ldots1}_{321}0 - 321 \end{aligned}\text{。}

这个减法只改变最后四位:1110321=7891110 - 321 = 789,所以最后四位变为 07890789。因此 NN318318 个一后接 07890789 组成,数字和为 318+0+7+8+9=342318 + 0 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 342

Each summand is 10k1,10^k - 1, so N=k=1321(10k1)=1113210321. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{321} \left(10^k - 1\right) \\ &= \underbrace{11\ldots1}_{321}0 - 321. \end{aligned}

The subtraction changes only the last four digits: 1110321=789,1110 - 321 = 789, so those four digits become 0789.0789. Thus NN consists of 318318 ones followed by 0789,0789, and the digit sum is 318+0+7+8+9=342.318 + 0 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 342.

2.

Jenn 随机选择一个数 JJ,它来自 112233\ldots19192020。然后 Bela 随机选择一个数 BB,它也来自 112233\ldots19192020,且不同于 JJBJB - J 至少为 22 的概率可以表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Jenn randomly chooses a number JJ from 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 19,19, 20.20. Bela then randomly chooses a number BB from 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 19,19, 2020 distinct from J.J. The value of BJB - J is at least 22 with a probability that can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:29
难度评级:1950
小提示:

共有 201920 \cdot 19 个等可能的有序对 (J,B)(J, B),其中 BJB \neq J

All 201920 \cdot 19 ordered pairs (J,B)(J, B) with BJB \neq J are equally likely

大提示:

对每个 JJ,有 19J19 - JBB 满足 BJ+2B \ge J + 2,所以有利情况数是 1+2++181 + 2 + \cdots + 18

For each JJ there are 19J19 - J values of BB with BJ+2,B \ge J + 2, so the favorable count is 1+2++181 + 2 + \cdots + 18

解答:

共有 2019=38020 \cdot 19 = 380 个等可能的有序对 (J,B)(J, B),其中 BJB \neq J。条件 BJ+2B \ge J + 2 给出 19J19 - JBB 的选择,只需考虑 J18J \le 18,所以有利有序对数为 J=118(19J)=18+17++1=171 \begin{aligned} &\sum_{J=1}^{18} (19 - J) \\ &= 18 + 17 + \cdots + 1 = 171 \end{aligned}\text{。}

概率为 171380=920\frac{171}{380} = \frac{9}{20},所以 m+n=9+20=29m + n = 9 + 20 = 29

There are 2019=38020 \cdot 19 = 380 equally likely ordered pairs (J,B)(J, B) with BJ.B \neq J. The condition BJ+2B \ge J + 2 allows 19J19 - J choices of BB for each J18,J \le 18, so the number of favorable pairs is J=118(19J)=18+17++1=171. \begin{aligned} &\sum_{J=1}^{18} (19 - J) \\ &= 18 + 17 + \cdots + 1 = 171. \end{aligned}

The probability is 171380=920,\frac{171}{380} = \frac{9}{20}, so m+n=9+20=29.m + n = 9 + 20 = 29.

3.

PQR\triangle PQR 中,PR=15PR = 15QR=20QR = 20PQ=25PQ = 25。点 AABBPQ\overline{PQ} 上,点 CCDDQR\overline{QR} 上,点 EEFFPR\overline{PR} 上,且 PA=QB=QCPA = QB = QC =RD=RE=PF=5= RD = RE = PF = 5。求六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 的面积。

In PQR,\triangle PQR, PR=15,PR = 15, QR=20,QR = 20, and PQ=25.PQ = 25. Points AA and BB lie on PQ,\overline{PQ}, points CC and DD lie on QR,\overline{QR}, and points EE and FF lie on PR,\overline{PR}, with PA=QB=QCPA = QB = QC =RD=RE=PF=5.= RD = RE = PF = 5. Find the area of hexagon ABCDEF.ABCDEF.

答案:120
难度评级:2150
小提示:

因为 152+202=25215^2 + 20^2 = 25^2,该三角形在 RR 处是直角

Since 152+202=252,15^2 + 20^2 = 25^2, the triangle has a right angle at RR

大提示:

PQR\triangle PQR 中减去三个角上的小三角形;每个角上的小三角形都有两条长为 55 的边夹着一个已知角,所以面积是 1225sin(夹角)\frac{1}{2} \cdot 25 \cdot \sin(\text{夹角})

Subtract the three corner triangles from PQR;\triangle PQR; each corner triangle has two sides of length 55 around a known angle, so its area is 1225sin(angle)\frac{1}{2} \cdot 25 \cdot \sin(\text{angle})

解答:

因为 152+202=25215^2 + 20^2 = 25^2,三角形在 RR 处为直角,面积为 121520=150\frac{1}{2} \cdot 15 \cdot 20 = 150。同时 sinP=2025=45\sin P = \frac{20}{25} = \frac{4}{5}sinQ=1525=35\sin Q = \frac{15}{25} = \frac{3}{5}

六边形等于大三角形减去三个角上的三角形,每个小三角形都有两条长为 55 的边:在 PP 处,面积为 125545=10\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot \frac{4}{5} = 10;在 QQ 处,面积为 125535=152\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot \frac{3}{5} = \frac{15}{2};在 RR 处,面积为 1255=252\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot 5 = \frac{25}{2}

因此六边形面积为 15010152252=120150 - 10 - \frac{15}{2} - \frac{25}{2} = 120

Since 152+202=252,15^2 + 20^2 = 25^2, the triangle is right-angled at R,R, and its area is 121520=150.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 15 \cdot 20 = 150. Also sinP=2025=45\sin P = \frac{20}{25} = \frac{4}{5} and sinQ=1525=35.\sin Q = \frac{15}{25} = \frac{3}{5}.

The hexagon is the triangle minus three corner triangles, each with two sides of length 5:5: at P,P, area 125545=10;\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot \frac{4}{5} = 10; at Q,Q, area 125535=152;\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot \frac{3}{5} = \frac{15}{2}; at R,R, area 1255=252.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot 5 = \frac{25}{2}.

Therefore the hexagon has area 15010152252=120.150 - 10 - \frac{15}{2} - \frac{25}{2} = 120.

4.

一支足球队有 2222 名可用球员。固定的 1111 名球员首发,另外 1111 名可作为替补。比赛中,教练最多可以换人 33 次,每次用一名替补替换场上的 1111 名球员之一。被换下的球员不能再上场,但已经上场的替补之后可以被换下。任意两次换人不能同时发生。参与换人的球员以及换人的顺序都要计入不同方式。设 nn 为教练在比赛中换人的方式数(包括不换人的可能)。求 nn 除以 10001000 的余数。

A soccer team has 2222 available players. A fixed set of 1111 players starts the game, while the other 1111 are available as substitutes. During the game, the coach may make as many as 33 substitutions, where any one of the 1111 players in the game is replaced by one of the substitutes. No player removed from the game may reenter the game, although a substitute entering the game may be replaced later. No two substitutions can happen at the same time. The players involved and the order of the substitutions matter. Let nn be the number of ways the coach can make substitutions during the game (including the possibility of making no substitutions). Find the remainder when nn is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:122
难度评级:2350
小提示:

按换人次数分别计数;任一时刻场上恰好有 1111 名球员

Count separately by the number of substitutions made; at every moment exactly 1111 players are in the game

大提示:

kk 次换人有 1111 种被换下球员的选择,以及 12k12 - k 种上场替补的选择,因为替补席每次少一人

The kkth substitution has 1111 choices for who leaves and 12k12 - k choices for who enters, since the bench shrinks by one each time

解答:

任一时刻场上都有 1111 名球员,其中任意一人都可以被换下,而替补席每次换人后少一人。因此第一次换人有 111111 \cdot 11 种方式,第二次有 111011 \cdot 10 种方式,第三次有 11911 \cdot 9 种方式。

对换 00112233 次的情况求和,得到 n=1+1111+1121110+11311109=1+121+13310+1317690=1331122 \begin{aligned} n &= 1 + 11 \cdot 11 \\ &\quad {}+ 11^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 10 \\ &\quad {}+ 11^3 \cdot 11 \cdot 10 \cdot 9 \\ &= 1 + 121 + 13310 + 1317690 \\ &= 1331122 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以除以 10001000 的余数为 122122

At every moment there are 1111 players in the game, any of whom may be removed, while the bench shrinks by one with each substitution. So the first substitution can be made in 111111 \cdot 11 ways, the second in 111011 \cdot 10 ways, and the third in 11911 \cdot 9 ways.

Summing over 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, or 33 substitutions, n=1+1111+1121110+11311109=1+121+13310+1317690=1331122. \begin{aligned} n &= 1 + 11 \cdot 11 \\ &\quad {}+ 11^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 10 \\ &\quad {}+ 11^3 \cdot 11 \cdot 10 \cdot 9 \\ &= 1 + 121 + 13310 + 1317690 \\ &= 1331122. \end{aligned} The remainder upon division by 10001000 is 122.122.

5.

一个运动粒子从点 (4,4)(4, 4) 出发,直到第一次碰到某条坐标轴为止。当粒子位于点 (a,b)(a, b) 时,它随机移动到 (a1,b)(a - 1, b)(a,b1)(a, b - 1),或 (a1,b1)(a - 1, b - 1) 中的一个点,每种概率都是 13\frac{1}{3},且与之前的移动相互独立。它在 (0,0)(0, 0) 处碰到坐标轴的概率为 m3n\frac{m}{3^n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 mm 不能被 33 整除。求 m+nm + n

A moving particle starts at the point (4,4)(4, 4) and moves until it hits one of the coordinate axes for the first time. When the particle is at the point (a,b),(a, b), it moves at random to one of the points (a1,b),(a - 1, b), (a,b1),(a, b - 1), or (a1,b1),(a - 1, b - 1), each with probability 13,\frac{1}{3}, independently of its previous moves. The probability that it will hit the coordinate axes at (0,0)(0, 0) is m3n,\frac{m}{3^n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and mm is not divisible by 3.3. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:252
难度评级:2600
小提示:

粒子第一次在 (0,0)(0, 0) 碰到坐标轴,只可能是从 (1,1)(1, 1) 走对角步到达

The particle can first hit the axes at (0,0)(0, 0) only by taking the diagonal step from (1,1)(1, 1)

大提示:

数从 (4,4)(4, 4)(1,1)(1, 1) 的路径,并按对角步数 dd 分类:每条这样的路径有 6d6 - d 步,并有一个多重排列数

Count paths from (4,4)(4, 4) to (1,1)(1, 1) by the number dd of diagonal steps: each such path has 6d6 - d steps and a multinomial number of orderings

解答:

坐标不会增加,所以第一次到达的坐标轴上的点是 (0,0)(0,0),恰好等价于粒子先到达 (1,1)(1, 1),然后走一步对角步。每条从 (4,4)(4,4)(1,1)(1,1) 的路径都会自动避开坐标轴,因为它的坐标始终至少为 11

一条从 (4,4)(4,4)(1,1)(1,1) 且含 dd 个对角步的路径,还含有 3d3 - d 个向左步和 3d3 - d 个向下步,总步数为 6d6 - d,排列数为 (6d)!d!(3d)!(3d)!\frac{(6-d)!}{d!\,(3-d)!\,(3-d)!}。这些排列数依次为 20203030121211,分别对应 d=0d = 0112233。含 6d6 - d 步的路径概率为 (13)6d\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^{6-d},所以到达 (1,1)(1,1) 后再走到 (0,0)(0,0) 的概率为 13(2036+3035+1234+133)=1320+90+108+2736=24537 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{20}{3^6} + \frac{30}{3^5} + \frac{12}{3^4} + \frac{1}{3^3}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{20 + 90 + 108 + 27}{3^6} \\ &= \frac{245}{3^7} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 245=572245 = 5 \cdot 7^2 不能被 33 整除,所以 m+n=245+7=252m + n = 245 + 7 = 252

Coordinates never increase, so the first axis point reached is (0,0)(0,0) exactly when the particle reaches (1,1)(1, 1) and then takes the diagonal step. Every path from (4,4)(4,4) to (1,1)(1,1) automatically stays off the axes, since its coordinates remain at least 1.1.

A path from (4,4)(4,4) to (1,1)(1,1) with dd diagonal steps also has 3d3 - d left steps and 3d3 - d down steps, for 6d6 - d steps in all, and there are (6d)!d!(3d)!(3d)!\frac{(6-d)!}{d!\,(3-d)!\,(3-d)!} orderings: 20,20, 30,30, 12,12, 11 for d=0,d = 0, 1,1, 2,2, 3.3. Since a path with 6d6 - d steps has probability (13)6d,\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^{6-d}, the probability of reaching (1,1)(1,1) and then stepping to (0,0)(0,0) is 13(2036+3035+1234+133)=1320+90+108+2736=24537. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{20}{3^6} + \frac{30}{3^5} + \frac{12}{3^4} + \frac{1}{3^3}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{20 + 90 + 108 + 27}{3^6} \\ &= \frac{245}{3^7}. \end{aligned}

Since 245=572245 = 5 \cdot 7^2 is not divisible by 3,3, we get m+n=245+7=252.m + n = 245 + 7 = 252.

6.

在凸四边形 KLMNKLMN 中,边 MN\overline{MN} 垂直于对角线 KM\overline{KM},边 KL\overline{KL} 垂直于对角线 LN\overline{LN},且 MN=65MN = 65KL=28KL = 28。过 LL 作垂直于边 KN\overline{KN} 的直线,与对角线 KM\overline{KM} 交于 OO,且 KO=8KO = 8。求 MOMO

In convex quadrilateral KLMN,KLMN, side MN\overline{MN} is perpendicular to diagonal KM,\overline{KM}, side KL\overline{KL} is perpendicular to diagonal LN,\overline{LN}, MN=65,MN = 65, and KL=28.KL = 28. The line through LL perpendicular to side KN\overline{KN} intersects diagonal KM\overline{KM} at OO with KO=8.KO = 8. Find MO.MO.

答案:90
难度评级:2600
小提示:

FF 为从 LLKN\overline{KN} 的垂足;在直角三角形 KLNKLN 中,高给出 KFKN=KL2KF \cdot KN = KL^2

Let FF be the foot of the perpendicular from LL to KN;\overline{KN}; in right triangle KLNKLN the altitude gives KFKN=KL2KF \cdot KN = KL^2

大提示:

三角形 KFOKFOKMNKMN 共有角 KK,且各有一个直角,所以 KFKN=KOKMKF \cdot KN = KO \cdot KM

Triangles KFOKFO and KMNKMN share angle KK and each has a right angle, so KFKN=KOKMKF \cdot KN = KO \cdot KM

解答:

FF 为从 LLKN\overline{KN} 的垂足,因此 OOLFLF 上。在直角三角形 KLNKLN(直角在 LL)中,斜边上的高 LFLF 给出几何平均关系 KFKN=KL2=282=784KF \cdot KN = KL^2 = 28^2 = 784

三角形 KFOKFOKMNKMN 共有角 KK,且 KFO=90=KMN\angle KFO = 90^\circ = \angle KMN,所以它们相似。因此 KFKM=KOKN\frac{KF}{KM} = \frac{KO}{KN},也就是 KOKM=KFKN=784KO \cdot KM = KF \cdot KN = 784。由 KO=8KO = 8KM=98KM = 98,所以 MO=KMKO=988=90 \begin{aligned} MO &= KM - KO \\ &= 98 - 8 = 90 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let FF be the foot of the perpendicular from LL to KN,\overline{KN}, so OO lies on segment LF.LF. In right triangle KLNKLN (right angle at LL), the altitude LFLF to the hypotenuse gives the geometric mean relation KFKN=KL2=282=784.KF \cdot KN = KL^2 = 28^2 = 784.

Triangles KFOKFO and KMNKMN share angle K,K, and KFO=90=KMN,\angle KFO = 90^\circ = \angle KMN, so they are similar. Hence KFKM=KOKN,\frac{KF}{KM} = \frac{KO}{KN}, that is, KOKM=KFKN=784.KO \cdot KM = KF \cdot KN = 784. With KO=8KO = 8 this gives KM=98,KM = 98, so MO=KMKO=988=90. \begin{aligned} MO &= KM - KO \\ &= 98 - 8 = 90. \end{aligned}

7.

存在正整数 xxyy 满足方程组 log10x+2log10(gcd(x,y))=60\log_{10} x + 2\log_{10}(\gcd(x, y)) = 60 log10y+2log10(lcm(x,y))=570 \begin{aligned} &\log_{10} y \\ &\quad {}+ 2\log_{10}(\operatorname{lcm}(x, y)) = 570 \end{aligned}\text{。}mmxx 的质因数分解中质因数的个数(不要求互异),设 nnyy 的质因数分解中质因数的个数(不要求互异)。求 3m+2n3m + 2n

There are positive integers xx and yy that satisfy the system of equations log10x+2log10(gcd(x,y))=60\log_{10} x + 2\log_{10}(\gcd(x, y)) = 60 log10y+2log10(lcm(x,y))=570. \begin{aligned} &\log_{10} y \\ &\quad {}+ 2\log_{10}(\operatorname{lcm}(x, y)) = 570. \end{aligned} Let mm be the number of (not necessarily distinct) prime factors in the prime factorization of x,x, and let nn be the number of (not necessarily distinct) prime factors in the prime factorization of y.y. Find 3m+2n.3m + 2n.

答案:880
难度评级:2460
小提示:

方程说明 xgcd(x,y)2=1060x \cdot \gcd(x,y)^2 = 10^{60}ylcm(x,y)2=10570y \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(x,y)^2 = 10^{570},所以只可能出现质数 2255

The equations say xgcd(x,y)2=1060x \cdot \gcd(x,y)^2 = 10^{60} and ylcm(x,y)2=10570,y \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(x,y)^2 = 10^{570}, so only the primes 22 and 55 can appear

大提示:

对每个质数,最大公因数取较小指数,最小公倍数取较大指数;若 xx 中的指数大于 yy 中的指数,会导致负指数

For each prime, gcd takes the smaller exponent and lcm the larger; the case where xx’s exponent exceeds yy’s leads to a negative exponent

解答:

方程说明 xgcd(x,y)2=1060x \cdot \gcd(x,y)^2 = 10^{60}ylcm(x,y)2=10570y \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(x,y)^2 = 10^{570},所以 xxyy 只含质数 2255。固定其中一个质数,令 aabb 分别表示它在 xxyy 中的指数。由于最大公因数取较小指数、最小公倍数取较大指数,a+2min(a,b)=60,b+2max(a,b)=570 \begin{aligned} a + 2\min(a, b) &= 60, \\ b + 2\max(a, b) &= 570 \end{aligned}\text{。}

a>ba \gt b,则 a+2b=60a + 2b = 60b+2a=570b + 2a = 570;相加得 a+b=210a + b = 210,相减得 ab=510a - b = 510,迫使 b<0b \lt 0,不可能。因此 aba \le b,方程变为 3a=603a = 603b=5703b = 570,对两个质数都得到 a=20a = 20b=190b = 190

因此 x=220520x = 2^{20} 5^{20}y=21905190y = 2^{190} 5^{190},所以 m=40m = 40n=380n = 380,且 3m+2n=120+760=8803m + 2n = 120 + 760 = 880

The equations say xgcd(x,y)2=1060x \cdot \gcd(x,y)^2 = 10^{60} and ylcm(x,y)2=10570,y \cdot \operatorname{lcm}(x,y)^2 = 10^{570}, so xx and yy are products of the primes 22 and 55 only. Fix one of these primes and let aa and bb be its exponents in xx and y.y. Since the gcd takes the smaller exponent and the lcm the larger, a+2min(a,b)=60,b+2max(a,b)=570. \begin{aligned} a + 2\min(a, b) &= 60, \\ b + 2\max(a, b) &= 570. \end{aligned}

If a>b,a \gt b, then a+2b=60a + 2b = 60 and b+2a=570;b + 2a = 570; adding gives a+b=210,a + b = 210, and subtracting gives ab=510,a - b = 510, forcing b<0,b \lt 0, impossible. So ab,a \le b, and the equations become 3a=603a = 60 and 3b=570,3b = 570, giving a=20a = 20 and b=190b = 190 for both primes.

Thus x=220520x = 2^{20} 5^{20} and y=21905190,y = 2^{190} 5^{190}, so m=40,m = 40, n=380,n = 380, and 3m+2n=120+760=880.3m + 2n = 120 + 760 = 880.

8.

xx 为实数,且 sin10x+cos10x=1136\sin^{10} x + \cos^{10} x = \frac{11}{36}。则 sin12x+cos12x=mn\sin^{12} x + \cos^{12} x = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let xx be a real number such that sin10x+cos10x=1136.\sin^{10} x + \cos^{10} x = \frac{11}{36}. Then sin12x+cos12x=mn,\sin^{12} x + \cos^{12} x = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:67
难度评级:2720
小提示:

u=sin2xu = \sin^2 xv=cos2xv = \cos^2 x,所以 u+v=1u + v = 1;每个对称幂和都是 p=uvp = uv 的多项式

Set u=sin2xu = \sin^2 x and v=cos2x,v = \cos^2 x, so u+v=1;u + v = 1; every symmetric power sum is a polynomial in p=uvp = uv

大提示:

u5+v5=15p+5p2u^5 + v^5 = 1 - 5p + 5p^2;解出 pp(只有一个根满足 p14p \le \frac{1}{4}),再代入 u6+v6=16p+9p22p3u^6 + v^6 = 1 - 6p + 9p^2 - 2p^3

u5+v5=15p+5p2;u^5 + v^5 = 1 - 5p + 5p^2; solve for pp (only one root satisfies p14p \le \frac{1}{4}) and plug into u6+v6=16p+9p22p3u^6 + v^6 = 1 - 6p + 9p^2 - 2p^3

解答:

u=sin2xu = \sin^2 xv=cos2xv = \cos^2 x,所以 u+v=1u + v = 1,并设 p=uvp = uv。展开 (u+v)5(u+v)^5u5+v5=1u^5 + v^5 = 1 5p(u+v)3+5p2(u+v)- 5p(u+v)^3 + 5p^2(u+v) =15p+5p2= 1 - 5p + 5p^2,所以条件变为 15p+5p2=113636p236p+5=0 \begin{aligned} 1 - 5p + 5p^2 &= \frac{11}{36} \\ &\Longrightarrow 36p^2 - 36p \\ &\quad {}+ 5 = 0 \end{aligned}\text{,}根为 p=16p = \frac{1}{6}p=56p = \frac{5}{6}。由于 p=sin2xcos2xp = \sin^2 x \cos^2 x =14sin22x14= \frac{1}{4}\sin^2 2x \le \frac{1}{4},必须有 p=16p = \frac{1}{6}

类似地,u6+v6=(u2+v2)33p2(u2+v2)=(12p)33p2(12p)=16p+9p22p3\begin{aligned} u^6 + v^6 &= (u^2 + v^2)^3 \\ &\quad {}- 3p^2(u^2+v^2) \\ &= (1 - 2p)^3 \\ &\quad {}- 3p^2(1 - 2p) \\ &= 1 - 6p + 9p^2 - 2p^3 \end{aligned}\text{。}代入 p=16p = \frac{1}{6},得到 u6+v6=11+141108=26108=1354\begin{aligned} u^6 + v^6 &= 1 - 1 + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{108} \\ &= \frac{26}{108} = \frac{13}{54} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=13+54=67m + n = 13 + 54 = 67

Let u=sin2xu = \sin^2 x and v=cos2x,v = \cos^2 x, so u+v=1,u + v = 1, and set p=uv.p = uv. Expanding (u+v)5(u+v)^5 gives u5+v5=1u^5 + v^5 = 1 5p(u+v)3+5p2(u+v)- 5p(u+v)^3 + 5p^2(u+v) =15p+5p2,= 1 - 5p + 5p^2, so the hypothesis reads 15p+5p2=113636p236p+5=0, \begin{aligned} 1 - 5p + 5p^2 &= \frac{11}{36} \\ &\Longrightarrow 36p^2 - 36p \\ &\quad {}+ 5 = 0, \end{aligned} with roots p=16p = \frac{1}{6} and p=56.p = \frac{5}{6}. Since p=sin2xcos2xp = \sin^2 x \cos^2 x =14sin22x14,= \frac{1}{4}\sin^2 2x \le \frac{1}{4}, we must have p=16.p = \frac{1}{6}.

Similarly u6+v6=(u2+v2)33p2(u2+v2)=(12p)33p2(12p)=16p+9p22p3. \begin{aligned} u^6 + v^6 &= (u^2 + v^2)^3 \\ &\quad {}- 3p^2(u^2+v^2) \\ &= (1 - 2p)^3 \\ &\quad {}- 3p^2(1 - 2p) \\ &= 1 - 6p + 9p^2 - 2p^3. \end{aligned} Substituting p=16,p = \frac{1}{6}, u6+v6=11+141108=26108=1354, \begin{aligned} u^6 + v^6 &= 1 - 1 + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{108} \\ &= \frac{26}{108} = \frac{13}{54}, \end{aligned} so m+n=13+54=67.m + n = 13 + 54 = 67.

9.

τ(n)\tau(n)nn 的正整数因数个数。求最小六个正整数 nn 的和,其中这些整数满足 τ(n)+τ(n+1)=7\tau(n) + \tau(n + 1) = 7

Let τ(n)\tau(n) denote the number of positive integer divisors of n.n. Find the sum of the six least positive integers nn that are solutions to τ(n)+τ(n+1)=7.\tau(n) + \tau(n + 1) = 7.

答案:540
难度评级:2740
小提示:

先排除 n=1n = 1;因数个数的分拆只能是 {2,5}\{2, 5\}{3,4}\{3, 4\},而取值 3355 分别迫使某数为质数平方 p2p^2 或质数四次方 p4p^4

First rule out n=1;n = 1; then the split must be {2,5}\{2, 5\} or {3,4},\{3, 4\}, and values 33 and 55 force a prime square p2p^2 or fourth power p4p^4

大提示:

因此 n,n+1n, n+1 中有一个属于 449925254949121121169169289289361361\ldots16168181625625\ldots;检查它的邻数是否满足 τ=4\tau = 4 或为质数

So one of n,n+1n, n+1 is among 4,4, 9,9, 25,25, 49,49, 121,121, 169,169, 289,289, 361,361, \ldots or 16,16, 81,81, 625,625, ;\ldots; test each neighbor for τ=4\tau = 4 or primality

解答:

n=1n = 1 时,τ(1)+τ(2)=3\tau(1) + \tau(2) = 3,所以任何解都满足 n2n \ge 2,且相邻两数的因数个数都至少为 22。因此 7=2+5=3+47 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4,所以 τ(n),τ(n+1)\tau(n), \tau(n+1) 中有一个等于 3355。而 τ=3\tau = 3 表示质数平方 p2p^2τ=5\tau = 5 表示质数四次方 p4p^4。因此 n,n+1n, n+1 中有一个属于 {4,9,25,49,121,\{4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169,289,361,}169, 289, 361, \ldots\} {16,81,625,}\cup \{16, 81, 625, \ldots\},它的邻数必须有 τ=4\tau = 4(对应平方)或为质数(对应四次方)。

按从小到大的顺序检查邻数:n=8n = 8 可行 (τ(8)=4(\tau(8) = 4τ(9)=3)\tau(9) = 3)n=9n = 9 可行 (τ(10)=4)(\tau(10) = 4)n=16n = 16 可行 (τ(16)=5(\tau(16) = 51717 为质数 ))n=25n = 25 可行 (τ(26)=4)(\tau(26) = 4)。接着 49498181169169289289 都不行:τ(48)=10\tau(48) = 10τ(50)=6\tau(50) = 6τ(80)=10\tau(80) = 108282 不是质数、τ(168)=16\tau(168) = 16τ(170)=8\tau(170) = 8τ(288)=18\tau(288) = 18τ(290)=8\tau(290) = 8。然后 n=121n = 121 可行 (τ(122)=4)(\tau(122) = 4)n=361n = 361 可行 (τ(362)=4)(\tau(362) = 4)

最小的六个解为 889916162525121121361361,和为 540540

The case n=1n = 1 gives τ(1)+τ(2)=3,\tau(1) + \tau(2) = 3, so any solution has n2n \ge 2 and both divisor counts are at least 2.2. Thus 7=2+5=3+4,7 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4, so one of τ(n),τ(n+1)\tau(n), \tau(n+1) equals 33 or 5.5. Now τ=3\tau = 3 means a prime square p2,p^2, while τ=5\tau = 5 means a prime fourth power p4.p^4. So one of n,n+1n, n+1 lies in {4,9,25,49,121,\{4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169,289,361,}169, 289, 361, \ldots\} {16,81,625,},\cup \{16, 81, 625, \ldots\}, and its neighbor must have τ=4\tau = 4 (for a square) or be prime (for a fourth power).

Checking neighbors in increasing order: n=8n = 8 works (τ(8)=4,(\tau(8) = 4, τ(9)=3);\tau(9) = 3); n=9n = 9 works (τ(10)=4);(\tau(10) = 4); n=16n = 16 works (τ(16)=5,(\tau(16) = 5, 1717 prime);); n=25n = 25 works (τ(26)=4).(\tau(26) = 4). Then 49,49, 81,81, 169,169, and 289289 all fail: τ(48)=10,\tau(48) = 10, τ(50)=6,\tau(50) = 6, τ(80)=10,\tau(80) = 10, 8282 is not prime, τ(168)=16,\tau(168) = 16, τ(170)=8,\tau(170) = 8, τ(288)=18,\tau(288) = 18, τ(290)=8.\tau(290) = 8. Next, n=121n = 121 works (τ(122)=4)(\tau(122) = 4) and n=361n = 361 works (τ(362)=4).(\tau(362) = 4).

The six least solutions are 8,8, 9,9, 16,16, 25,25, 121,121, 361,361, with sum 540.540.

10.

对于互不相同的复数 z1z_1z2z_2\ldotsz673z_{673},多项式 (xz1)3(xz2)3(xz673)3 \begin{gathered} (x - z_1)^3 (x - z_2)^3 \\ \cdots (x - z_{673})^3 \end{gathered} 可以表示为 x2019+20x2018x^{2019} + 20x^{2018} +19x2017+g(x)+ 19x^{2017} + g(x),其中 g(x)g(x) 是次数至多为 20162016 的复系数多项式。数值 1j<k673zjzk\left| \sum_{1 \le j \lt k \le 673} z_j z_k \right| 可以表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

For distinct complex numbers z1,z_1, z2,z_2, ,\ldots, z673,z_{673}, the polynomial (xz1)3(xz2)3(xz673)3 \begin{gathered} (x - z_1)^3 (x - z_2)^3 \\ \cdots (x - z_{673})^3 \end{gathered} can be expressed as x2019+20x2018x^{2019} + 20x^{2018} +19x2017+g(x),+ 19x^{2017} + g(x), where g(x)g(x) is a polynomial with complex coefficients and with degree at most 2016.2016. The value of 1j<k673zjzk\left| \sum_{1 \le j \lt k \le 673} z_j z_k \right| can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:352
难度评级:2840
小提示:

20192019 个根是各个 zjz_j,每个重复 33 次;x2018x^{2018} 的系数给出 3zj=203\sum z_j = -20

The 20192019 roots are the zj,z_j, each with multiplicity 3;3; the x2018x^{2018} coefficient gives 3zj=203\sum z_j = -20

大提示:

根的成对乘积要么来自同一个三重根,要么来自不同三重根:19=3zj2+9j<kzjzk19 = 3\sum z_j^2 + 9\sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k,且 zj2=(zj)22j<kzjzk\sum z_j^2 = \left(\sum z_j\right)^2 - 2\sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k

Pairs of roots either come from the same triple or from different ones: 19=3zj2+9j<kzjzk,19 = 3\sum z_j^2 + 9\sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k, and zj2=(zj)22j<kzjzk\sum z_j^2 = \left(\sum z_j\right)^2 - 2\sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k

解答:

该多项式的 20192019 个根是各个 zjz_j,每个重复三次。由韦达定理,x2018x^{2018} 的系数是所有根之和的相反数:3jzj=203\sum_j z_j = -20,所以 jzj=203\sum_j z_j = -\frac{20}{3}

x2017x^{2017} 的系数是所有无序根对乘积之和。一个根对可以有 (32)=3\binom{3}{2} = 3 种方式取自每个编号 jj 的同一个三重根,也可以有 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 种方式取自每对 j<kj \lt k 所对应的两个不同三重根。记 S=j<kzjzkS = \sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k,则 19=3jzj2+9S=3[(203)22S]+9S=4003+3S \begin{aligned} 19 &= 3\sum_j z_j^2 + 9S \\ &= 3\left[\left(-\tfrac{20}{3}\right)^2 - 2S\right] + 9S \\ &= \frac{400}{3} + 3S \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 3S=194003=34333S = 19 - \frac{400}{3} = -\frac{343}{3}S=3439S = -\frac{343}{9}

因此 S=3439|S| = \frac{343}{9},已为最简分数,m+n=343+9=352m + n = 343 + 9 = 352

The polynomial’s 20192019 roots are the numbers zj,z_j, each repeated three times. By Vieta’s formulas, the coefficient of x2018x^{2018} is minus the sum of all roots: 3jzj=20,3\sum_j z_j = -20, so jzj=203.\sum_j z_j = -\frac{20}{3}.

The coefficient of x2017x^{2017} is the sum over unordered pairs of roots. A pair may use two copies from one triple ((32)=3\binom{3}{2} = 3 pairs for each jj) or copies from two different triples (33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 pairs for each j<kj \lt k). Writing S=j<kzjzk,S = \sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k, 19=3jzj2+9S=3[(203)22S]+9S=4003+3S, \begin{aligned} 19 &= 3\sum_j z_j^2 + 9S \\ &= 3\left[\left(-\tfrac{20}{3}\right)^2 - 2S\right] + 9S \\ &= \frac{400}{3} + 3S, \end{aligned} so 3S=194003=34333S = 19 - \frac{400}{3} = -\frac{343}{3} and S=3439.S = -\frac{343}{9}.

Hence S=3439,|S| = \frac{343}{9}, which is in lowest terms, and m+n=343+9=352.m + n = 343 + 9 = 352.

11.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,边长均为整数,且 AB=ACAB = AC。圆 ω\omega 的圆心为 ABC\triangle ABC 的内心。ABC\triangle ABC 的一个旁切圆是指位于 ABC\triangle ABC 外部、与三角形一边相切并与另外两边的延长线相切的圆。设与 BC\overline{BC} 相切的旁切圆与 ω\omega 内切,另外两个旁切圆都与 ω\omega 外切。求 ABC\triangle ABC 周长的最小可能值。

In ABC,\triangle ABC, the sides have integer lengths and AB=AC.AB = AC. Circle ω\omega has its center at the incenter of ABC.\triangle ABC. An excircle of ABC\triangle ABC is a circle in the exterior of ABC\triangle ABC that is tangent to one side of the triangle and tangent to the extensions of the other two sides. Suppose that the excircle tangent to BC\overline{BC} is internally tangent to ω,\omega, and the other two excircles are both externally tangent to ω.\omega. Find the minimum possible value of the perimeter of ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:20
难度评级:3160
小提示:

AA 对面的旁切圆内切,迫使 ω\omega 的半径为 r+2rAr + 2r_A,其中 rr 是内切圆半径,rAr_A 是该旁切圆半径

Internal tangency with the excircle opposite AA forces the radius of ω\omega to be r+2rA,r + 2r_A, where rr is the inradius and rAr_A that exradius

大提示:

BCBC 放在 xx 轴上时,BB-旁切圆的半径 hh 等于从 AA 引出的高;外切条件会化成底边与腰之间的一个线性关系

With BCBC on the xx-axis, the BB-excircle has radius equal to the height hh from A;A; the external tangency collapses to one linear relation between base and leg

解答:

BC=aBC = aAB=AC=bAB = AC = b。取 B=(a2,0)B = \left(-\frac{a}{2}, 0\right)C=(a2,0)C = \left(\frac{a}{2}, 0\right)A=(0,h)A = (0, h),其中 h=b2a24h = \sqrt{b^2 - \frac{a^2}{4}}。于是半周长为 s=b+a2s = b + \frac{a}{2},面积为 K=ah2K = \frac{ah}{2}。内切圆半径与旁切圆半径为 r=Ks=aha+2br = \frac{K}{s} = \frac{ah}{a + 2b}rA=Ksa=ah2bar_A = \frac{K}{s - a} = \frac{ah}{2b - a},以及 rB=Ksb=hr_B = \frac{K}{s - b} = h。内心为 I=(0,r)I = (0, r)AA-旁切圆圆心为 (0,rA)(0, -r_A)BB-旁切圆与直线 BCBC 相切;沿底边量出的距离是 ss,起点为 BB。相切点的横坐标为 x=bx = b,所以其圆心为 (b,h)(b, h)

AA-旁切圆内切时,圆心距为 r+rAr + r_A,所以半径 ρ\rho 所对应的圆 ω\omega 满足 ρrA=r+rA\rho - r_A = r + r_A,即 ρ=r+2rA\rho = r + 2r_A。与 BB-旁切圆外切要求 b2+(hr)2=(ρ+h)2b^2 + (h - r)^2 = (\rho + h)^2 =(h+r+2rA)2= (h + r + 2r_A)^2,整理得 b2=4(r+rA)(h+rA)b^2 = 4(r + r_A)(h + r_A)。由于 r+rA=4abh4b2a2 r + r_A = \frac{4abh}{4b^2 - a^2} h+rA=2bh2ba h + r_A = \frac{2bh}{2b - a}\text{,}并且 h2=4b2a24h^2 = \frac{4b^2 - a^2}{4},条件化为 b2=8ab22bab^2 = \frac{8ab^2}{2b - a},也就是 2ba=8a2b - a = 8a,所以 2b=9a2b = 9a

若边长为整数,则 a=2ta = 2tb=9tb = 9t,其中 tt 为正整数,周长为 20t20t。最小值为 2020,由边长 999922 的三角形达到。

Let BC=aBC = a and AB=AC=b.AB = AC = b. Place B=(a2,0),B = \left(-\frac{a}{2}, 0\right), C=(a2,0),C = \left(\frac{a}{2}, 0\right), A=(0,h)A = (0, h) with h=b2a24,h = \sqrt{b^2 - \frac{a^2}{4}}, so the semiperimeter is s=b+a2s = b + \frac{a}{2} and the area is K=ah2.K = \frac{ah}{2}. The inradius and exradii are r=Ks=aha+2b,r = \frac{K}{s} = \frac{ah}{a + 2b}, rA=Ksa=ah2ba,r_A = \frac{K}{s - a} = \frac{ah}{2b - a}, and rB=Ksb=h.r_B = \frac{K}{s - b} = h. The incenter is I=(0,r)I = (0, r) and the AA-excircle has center (0,rA).(0, -r_A). The BB-excircle touches line BCBC at distance ss from B,B, that is, at x=b,x = b, so its center is (b,h).(b, h).

Internal tangency with the AA-excircle: the center distance is r+rA,r + r_A, so the radius ρ\rho of ω\omega satisfies ρrA=r+rA,\rho - r_A = r + r_A, i.e. ρ=r+2rA.\rho = r + 2r_A. External tangency with the BB-excircle requires b2+(hr)2=(ρ+h)2b^2 + (h - r)^2 = (\rho + h)^2 =(h+r+2rA)2,= (h + r + 2r_A)^2, which rearranges to b2=4(r+rA)(h+rA).b^2 = 4(r + r_A)(h + r_A). Since r+rA=4abh4b2a2 r + r_A = \frac{4abh}{4b^2 - a^2} and h+rA=2bh2ba, h + r_A = \frac{2bh}{2b - a}, and h2=4b2a24,h^2 = \frac{4b^2 - a^2}{4}, the condition becomes b2=8ab22ba,b^2 = \frac{8ab^2}{2b - a}, that is, 2ba=8a,2b - a = 8a, so 2b=9a.2b = 9a.

For integer sides, a=2ta = 2t and b=9tb = 9t for a positive integer t,t, giving perimeter 20t.20t. The minimum is 20,20, achieved by the triangle with sides 9,9, 9,9, 2.2.

12.

给定 f(z)=z219zf(z) = z^2 - 19z,存在复数 zz 使得 zzf(z)f(z)f(f(z))f(f(z)) 是复平面中一个直角三角形的三个顶点,且直角在 f(z)f(z) 处。存在正整数 mmnn,使某一个这样的 zz 等于 m+n+11im + \sqrt{n} + 11\mathrm{i}。求 m+nm + n

Given f(z)=z219z,f(z) = z^2 - 19z, there are complex numbers zz with the property that z,z, f(z),f(z), and f(f(z))f(f(z)) are the vertices of a right triangle in the complex plane with a right angle at f(z).f(z). There are positive integers mm and nn such that one such value of zz is m+n+11i.m + \sqrt{n} + 11\mathrm{i}. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:230
难度评级:2920
小提示:

注意 f(w)w=w(w20)f(w) - w = w(w - 20),所以 f(z)z=z(z20)f(z) - z = z(z - 20),并且 f(f(z))f(z)f(f(z)) - f(z) =z(z19)(z20)(z+1)= z(z - 19)(z - 20)(z + 1)

Note f(w)w=w(w20),f(w) - w = w(w - 20), so f(z)z=z(z20)f(z) - z = z(z - 20) and f(f(z))f(z)f(f(z)) - f(z) =z(z19)(z20)(z+1)= z(z - 19)(z - 20)(z + 1)

大提示:

直角条件表示这两个差的商 (z19)(z+1)(z - 19)(z + 1) 是纯虚数;把实部设为 00,再令 z=x+11iz = x + 11\mathrm{i}

The right angle means the quotient of those two differences, (z19)(z+1),(z - 19)(z + 1), is purely imaginary; set the real part to 00 with z=x+11iz = x + 11\mathrm{i}

解答:

因为 f(w)w=w(w20)f(w) - w = w(w - 20),所以在 f(z)f(z) 处的两条边为 f(z)z=z(z20),f(f(z))f(z)=f(z)(f(z)20)=z(z19)(z20)(z+1) \begin{gathered} f(z) - z = z(z - 20), \\ f(f(z)) - f(z) = f(z) \\ {}\cdot \bigl(f(z) - 20\bigr) \\ = z(z - 19)(z - 20) \\ {}\cdot (z + 1) \end{gathered}\text{,}其中用到 f(z)=z(z19)f(z) = z(z - 19)f(z)20=(z20)(z+1)f(z) - 20 = (z - 20)(z + 1)。它们垂直恰好等价于它们的商 (z19)(z+1)(z - 19)(z + 1) 为非零纯虚数。

z=x+11iz = x + 11\mathrm{i}(z19)(z+1)=z218z19(z - 19)(z + 1) = z^2 - 18z - 19 的实部为 x212118x19x^2 - 121 - 18x - 19,所以需要 x218x140=0x^2 - 18x - 140 = 0,得 x=9±221x = 9 \pm \sqrt{221}。为了符合 m+n+11im + \sqrt{n} + 11\mathrm{i}mmnn 为正整数的形式,必须取 x=9+221x = 9 + \sqrt{221}

因此 m+n=9+221=230m + n = 9 + 221 = 230

Since f(w)w=w(w20),f(w) - w = w(w - 20), the two legs at f(z)f(z) are f(z)z=z(z20),f(f(z))f(z)=f(z)(f(z)20)=z(z19)(z20)(z+1), \begin{gathered} f(z) - z = z(z - 20), \\ f(f(z)) - f(z) = f(z) \\ {}\cdot \bigl(f(z) - 20\bigr) \\ = z(z - 19)(z - 20) \\ {}\cdot (z + 1), \end{gathered} using f(z)=z(z19)f(z) = z(z - 19) and f(z)20=(z20)(z+1).f(z) - 20 = (z - 20)(z + 1). They are perpendicular exactly when their quotient (z19)(z+1)(z - 19)(z + 1) is purely imaginary and nonzero.

Write z=x+11i.z = x + 11\mathrm{i}. The real part of (z19)(z+1)=z218z19(z - 19)(z + 1) = z^2 - 18z - 19 is x212118x19,x^2 - 121 - 18x - 19, so we need x218x140=0,x^2 - 18x - 140 = 0, giving x=9±221.x = 9 \pm \sqrt{221}. The form m+n+11im + \sqrt{n} + 11\mathrm{i} with m,m, nn positive integers requires x=9+221.x = 9 + \sqrt{221}.

Hence m+n=9+221=230.m + n = 9 + 221 = 230.

13.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=4AB = 4BC=5BC = 5CA=6CA = 6。点 DDEE 在射线 ABAB 上,且 AB<AD<AEAB \lt AD \lt AE。点 FCF \neq CACD\triangle ACDEBC\triangle EBC 的外接圆的一个交点,并满足 DF=2DF = 2EF=7EF = 7。则 BEBE 可以表示为 a+bcd\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d},其中 aabbccdd 为正整数,aadd 互质,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=4,AB = 4, BC=5,BC = 5, and CA=6.CA = 6. Points DD and EE are on ray ABAB with AB<AD<AE.AB \lt AD \lt AE. The point FCF \neq C is a point of intersection of the circumcircles of ACD\triangle ACD and EBC\triangle EBC satisfying DF=2DF = 2 and EF=7.EF = 7. Then BEBE can be expressed as a+bcd,\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers such that aa and dd are relatively prime, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

答案:32
难度评级:3370
小提示:

圆内接四边形给出 FDA=FCA\angle FDA = \angle FCAFEB=FCB\angle FEB = \angle FCB,所以 DFE=ACB\angle DFE = \angle ACB;接着用余弦定理求 DEDE

The cyclic quadrilaterals give FDA=FCA\angle FDA = \angle FCA and FEB=FCB,\angle FEB = \angle FCB, so DFE=ACB;\angle DFE = \angle ACB; now the law of cosines finds DEDE

大提示:

直线 CFCF 是根轴:若它与直线 ABAB 交于 GG,幂相等给出 GAGD=GBGEGA \cdot GD = GB \cdot GE。为定位 GG,使用角 GCA\angle GCA,这个角可由三角形 DEFDEF 求出

Line CFCF is the radical axis: where it crosses line ABAB at G,G, the powers give GAGD=GBGE.GA \cdot GD = GB \cdot GE. Locate GG using the angle GCA\angle GCA found from triangle DEF.DEF.

解答:

DDEE 位于 BB 以外的射线 ABAB 上,而点 FF 在直线 ABAB 的另一侧(相对于 CC 而言)。由于 ACFDACFDBCFEBCFE 为圆内接四边形,圆周角给出 FDA=FCA\angle FDA = \angle FCAFEB=FCB\angle FEB = \angle FCB。记 α=FCA\alpha = \angle FCAβ=FCB\beta = \angle FCB,则三角形 DEFDEFFDE=180α\angle FDE = 180^\circ - \alphaFED=β\angle FED = \beta,所以 DFE=αβ=ACB\angle DFE = \alpha - \beta = \angle ACB。在三角形 ABCABC 中,cosACB=25+3616256=34\cos \angle ACB = \frac{25 + 36 - 16}{2 \cdot 5 \cdot 6} = \frac{3}{4},所以在三角形 DFEDFE 中用余弦定理得到 DE2=22+7222734=32,DE=42 \begin{aligned} DE^2 &= 2^2 + 7^2 - 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 7 \cdot \tfrac{3}{4} \\ &= 32, \\ DE &= 4\sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

在三角形 DFEDFE 中,cosFDE=4+32492242=13232\cos \angle FDE = \frac{4 + 32 - 49}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 4\sqrt{2}} = -\frac{13\sqrt{2}}{32},所以 α\alpha 为锐角,且 cosα=13232\cos\alpha = \frac{13\sqrt{2}}{32}sinα=13381024=71432\sin\alpha = \sqrt{1 - \frac{338}{1024}} = \frac{7\sqrt{14}}{32}。设 GG 为直线 CFCF 与直线 ABAB 的交点。在三角形 ACGACG 中,GAC=BAC\angle GAC = \angle BAC,且 cosBAC=16+3625246=916\cos \angle BAC = \frac{16 + 36 - 25}{2 \cdot 4 \cdot 6} = \frac{9}{16}sinBAC=5716\sin \angle BAC = \frac{5\sqrt{7}}{16},又 ACG=α\angle ACG = \alpha,所以 sin(BAC+α)\sin(\angle BAC + \alpha) =571613232= \frac{5\sqrt{7}}{16} \cdot \frac{13\sqrt{2}}{32} +91671432+ \frac{9}{16} \cdot \frac{7\sqrt{14}}{32} =144= \frac{\sqrt{14}}{4},并且 AG=ACsinαsin(BAC+α)=671432144=214 \begin{aligned} AG &= \frac{AC \sin \alpha}{\sin(\angle BAC + \alpha)} \\ &= \frac{6 \cdot \frac{7\sqrt{14}}{32}}{\frac{\sqrt{14}}{4}} \\ &= \frac{21}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}

直线 CFCF 是两圆的根轴,所以 GAGD=GBGEGA \cdot GD = GB \cdot GE。设 x=BDx = BD,则 BE=x+DE=x+42BE = x + DE = x + 4\sqrt{2}214(x54)=54(x54+42) \begin{aligned} &\frac{21}{4}\left(x - \frac{5}{4}\right) \\ &= \frac{5}{4}\left(x - \frac{5}{4} + 4\sqrt{2}\right) \end{aligned}\text{,}因为 GD=4+x214GD = 4 + x - \frac{21}{4},且 GB=2144GB = \frac{21}{4} - 4。这给出 16(x54)=20216\left(x - \frac{5}{4}\right) = 20\sqrt{2},所以 x=5+524x = \frac{5 + 5\sqrt{2}}{4},并且 BE=5+2124BE = \frac{5 + 21\sqrt{2}}{4}。因此 a+b+c+d=5+21+2+4a + b + c + d = 5 + 21 + 2 + 4 =32= 32

Points D,D, EE lie beyond BB on ray AB,AB, and FF lies on the opposite side of line ABAB from C.C. Since ACFDACFD and BCFEBCFE are cyclic, the inscribed angles give FDA=FCA\angle FDA = \angle FCA and FEB=FCB.\angle FEB = \angle FCB. Writing α=FCA\alpha = \angle FCA and β=FCB,\beta = \angle FCB, triangle DEFDEF has angles FDE=180α\angle FDE = 180^\circ - \alpha and FED=β,\angle FED = \beta, so DFE=αβ=ACB.\angle DFE = \alpha - \beta = \angle ACB. From triangle ABC,ABC, cosACB=25+3616256=34,\cos \angle ACB = \frac{25 + 36 - 16}{2 \cdot 5 \cdot 6} = \frac{3}{4}, so the law of cosines in triangle DFEDFE gives DE2=22+7222734=32,DE=42. \begin{aligned} DE^2 &= 2^2 + 7^2 - 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 7 \cdot \tfrac{3}{4} \\ &= 32, \\ DE &= 4\sqrt{2}. \end{aligned}

In triangle DFE,DFE, cosFDE=4+32492242=13232,\cos \angle FDE = \frac{4 + 32 - 49}{2 \cdot 2 \cdot 4\sqrt{2}} = -\frac{13\sqrt{2}}{32}, so α\alpha is acute with cosα=13232\cos\alpha = \frac{13\sqrt{2}}{32} and sinα=13381024=71432.\sin\alpha = \sqrt{1 - \frac{338}{1024}} = \frac{7\sqrt{14}}{32}. Let GG be the intersection of line CFCF with line AB.AB. In triangle ACG,ACG, GAC=BAC\angle GAC = \angle BAC has cosBAC=16+3625246=916,\cos \angle BAC = \frac{16 + 36 - 25}{2 \cdot 4 \cdot 6} = \frac{9}{16}, sinBAC=5716,\sin \angle BAC = \frac{5\sqrt{7}}{16}, and ACG=α,\angle ACG = \alpha, so sin(BAC+α)\sin(\angle BAC + \alpha) =571613232= \frac{5\sqrt{7}}{16} \cdot \frac{13\sqrt{2}}{32} +91671432+ \frac{9}{16} \cdot \frac{7\sqrt{14}}{32} =144= \frac{\sqrt{14}}{4} and AG=ACsinαsin(BAC+α)=671432144=214. \begin{aligned} AG &= \frac{AC \sin \alpha}{\sin(\angle BAC + \alpha)} \\ &= \frac{6 \cdot \frac{7\sqrt{14}}{32}}{\frac{\sqrt{14}}{4}} \\ &= \frac{21}{4}. \end{aligned}

Line CFCF is the radical axis of the two circles, so GAGD=GBGE.GA \cdot GD = GB \cdot GE. With x=BDx = BD and BE=x+DE=x+42:BE = x + DE = x + 4\sqrt{2}: 214(x54)=54(x54+42), \begin{aligned} &\frac{21}{4}\left(x - \frac{5}{4}\right) \\ &= \frac{5}{4}\left(x - \frac{5}{4} + 4\sqrt{2}\right), \end{aligned} since GD=4+x214GD = 4 + x - \frac{21}{4} and GB=2144.GB = \frac{21}{4} - 4. This gives 16(x54)=202,16\left(x - \frac{5}{4}\right) = 20\sqrt{2}, so x=5+524x = \frac{5 + 5\sqrt{2}}{4} and BE=5+2124.BE = \frac{5 + 21\sqrt{2}}{4}. Therefore a+b+c+d=5+21+2+4a + b + c + d = 5 + 21 + 2 + 4 =32.= 32.

14.

20198+12019^8 + 1 的最小奇质因数。

Find the least odd prime factor of 20198+1.2019^8 + 1.

答案:97
难度评级:2990
小提示:

pp 整除 20198+12019^8 + 1,则 201981(modp)2019^8 \equiv -1 \pmod{p},所以 20192019pp 的阶恰好为 1616

If pp divides 20198+1,2019^8 + 1, then 201981(modp),2019^8 \equiv -1 \pmod{p}, so the order of 20192019 modulo pp is exactly 1616

大提示:

阶整除 p1p - 1,所以 p1(mod16)p \equiv 1 \pmod{16};用反复平方检验最小的这类质数中 2019modp2019 \bmod p 的情况

The order divides p1,p - 1, so p1(mod16);p \equiv 1 \pmod{16}; test the smallest such primes by repeated squaring of 2019modp2019 \bmod p

解答:

设奇质数 pp 整除 20198+12019^8 + 1。则 201981(modp)2019^8 \equiv -1 \pmod{p},所以 20191612019^{16} \equiv 1,但 20198≢12019^8 \not\equiv 120192019pp 的乘法阶恰好为 1616。由于阶整除 p1p - 1,必须有 p1(mod16)p \equiv 1 \pmod{16}。最小的这类质数是 17179797

1717 时,2019132019 \equiv 13,且 132=169113^2 = 169 \equiv -1,所以 20198(1)4=12019^8 \equiv (-1)^4 = 1,从而 20198+1202019^8 + 1 \equiv 2 \neq 0。模 9797 时,2019182019 \equiv -18,反复平方,2019232433,20194332=108922,20198222=4841(mod97) \begin{aligned} 2019^2 &\equiv 324 \equiv 33, \\ 2019^4 &\equiv 33^2 = 1089 \\ &\equiv 22, \\ 2019^8 &\equiv 22^2 = 484 \\ &\equiv -1 \pmod{97} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 9797 整除 20198+12019^8 + 1,并且它是最小奇质因数:9797

Suppose an odd prime pp divides 20198+1.2019^8 + 1. Then 201981(modp),2019^8 \equiv -1 \pmod{p}, so 20191612019^{16} \equiv 1 while 20198≢1:2019^8 \not\equiv 1: the multiplicative order of 20192019 modulo pp is exactly 16.16. Since the order divides p1,p - 1, we need p1(mod16),p \equiv 1 \pmod{16}, and the smallest such primes are 1717 and 97.97.

Modulo 17:17: 201913,2019 \equiv 13, and 132=1691,13^2 = 169 \equiv -1, so 20198(1)4=12019^8 \equiv (-1)^4 = 1 and 20198+120.2019^8 + 1 \equiv 2 \neq 0. Modulo 97:97: 201918,2019 \equiv -18, and squaring repeatedly, 2019232433,20194332=108922,20198222=4841(mod97). \begin{aligned} 2019^2 &\equiv 324 \equiv 33, \\ 2019^4 &\equiv 33^2 = 1089 \\ &\equiv 22, \\ 2019^8 &\equiv 22^2 = 484 \\ &\equiv -1 \pmod{97}. \end{aligned}

So 9797 divides 20198+1,2019^8 + 1, and it is the least odd prime factor: 97.97.

15.

AB\overline{AB} 为圆 ω\omega 的一条弦,点 PP 在弦 AB\overline{AB} 上。圆 ω1\omega_1 经过 AAPP,并与 ω\omega 内切。圆 ω2\omega_2 经过 BBPP,并与 ω\omega 内切。圆 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2 交于点 PPQQ。直线 PQPQω\omega 交于 XXYY。已知 AP=5AP = 5PB=3PB = 3XY=11XY = 11,且 PQ2=mnPQ^2 = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let AB\overline{AB} be a chord of a circle ω,\omega, and let PP be a point on the chord AB.\overline{AB}. Circle ω1\omega_1 passes through AA and PP and is internally tangent to ω.\omega. Circle ω2\omega_2 passes through BB and PP and is internally tangent to ω.\omega. Circles ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 intersect at points PP and Q.Q. Line PQPQ intersects ω\omega at XX and Y.Y. Assume that AP=5,AP = 5, PB=3,PB = 3, XY=11,XY = 11, and PQ2=mn,PQ^2 = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:65
难度评级:3500
小提示:

AA 同时在 ω\omegaω1\omega_1 上,但相切的圆只相交一次,所以 ω1\omega_1ω\omega 的切点就是 AA(同理 ω2\omega_2BB 处相切)

AA lies on both ω\omega and ω1,\omega_1, but tangent circles meet only once, so ω1\omega_1 is tangent to ω\omega at AA itself (and ω2\omega_2 at BB)

大提示:

ZZω\omegaAABB 处的切线交点:则 ZZ 在直线 PQPQ 上,且 ZPZQ=ZXZY=ZA2ZP \cdot ZQ = ZX \cdot ZY = ZA^2,并且 ZA2ZP2=APPBZA^2 - ZP^2 = AP \cdot PB

Let ZZ be the intersection of the tangents to ω\omega at AA and B:B: then ZZ lies on line PQPQ with ZPZQ=ZXZY=ZA2,ZP \cdot ZQ = ZX \cdot ZY = ZA^2, and ZA2ZP2=APPBZA^2 - ZP^2 = AP \cdot PB

解答:

因为 AA 同时在 ω\omegaω1\omega_1 上,而相切的两圆只在切点处相交,所以 ω1\omega_1ω\omega 的切点就是 AA;同理 ω2\omega_2BB 处相切。设 ZZω\omegaAABB 处的切线交点。每条切线也分别是相应内圆的切线,所以 ZZ 关于 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2 的幂分别为 ZA2ZA^2ZB2ZB^2,二者相等。因此 ZZ 在根轴 PQPQ 上,并且沿过 ZZXXPPQQYY 的直线有 ZPZQ=ZA2=ZXZYZP \cdot ZQ = ZA^2 = ZX \cdot ZY\text{,}最后一个等式来自 ZAZAω\omega 的切线。

因为 ZA=ZBZA = ZB,点 ZZAB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线上;若 MMAB\overline{AB} 的中点,则 ZA2ZP2ZA^2 - ZP^2 =MA2MP2= MA^2 - MP^2 =4212=15= 4^2 - 1^2 = 15。同时 PP 关于 ω\omega 的幂给出 XPPY=APPB=15XP \cdot PY = AP \cdot PB = 15。设 s=ZPs = ZPu=ZXu = ZX,于是 ZY=u+11ZY = u + 11。关系变为 u(u+11)=s2+15,(su)(u+11s)=15 \begin{aligned} u(u + 11) &= s^2 + 15, \\ (s - u)(u + 11 - s) &= 15 \end{aligned}\text{。}展开第二式并代入第一式,得 u=s112+15su = s - \frac{11}{2} + \frac{15}{s},再代回可得 (s+15s)21214=s2+15\left(s + \frac{15}{s}\right)^2 - \frac{121}{4} = s^2 + 15,所以 225s2=614\frac{225}{s^2} = \frac{61}{4}

最后 ZQ=ZA2ZP=s+15sZQ = \frac{ZA^2}{ZP} = s + \frac{15}{s},所以 PQ=ZQZP=15sPQ = ZQ - ZP = \frac{15}{s},并且 PQ2=225s2=614PQ^2 = \frac{225}{s^2} = \frac{61}{4}。因此 m+n=61+4=65m + n = 61 + 4 = 65

Since AA lies on both ω\omega and ω1\omega_1 and internally tangent circles meet only at their point of tangency, ω1\omega_1 is tangent to ω\omega at A;A; likewise ω2\omega_2 is tangent at B.B. Let ZZ be the intersection of the tangent lines to ω\omega at AA and B.B. Each tangent line is also tangent to the corresponding inner circle, so the powers of ZZ with respect to ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 are ZA2ZA^2 and ZB2,ZB^2, which are equal. Hence ZZ lies on the radical axis PQ,PQ, and along the line through Z,Z, X,X, P,P, Q,Q, Y:Y: ZPZQ=ZA2=ZXZY,ZP \cdot ZQ = ZA^2 = ZX \cdot ZY, the last equality because ZAZA is tangent to ω.\omega.

Because ZA=ZB,ZA = ZB, the point ZZ lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB;\overline{AB}; if MM is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, then ZA2ZP2ZA^2 - ZP^2 =MA2MP2= MA^2 - MP^2 =4212=15.= 4^2 - 1^2 = 15. Also the power of PP in ω\omega gives XPPY=APPB=15.XP \cdot PY = AP \cdot PB = 15. Set s=ZPs = ZP and u=ZX,u = ZX, so ZY=u+11.ZY = u + 11. The relations become u(u+11)=s2+15,(su)(u+11s)=15. \begin{aligned} u(u + 11) &= s^2 + 15, \\ (s - u)(u + 11 - s) &= 15. \end{aligned} Expanding the second and substituting the first yields u=s112+15s,u = s - \frac{11}{2} + \frac{15}{s}, and substituting back gives (s+15s)21214=s2+15,\left(s + \frac{15}{s}\right)^2 - \frac{121}{4} = s^2 + 15, so 225s2=614.\frac{225}{s^2} = \frac{61}{4}.

Finally ZQ=ZA2ZP=s+15s,ZQ = \frac{ZA^2}{ZP} = s + \frac{15}{s}, so PQ=ZQZP=15sPQ = ZQ - ZP = \frac{15}{s} and PQ2=225s2=614.PQ^2 = \frac{225}{s^2} = \frac{61}{4}. Therefore m+n=61+4=65.m + n = 61 + 4 = 65.