2002 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,点 DDBC\overline{BC} 上,且 CD=2CD = 2DB=5DB = 5;点 EEAC\overline{AC} 上,且 CE=1CE = 1EA=3EA = 3;并且 AB=8AB = 8。线段 AD\overline{AD}BE\overline{BE} 交于 PP。点 QQRRAB\overline{AB} 上,使得 PQ\overline{PQ} 平行于 CA\overline{CA},且 PR\overline{PR} 平行于 CB\overline{CB}。已知三角形 PQRPQR 与三角形 ABCABC 的面积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

In triangle ABC,ABC, point DD is on BC\overline{BC} with CD=2CD = 2 and DB=5,DB = 5, point EE is on AC\overline{AC} with CE=1CE = 1 and EA=3,EA = 3, AB=8,AB = 8, and AD\overline{AD} and BE\overline{BE} intersect at P.P. Points QQ and RR lie on AB\overline{AB} so that PQ\overline{PQ} is parallel to CA\overline{CA} and PR\overline{PR} is parallel to CB.\overline{CB}. It is given that the ratio of the area of triangle PQRPQR to the area of triangle ABCABC is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:901
知识点:质点法位似面积比
难度评级:2990
小提示:

用质量点法:赋质量 55661515AABBCC,即可同时平衡两条顶点连线并确定 PP;延长 CP\overline{CP}AB\overline{AB} 交于 FF

Mass points: masses 5,5, 6,6, 1515 at A,A, B,B, CC balance both cevians and locate P;P; extend CP\overline{CP} to meet AB\overline{AB} at FF

大提示:

三角形 PQRPQR 是三角形 CABCAB 在一个位似变换下的像;该变换以 FF 为中心,把 CC 映到 PP,所以面积比为 (FPFC)2(\frac{FP}{FC})^2

Triangle PQRPQR is the image of triangle CABCAB under the homothety centered at FF taking CC to P,P, so the area ratio is (FPFC)2(\frac{FP}{FC})^2

解答:

赋质量 55AA,质量 66BB,质量 1515CC。这样 EEAC\overline{AC} 上满足平衡关系(53=1515 \cdot 3 = 15 \cdot 1),而 DDBC\overline{BC} 上满足平衡关系(65=1526 \cdot 5 = 15 \cdot 2),所以 AD\overline{AD}BE\overline{BE} 交于质心 PP,其总质量为 2626。延长 CP\overline{CP}AB\overline{AB} 交于 FF,则 FF 处质量为 5+6=115 + 6 = 11。因此在线段 CFCF 上有 CP:PF=11:15CP : PF = 11 : 15,也就是 FPFC=1526\frac{FP}{FC} = \frac{15}{26}

FF 为中心、比例为 1526\frac{15}{26} 的位似变换把 CC 映到 PP,并把直线 ABAB 映到自身;它把直线 CACA 映到过 PP 的平行线,也就是 PQPQ,把直线 CBCB 映到 PRPR。因此它把三角形 CABCAB 映到三角形 PQRPQR,所以 [PQR][ABC]=(1526)2=225676\frac{[PQR]}{[ABC]} = \left(\frac{15}{26}\right)^2 = \frac{225}{676}\text{。}

因为 gcd(225,676)=1\gcd(225, 676) = 1,答案为 m+n=225+676=901m + n = 225 + 676 = 901

Assign masses 55 at A,A, 66 at B,B, and 1515 at C.C. Then EE balances AC\overline{AC} (53=1515 \cdot 3 = 15 \cdot 1) and DD balances BC\overline{BC} (65=1526 \cdot 5 = 15 \cdot 2), so the cevians AD\overline{AD} and BE\overline{BE} meet at the center of mass P,P, of total mass 26.26. Extending CP\overline{CP} to meet AB\overline{AB} at F,F, the mass at FF is 5+6=11,5 + 6 = 11, so on segment CFCF we get CP:PF=11:15,CP : PF = 11 : 15, that is, FPFC=1526.\frac{FP}{FC} = \frac{15}{26}.

The homothety centered at FF with ratio 1526\frac{15}{26} sends CC to PP and maps line ABAB to itself; it carries line CACA to the parallel line through PP — which is line PQPQ — and line CBCB to line PR.PR. Hence it maps triangle CABCAB onto triangle PQR,PQR, and [PQR][ABC]=(1526)2=225676.\frac{[PQR]}{[ABC]} = \left(\frac{15}{26}\right)^2 = \frac{225}{676}.

Since gcd(225,676)=1,\gcd(225, 676) = 1, the answer is m+n=225+676=901.m + n = 225 + 676 = 901.

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