2002 AIME II 真题

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1.

已知:

(1)(1) xxyy 都是从 100100999999(含端点)的整数;

(2)(2) yy 是把 xx 的数字顺序反转后所形成的数;

(3)(3) z=xyz = |x - y|

zz 可能有多少个不同的值?

Given that

(1)(1) xx and yy are both integers between 100100 and 999,999, inclusive;

(2)(2) yy is the number formed by reversing the digits of x;x; and

(3)(3) z=xy.z = |x - y|.

How many distinct values of zz are possible?

答案:9
知识点:位值数字
难度评级:1850
小提示:

写成 x=100h+10t+ux = 100h + 10t + u;那么 y=100u+10t+hy = 100u + 10t + h,再计算 xyx - y

Write x=100h+10t+u;x = 100h + 10t + u; then y=100u+10t+h,y = 100u + 10t + h, and compute xyx - y

大提示:

z=99huz = 99\,|h - u|,而且 hhuu 都至少为 11,因为 xxyy 都是三位数。

z=99hu,z = 99\,|h - u|, and both hh and uu are at least 11 because xx and yy are both three-digit numbers

解答:

x=100h+10t+ux = 100h + 10t + u,其中 hhttuu 是数字。则 y=100u+10t+hy = 100u + 10t + h,所以 z=xy=99huz = |x - y| = 99\,|h - u|\text{。}

因为 xxyy 都是三位数,hhuu 都可以从 11 取到 99,所以 hu|h - u| 可以是 0011\ldots88 中的任意一个。每个值给出一个不同的 9999 的倍数,因此共有 99 个不同的 zz 值。

Write x=100h+10t+ux = 100h + 10t + u with digits h,h, t,t, u.u. Then y=100u+10t+h,y = 100u + 10t + h, so z=xy=99hu.z = |x - y| = 99\,|h - u|.

Since both xx and yy are three-digit numbers, both hh and uu run from 11 to 9,9, so hu|h - u| can be any of 0,0, 1,1, ,\ldots, 8.8. Each choice gives a different multiple of 99,99, so there are 99 distinct values of z.z.

2.

立方体的三个顶点为 P=(7,12,10)P = (7, 12, 10)Q=(8,8,1)Q = (8, 8, 1)R=(11,3,9)R = (11, 3, 9)。求该立方体的表面积。

Three of the vertices of a cube are P=(7,12,10),P = (7, 12, 10), Q=(8,8,1),Q = (8, 8, 1), and R=(11,3,9).R = (11, 3, 9). What is the surface area of the cube?

答案:294
难度评级:2020
小提示:

计算三条两两距离 PQPQQRQRRPRP

Compute the three pairwise distances PQ,PQ, QR,QR, and RPRP

大提示:

立方体中三个两两等距的顶点由面对角线相连;边长为 ss 的立方体,其面对角线长为 s2s\sqrt{2}

Three mutually equidistant vertices of a cube are joined by face diagonals, and a face diagonal of a cube with edge ss has length s2s\sqrt{2}

解答:

计算距离的平方:PQ2=12+42+92=98PQ^2 = 1^2 + 4^2 + 9^2 = 98QR2=32+52+82=98QR^2 = 3^2 + 5^2 + 8^2 = 98,且 RP2=42+92+12=98RP^2 = 4^2 + 9^2 + 1^2 = 98。所以 PPQQRR 构成边长为 98=72\sqrt{98} = 7\sqrt{2} 的等边三角形。

立方体中三个两两等距的顶点必由面对角线相连,而边长为 ss 的立方体的面对角线长为 s2s\sqrt{2}。因此 s=7s = 7,表面积为 672=2946 \cdot 7^2 = 294

Compute the squared distances: PQ2=12+42+92=98,PQ^2 = 1^2 + 4^2 + 9^2 = 98, QR2=32+52+82=98,QR^2 = 3^2 + 5^2 + 8^2 = 98, and RP2=42+92+12=98.RP^2 = 4^2 + 9^2 + 1^2 = 98. So P,P, Q,Q, and RR form an equilateral triangle with side 98=72.\sqrt{98} = 7\sqrt{2}.

Three mutually equidistant vertices of a cube must be joined by face diagonals, and a face diagonal of a cube with edge ss has length s2.s\sqrt{2}. Thus s=7,s = 7, and the surface area is 672=294.6 \cdot 7^2 = 294.

3.

已知 log6a+log6b+log6c=6\log_{6} a + \log_{6} b + \log_{6} c = 6,其中 aabbcc 是正整数,它们组成递增等比数列,且 bab - a 是某个整数的平方。求 a+b+ca + b + c

It is given that log6a+log6b+log6c=6,\log_{6} a + \log_{6} b + \log_{6} c = 6, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers that form an increasing geometric sequence and bab - a is the square of an integer. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:111
难度评级:2170
小提示:

合并对数:abc=66abc = 6^6。在等比数列中 ac=b2ac = b^2,所以 b3=66b^3 = 6^6

Combine the logs: abc=66.abc = 6^6. In a geometric sequence ac=b2,ac = b^2, so b3=66b^3 = 6^6

大提示:

b=36b = 36,写出 a=36k2a = 36 - k^2,并要求 aa 整除 36236^2

With b=36,b = 36, write a=36k2a = 36 - k^2 and require that aa divide 36236^2

解答:

对数相加得 log6(abc)=6\log_6(abc) = 6,所以 abc=66abc = 6^6。等比数列满足 ac=b2ac = b^2,于是 b3=66b^3 = 6^6,从而 b=36b = 36,并且 ac=362=1296ac = 36^2 = 1296

因为数列递增,bab - a 是正平方数,所以 a=36k2a = 36 - k^2,其中 k=1,,5k = 1, \ldots, 5。候选值为 35353232272720201111。同时 aa 必须整除 1296=24341296 = 2^4 \cdot 3^4,候选值中只有 2727 满足,此时 c=129627=48c = \frac{1296}{27} = 48

确实,272736364848 是公比为 43\frac{4}{3} 的等比数列,所以 a+b+c=27+36+48=111a + b + c = 27 + 36 + 48 = 111

Adding the logs gives log6(abc)=6,\log_6(abc) = 6, so abc=66.abc = 6^6. In a geometric sequence ac=b2,ac = b^2, hence b3=66,b^3 = 6^6, so b=36b = 36 and ac=362=1296.ac = 36^2 = 1296.

Since the sequence is increasing, bab - a is a positive perfect square, so a=36k2a = 36 - k^2 for some k=1,,5,k = 1, \ldots, 5, giving candidates 35,35, 32,32, 27,27, 20,20, 11.11. Also aa must divide 1296=2434,1296 = 2^4 \cdot 3^4, and of the candidates only 2727 does, with c=129627=48.c = \frac{1296}{27} = 48.

Indeed 27,27, 36,36, 4848 is geometric with ratio 43,\frac{4}{3}, and a+b+c=27+36+48=111.a + b + c = 27 + 36 + 48 = 111.

4.

用边长为 11 个单位的正六边形庭院砖围出一个花园,砖块边对边摆放,每一边有 nn 块。图示为 n=5n = 5 时围绕花园的砖块路径。

n=202n = 202,则路径围成的花园面积(不包括路径本身)为 m(32)m\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) 平方单位,其中 mm 是正整数。求 mm 除以 10001000 的余数。

Patio blocks that are regular hexagons 11 unit on a side are used to outline a garden by placing the blocks edge to edge with nn on each side. The diagram indicates the path of blocks around the garden when n=5.n = 5.

If n=202,n = 202, then the area of the garden enclosed by the path, not including the path itself, is m(32)m\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) square units, where mm is a positive integer. Find the remainder when mm is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:803
难度评级:2340
小提示:

花园本身也是由单位六边形组成的六边形阵列,每边有 n1n - 1 块;从中心六边形加上 6612121818\ldots 的环来计数。

The garden is itself a hexagonal block of unit hexagons with n1n - 1 on each side; count it as a center hexagon plus rings of 6,6, 12,12, 18,18, \ldots

大提示:

花园含有 1+3(n2)(n1)1 + 3(n-2)(n-1) 个六边形,每个单位六边形由 66 个边长为 11 的等边三角形组成。

The garden holds 1+3(n2)(n1)1 + 3(n-2)(n-1) hexagons, and each unit hexagon is 66 equilateral triangles of side 11

解答:

由路径围成的花园本身是一个单位六边形阵列,每边有 n1n - 1 个六边形。从中心向外按 661212\ldots 个六边形的环来计数,它包含 1+6+12++6(n2)=1+3(n2)(n1) \begin{aligned} &1 + 6 + 12 + \cdots + 6(n-2) \\ &= 1 + 3(n-2)(n-1) \end{aligned} 个小六边形。取 n=202n = 202,得到 1+3200201=1206011 + 3 \cdot 200 \cdot 201 = 120601 个。

每个单位六边形由 66 个边长为 11 的等边三角形组成,所以面积为 634=3326 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = 3 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}。因此花园面积是 3120601=3618033 \cdot 120601 = 361803 倍的 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},所以 m=361803m = 361803,除以 10001000 的余数为 803803

The garden enclosed by the path is itself a hexagonal arrangement of unit hexagons with n1n - 1 on each side. Counting from the center outward in rings of 6,6, 12,12, \ldots hexagons, it contains 1+6+12++6(n2)=1+3(n2)(n1) \begin{aligned} &1 + 6 + 12 + \cdots + 6(n-2) \\ &= 1 + 3(n-2)(n-1) \end{aligned} blocks, which for n=202n = 202 is 1+3200201=120601.1 + 3 \cdot 200 \cdot 201 = 120601.

Each unit hexagon consists of 66 equilateral triangles of side 1,1, so its area is 634=332.6 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = 3 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}. The garden’s area is therefore 3120601=3618033 \cdot 120601 = 361803 times 32,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, so m=361803,m = 361803, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 803.803.

5.

求所有正整数 a=2n3ma = 2^n 3^m 的和,其中 nnmm 是非负整数,并且 a6a^6 不是 6a6^a 的因数。

Find the sum of all positive integers a=2n3m,a = 2^n 3^m, where nn and mm are non-negative integers, for which a6a^6 is not a divisor of 6a.6^a.

答案:42
难度评级:2430
小提示:

6aa6=2a3a26n36m\frac{6^a}{a^6} = \frac{2^a 3^a}{2^{6n} 3^{6m}},所以 a6a^6 不能整除 6a6^a 当且仅当 6n>a6n \gt a6m>a6m \gt a

6aa6=2a3a26n36m,\frac{6^a}{a^6} = \frac{2^a 3^a}{2^{6n} 3^{6m}}, so a6a^6 fails to divide 6a6^a exactly when 6n>a6n \gt a or 6m>a6m \gt a

大提示:

如果 mmnn 都至少为 11,则 a6na \ge 6na6ma \ge 6m,所以只有纯 22 的幂或纯 33 的幂可能满足条件。

If mm and nn are both at least 1,1, then a6na \ge 6n and a6m,a \ge 6m, so only pure powers of 22 or of 33 can work

解答:

a=2n3ma = 2^n 3^m6aa6=2a3a26n36m\frac{6^a}{a^6} = \frac{2^a 3^a}{2^{6n} 3^{6m}}\text{,}它不是整数当且仅当 6n>a6n \gt a6m>a6m \gt a

m,n1m, n \ge 1,则 a32n6na \ge 3 \cdot 2^n \ge 6n(因为 2n2n2^n \ge 2n),类似地 a23m6ma \ge 2 \cdot 3^m \ge 6m,所以这种情形没有可行的 aa。若 m=0m = 0,条件为 2n<6n2^n \lt 6n,成立于 n=1n = 1223344,给出 a=2a = 244881616。若 n=0n = 0,条件为 3m<6m3^m \lt 6m,成立于 m=1m = 122,给出 a=3a = 399。(当 a=1a = 1 时条件不成立。)

所求和为 2+4+8+16+3+9=422 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 3 + 9 = 42

With a=2n3m,a = 2^n 3^m, 6aa6=2a3a26n36m,\frac{6^a}{a^6} = \frac{2^a 3^a}{2^{6n} 3^{6m}}, which fails to be an integer exactly when 6n>a6n \gt a or 6m>a.6m \gt a.

If m,n1,m, n \ge 1, then a32n6na \ge 3 \cdot 2^n \ge 6n (since 2n2n2^n \ge 2n) and similarly a23m6m,a \ge 2 \cdot 3^m \ge 6m, so no such aa works. If m=0,m = 0, the condition is 2n<6n,2^n \lt 6n, which holds for n=1,n = 1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, giving a=2,a = 2, 4,4, 8,8, 16.16. If n=0,n = 0, the condition is 3m<6m,3^m \lt 6m, which holds for m=1,m = 1, 2,2, giving a=3,a = 3, 9.9. (For a=1a = 1 the condition fails.)

The sum is 2+4+8+16+3+9=42.2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 3 + 9 = 42.

6.

求与下式最接近的整数: 1000n=3100001n241000 \sum_{n=3}^{10000} \frac{1}{n^2 - 4}

Find the integer that is closest to 1000n=3100001n24.1000 \sum_{n=3}^{10000} \frac{1}{n^2 - 4}.

答案:521
难度评级:2340
小提示:

分解 n24=(n2)(n+2)n^2 - 4 = (n-2)(n+2),并用部分分式让求和裂项相消。

Factor n24=(n2)(n+2)n^2 - 4 = (n-2)(n+2) and use partial fractions to make the sum telescope

大提示:

前端只剩下 1112\frac{1}{2}13\frac{1}{3}14\frac{1}{4},再减去四个接近 110000\frac{1}{10000} 的小尾项。

Only 1,1, 12,\frac{1}{2}, 13,\frac{1}{3}, 14\frac{1}{4} survive at the front, minus four tiny tail terms near 110000\frac{1}{10000}

解答:

因为 1n24=14(1n21n+2)\frac{1}{n^2 - 4} = \frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{n-2} - \frac{1}{n+2}\right),所以该和裂项相消:1000n=3100001n24=250(1+12+13+1419999110000110001110002) \begin{aligned} &1000 \sum_{n=3}^{10000} \frac{1}{n^2 - 4} \\ &\tiny{}= 250\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{9999} - \frac{1}{10000} - \frac{1}{10001} - \frac{1}{10002}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

rr 等于 250250 乘以四个正尾项之和。于是 0<r<25049999<130 \lt r \lt 250 \cdot \frac{4}{9999} \lt \frac{1}{3}。原式的值为 520+56r520 + \frac{5}{6} - r,所以它严格介于 520+12520 + \frac{1}{2}520+56520 + \frac{5}{6} 之间。因此最接近的整数是 521521

Since 1n24=14(1n21n+2),\frac{1}{n^2 - 4} = \frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{n-2} - \frac{1}{n+2}\right), the sum telescopes: 1000n=3100001n24=250(1+12+13+1419999110000110001110002). \begin{aligned} &1000 \sum_{n=3}^{10000} \frac{1}{n^2 - 4} \\ &\tiny{}= 250\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{9999} - \frac{1}{10000} - \frac{1}{10001} - \frac{1}{10002}\right). \end{aligned}

Let rr be 250250 times the sum of the four positive tail fractions. Then 0<r<25049999<13.0 \lt r \lt 250 \cdot \frac{4}{9999} \lt \frac{1}{3}. The value of the expression is 520+56r,520 + \frac{5}{6} - r, so it lies strictly between 520+12520 + \frac{1}{2} and 520+56.520 + \frac{5}{6}. Hence the closest integer is 521.521.

7.

已知对所有正整数 kk12+22+32++k2=k(k+1)(2k+1)6 \begin{aligned} &1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + k^2 \\ &= \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}求最小的正整数 kk,使得 12+22+32++k21^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + k^2200200 的倍数。

It is known that, for all positive integers k,k, 12+22+32++k2=k(k+1)(2k+1)6. \begin{aligned} &1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + k^2 \\ &= \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}. \end{aligned} Find the smallest positive integer kk such that 12+22+32++k21^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + k^2 is a multiple of 200.200.

答案:112
难度评级:2500
小提示:

需要 k(k+1)(2k+1)k(k+1)(2k+1)1200=243521200 = 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 的倍数,其中因子 33 自动满足。

You need k(k+1)(2k+1)k(k+1)(2k+1) to be a multiple of 1200=24352,1200 = 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2, and the factor 33 comes for free

大提示:

2k+12k+1 是奇数,所以 1616 必须整除 kkk+1k+1;另外 2525 必须整除 kkk+1k+1,或 2k+12k+1。比较合并同余后的最小解。

2k+12k+1 is odd, so 1616 must divide kk or k+1;k+1; separately 2525 must divide k,k, k+1,k+1, or 2k+1.2k+1. Compare the smallest solutions of the combined congruences.

解答:

该平方和是 200200 的倍数,当且仅当 k(k+1)(2k+1)k(k+1)(2k+1)1200=243521200 = 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 的倍数。因子 33 总会整除 k(k+1)(2k+1)k(k+1)(2k+1) (若 k1(mod3)k \equiv 1 \pmod 3,则 2k+12k+1 能被 33 整除),所以只需考虑 242^4525^2

由于 2k+12k+1 是奇数,且 kkk+1k+1 不可能都为偶数,1616 必须整除 kkk+1k+1,所以 k0k \equiv 015(mod16)15 \pmod{16}。类似地,2525 必须整除 kkk+1k+12k+12k+1 中的一个,得到 k0k \equiv 0242412(mod25)12 \pmod{25}。将每一对同余条件合并到模 400400,所得最小正解依次为 112112175175224224287287399399400400

最小的是 k=112k = 112:确实,112113225112 \cdot 113 \cdot 225 =(167)113(925)= (16 \cdot 7) \cdot 113 \cdot (9 \cdot 25)12001200 的倍数。

The sum is a multiple of 200200 exactly when k(k+1)(2k+1)k(k+1)(2k+1) is a multiple of 1200=24352.1200 = 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2. The factor 33 always divides k(k+1)(2k+1)k(k+1)(2k+1) (if k1(mod3),k \equiv 1 \pmod 3, then 2k+12k+1 is divisible by 33), so only 242^4 and 525^2 matter.

Since 2k+12k+1 is odd and k,k, k+1k+1 cannot both be even, 1616 must divide kk or k+1,k+1, so k0k \equiv 0 or 15(mod16).15 \pmod{16}. Similarly 2525 must divide one of k,k, k+1,k+1, 2k+1,2k+1, giving k0,k \equiv 0, 24,24, or 12(mod25).12 \pmod{25}. Combining each pair of congruences modulo 400,400, the smallest positive solutions are 112,112, 175,175, 224,224, 287,287, 399,399, and 400.400.

The least is k=112:k = 112: indeed 112113225112 \cdot 113 \cdot 225 =(167)113(925)= (16 \cdot 7) \cdot 113 \cdot (9 \cdot 25) is a multiple of 1200.1200.

8.

求最小的正整数 kk,使方程 2002n=k\left\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \right\rfloor = k 没有整数解 nn。(记号 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不大于 xx 的最大整数。)

Find the least positive integer kk for which the equation 2002n=k\left\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \right\rfloor = k has no integer solutions for n.n. (The notation x\lfloor x \rfloor means the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x.)

答案:49
难度评级:2560
小提示:

2002n=k\left\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \right\rfloor = k 有解,当且仅当某个整数 nn 落在 (2002k+1,2002k]\left(\frac{2002}{k+1}, \frac{2002}{k}\right] 中。

2002n=k\left\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \right\rfloor = k has a solution exactly when some integer nn lies in (2002k+1,2002k]\left(\frac{2002}{k+1}, \frac{2002}{k}\right]

大提示:

该区间长度为 2002k(k+1)\frac{2002}{k(k+1)},所以当 k(k+1)2002k(k+1) \le 2002 时,它一定含有整数。然后计算 2002n\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \rfloorn=44n = 444343424241414040 时的值。

That interval has length 2002k(k+1),\frac{2002}{k(k+1)}, so it always contains an integer when k(k+1)2002.k(k+1) \le 2002. Then compute 2002n\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \rfloor for n=44,n = 44, 43,43, 42,42, 41,41, 40.40.

解答:

kk 能被取到,当且仅当某个整数 nn 满足 k2002n<k+1k \le \frac{2002}{n} \lt k + 1,也就是区间 (2002k+1,2002k]\left(\frac{2002}{k+1}, \frac{2002}{k}\right] 中含有整数。它的长度为 2002k(k+1)\frac{2002}{k(k+1)};当该长度至少为 11,也就是 k(k+1)2002k(k+1) \le 2002 时,所有 k44k \le 44 都能被取到。

对更大的 kk,直接检查:n=44n = 444343424241414040 分别给出 2002n=45\left\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \right\rfloor = 454646474748485050。因为 20024148.8\frac{2002}{41} \approx 48.8,而 200240>50\frac{2002}{40} \gt 50,所以不可能取到 4949。因此最小的此类 kk4949

The value kk is attained exactly when some integer nn satisfies k2002n<k+1,k \le \frac{2002}{n} \lt k + 1, that is, when the interval (2002k+1,2002k]\left(\frac{2002}{k+1}, \frac{2002}{k}\right] contains an integer. Its length is 2002k(k+1),\frac{2002}{k(k+1)}, which is at least 11 whenever k(k+1)2002k(k+1) \le 2002 — so every k44k \le 44 is attained.

For larger k,k, check directly: n=44,n = 44, 43,43, 42,42, 41,41, 4040 give 2002n=45,\left\lfloor \frac{2002}{n} \right\rfloor = 45, 46,46, 47,47, 48,48, 50.50. Since 20024148.8\frac{2002}{41} \approx 48.8 and 200240>50,\frac{2002}{40} \gt 50, the value 4949 is never attained, so the least such kk is 49.49.

9.

SS 为集合 {1,2,3,,10}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\}。令 nn 为由 SS 的两个非空不相交子集组成的二元集合的个数。(若两个集合没有共同元素,则称它们不相交。)求 nn 除以 10001000 所得的余数。

Let SS be the set {1,2,3,,10}.\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\}. Let nn be the number of sets of two non-empty disjoint subsets of S.S. (Disjoint sets are defined as sets that have no common elements.) Find the remainder obtained when nn is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:501
难度评级:2500
小提示:

先构造有序对 (A,B)(A, B):对 1010 个元素中的每一个,选择放入 AA、放入 BB,或两者都不放。

Build an ordered pair (A,B)(A, B) of disjoint subsets by sending each of the 1010 elements to A,A, to B,B, or to neither

大提示:

用容斥原理减去 AABB 为空的有序对,再除以 22,得到无序的二元集合。

Subtract the pairs where AA or BB is empty by inclusion-exclusion, then divide by 22 to make the pairs unordered

解答:

先数不相交子集的有序对 (A,B)(A, B)。对于这 1010 个元素中的每一个,可以选择放入 AA、放入 BB,或两者都不放,因此共有 3103^{10} 个有序对。其中 2102^{10} 个有 AA 为空,2102^{10} 个有 BB 为空,而 (,)(\varnothing, \varnothing) 被重复减了一次,所以两个子集都非空的有序对共有 3102210+1=570023^{10} - 2 \cdot 2^{10} + 1 = 57002 个。

不相交的非空子集不可能相等,所以每个集合 {A,B}\{A, B\} 被数了两次,得到 n=570022=28501n = \frac{57002}{2} = 28501。模 10001000 的余数是 501501

Count ordered pairs (A,B)(A, B) of disjoint subsets first: each of the 1010 elements goes in A,A, in B,B, or in neither, for 3103^{10} pairs. Among these, 2102^{10} have AA empty and 2102^{10} have BB empty, with the pair (,)(\varnothing, \varnothing) counted in both, so 3102210+1=570023^{10} - 2 \cdot 2^{10} + 1 = 57002 ordered pairs have both subsets non-empty.

Disjoint non-empty subsets are never equal, so each set {A,B}\{A, B\} is counted twice, giving n=570022=28501.n = \frac{57002}{2} = 28501. The remainder mod 10001000 is 501.501.

10.

一位心不在焉的教授在求某个角的正弦值时,没有注意到计算器的角度单位设置错误,却幸运地得到了正确答案。使 xx 度的正弦等于 xx 弧度的正弦的两个最小正实数 xx 分别为 mπnπ\frac{m\pi}{n - \pi}pπq+π\frac{p\pi}{q + \pi},其中 mmnnppqq 是正整数。求 m+n+p+qm + n + p + q

While finding the sine of a certain angle, an absent-minded professor failed to notice that his calculator was not in the correct angular mode. He was lucky to get the right answer. The two least positive real values of xx for which the sine of xx degrees is the same as the sine of xx radians are mπnπ\frac{m\pi}{n - \pi} and pπq+π,\frac{p\pi}{q + \pi}, where m,m, n,n, p,p, and qq are positive integers. Find m+n+p+q.m + n + p + q.

答案:900
难度评级:2760
小提示:

xx 度等于 πx180\frac{\pi x}{180} 弧度,所以要求解 sinπx180=sinx\sin \frac{\pi x}{180} = \sin x

xx degrees is πx180\frac{\pi x}{180} radians, so solve sinπx180=sinx\sin \frac{\pi x}{180} = \sin x

大提示:

两个角的正弦相等,当它们相差 2π2\pi 的整数倍,或它们的和等于 π\pi 加上 2π2\pi 的整数倍;在两种情形中分别取最小正值。

Two angles have equal sines when they differ by a multiple of 2π2\pi or add up to π\pi plus a multiple of 2π;2\pi; take the smallest positive case of each

解答:

xx 度对应 πx180\frac{\pi x}{180} 弧度,所以需要 sinπx180=sinx\sin \frac{\pi x}{180} = \sin x。两个角正弦相等当且仅当它们相差 2π2\pi 的整数倍,或者和为 π\pi 加上 2π2\pi 的整数倍。

第一种情形给出 xπx180=2πjx - \frac{\pi x}{180} = 2\pi j,所以 x=360jπ180πx = \frac{360 j \pi}{180 - \pi},其最小正值为 360π180π6.4\frac{360\pi}{180 - \pi} \approx 6.4。第二种情形给出 x+πx180=(2k+1)πx + \frac{\pi x}{180} = (2k + 1)\pi,所以 x=180(2k+1)π180+πx = \frac{180(2k+1)\pi}{180 + \pi},其最小正值为 180π180+π3.1\frac{180\pi}{180 + \pi} \approx 3.1。第二族的下一个值是其首个值的三倍,因此大于第一族的最小值;其余各值更大。所以这两个就是最小的两个解。

对应 mπnπ\frac{m\pi}{n - \pi}pπq+π\frac{p\pi}{q + \pi},得到 m=360m = 360n=180n = 180p=180p = 180q=180q = 180,所以 m+n+p+q=900m + n + p + q = 900

An angle of xx degrees is πx180\frac{\pi x}{180} radians, so we need sinπx180=sinx.\sin \frac{\pi x}{180} = \sin x. Two angles have equal sines exactly when they differ by a multiple of 2π2\pi or sum to π\pi plus a multiple of 2π.2\pi.

The first case gives xπx180=2πj,x - \frac{\pi x}{180} = 2\pi j, so x=360jπ180π,x = \frac{360 j \pi}{180 - \pi}, with least positive value 360π180π6.4.\frac{360\pi}{180 - \pi} \approx 6.4. The second gives x+πx180=(2k+1)π,x + \frac{\pi x}{180} = (2k + 1)\pi, so x=180(2k+1)π180+π,x = \frac{180(2k+1)\pi}{180 + \pi}, with least positive value 180π180+π3.1.\frac{180\pi}{180 + \pi} \approx 3.1. The next value in the second family is three times its first and therefore exceeds the first family’s least value; all later values are larger. Thus these are the two smallest solutions.

Matching mπnπ\frac{m\pi}{n - \pi} and pπq+π\frac{p\pi}{q + \pi} gives m=360,m = 360, n=180,n = 180, p=180,p = 180, q=180,q = 180, so m+n+p+q=900.m + n + p + q = 900.

11.

两个不同的实数项无穷等比级数都收敛且和为 11,并且第二项相同。其中一个级数的第三项为 18\frac{1}{8},两个级数的公共第二项可写成 mnp\frac{\sqrt{m} - n}{p},其中 mmnnpp 是正整数,且 mm 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 100m+10n+p100m + 10n + p

Two distinct, real, infinite geometric series each have a sum of 11 and have the same second term. The third term of one of the series is 18,\frac{1}{8}, and the second term of both series can be written in the form mnp,\frac{\sqrt{m} - n}{p}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers and mm is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find 100m+10n+p.100m + 10n + p.

答案:518
难度评级:2760
小提示:

一个公比为 rr、和为 11 的等比级数,首项为 1r1 - r,因此第二项是 r(1r)r(1 - r)

A geometric series with ratio rr and sum 11 has first term 1r,1 - r, so its second term is r(1r)r(1 - r)

大提示:

第二项相等迫使两个公比满足 s=1rs = 1 - r;于是 r2(1r)=18r^2(1 - r) = \frac{1}{8} 成为一个三次方程,令 t=2rt = 2r 后可因式分解。

Equal second terms force the ratios to satisfy s=1r;s = 1 - r; then r2(1r)=18r^2(1 - r) = \frac{1}{8} becomes a cubic that factors after substituting t=2rt = 2r

解答:

公比为 rr、和为 11 的等比级数首项为 1r1 - r,所以第二项是 r(1r)r(1 - r)。若两个公比分别为 rrss,则 r(1r)=s(1s)r(1 - r) = s(1 - s),即 rs=r2s2r - s = r^2 - s^2。由于两个级数不同,rsr \ne s,因而 s=1rs = 1 - r

设公比为 rr 的级数的第三项为 r2(1r)=18r^2(1 - r) = \frac{1}{8},则 8r38r2+1=08r^3 - 8r^2 + 1 = 0。令 t=2rt = 2r,方程变为 t32t2+1t^3 - 2t^2 + 1 =(t1)(t2t1)= (t - 1)(t^2 - t - 1) =0= 0。根 t=1t = 1 会使 r=s=12r = s = \frac{1}{2},两个级数相同;根 r=154r = \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{4} 会使 s=1r>1s = 1 - r \gt 1,级数发散。因此 r=1+54r = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4}

公共第二项为 r(1r)=1+54354=25216=518 \begin{aligned} r(1 - r) &= \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4} \cdot \frac{3 - \sqrt{5}}{4} \\ &= \frac{2\sqrt{5} - 2}{16} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{8} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m=5m = 5n=1n = 1p=8p = 8,从而 100m+10n+p=518100m + 10n + p = 518

A geometric series with ratio rr and sum 11 has first term 1r,1 - r, so its second term is r(1r).r(1 - r). If the two ratios are rr and s,s, then r(1r)=s(1s)r(1 - r) = s(1 - s) gives rs=r2s2,r - s = r^2 - s^2, and since the series are distinct, rs,r \ne s, forcing s=1r.s = 1 - r.

Say the series with ratio rr has third term r2(1r)=18,r^2(1 - r) = \frac{1}{8}, i.e. 8r38r2+1=0.8r^3 - 8r^2 + 1 = 0. Substituting t=2rt = 2r gives t32t2+1t^3 - 2t^2 + 1 =(t1)(t2t1)= (t - 1)(t^2 - t - 1) =0.= 0. The root t=1t = 1 makes r=s=12r = s = \frac{1}{2} (the series would coincide), and r=154r = \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{4} forces s=1r>1,s = 1 - r \gt 1, which diverges. So r=1+54.r = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4}.

The common second term is r(1r)=1+54354=25216=518, \begin{aligned} r(1 - r) &= \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4} \cdot \frac{3 - \sqrt{5}}{4} \\ &= \frac{2\sqrt{5} - 2}{16} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{8}, \end{aligned} so m=5,m = 5, n=1,n = 1, p=8,p = 8, and 100m+10n+p=518.100m + 10n + p = 518.

12.

一名篮球运动员每次投篮命中的概率恒为 0.40.4,并且与之前的投篮无关。令 ana_n 为投完 nn 次后命中数与出手数之比。事件 a10=0.4a_{10} = 0.4an0.4a_n \le 0.4 同时发生的概率(后一条件中的 nn 取遍满足 1n91 \le n \le 9 的整数)为 paqbr(sc)\frac{p^a q^b r}{\left(s^c\right)},其中 ppqqrrss 都是素数,aabbcc 都是正整数。求 (p+q+r+s)(a+b+c)(p + q + r + s)(a + b + c)

A basketball player has a constant probability of 0.40.4 of making any given shot, independent of previous shots. Let ana_n be the ratio of shots made to shots attempted after nn shots. The probability that a10=0.4a_{10} = 0.4 and an0.4a_n \le 0.4 for all nn such that 1n91 \le n \le 9 is given to be paqbr(sc),\frac{p^a q^b r}{\left(s^c\right)}, where p,p, q,q, r,r, and ss are primes, and a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers. Find (p+q+r+s)(a+b+c).(p + q + r + s)(a + b + c).

答案:660
难度评级:2990
小提示:

把(出手次数,命中次数)看作格路径;条件 an0.4a_n \le 0.4 将每次投篮后的命中数限制在 0.4n\lfloor 0.4 n \rfloor 以内。

Track (shots attempted, shots made) as a lattice path; the condition an0.4a_n \le 0.4 caps the number made at 0.4n\lfloor 0.4 n \rfloor after each shot

大提示:

通过把每个点的两个前驱点计数相加,数出到 (10,4)(10, 4) 的受限路径;每个有效序列的概率都是 (0.4)4(0.6)6(0.4)^4 (0.6)^6

Count the constrained paths to (10,4)(10, 4) by adding the counts of the two predecessors at each point; every valid sequence has probability (0.4)4(0.6)6(0.4)^4 (0.6)^6

解答:

把球员的过程记录为点 (n,y)(n, y) 的路径,其中 yynn 次出手后的命中数。条件 an0.4a_n \le 0.4yy 限制在 0.4n\lfloor 0.4n \rfloor 以内;当 n=1,,9n = 1, \ldots, 9 时,这些上限分别为 000011112222223333,而 a10=0.4a_{10} = 0.4 表示路径终点为 (10,4)(10, 4)

在每个允许点处,把它的两个前驱点的计数相加(未命中时 yy 不变,命中时它增加 11)。当 n=3,,9n = 3, \ldots, 9 时,最高允许高度处的计数依次为 1122225599992323;第十次投篮必须命中,所以共有 2323 个投篮序列满足条件。每个序列有 44 次命中和 66 次未中,因此概率为 23(25)4(35)6=24362351023 \left(\tfrac{2}{5}\right)^4 \left(\tfrac{3}{5}\right)^6 = \frac{2^4 \, 3^6 \cdot 23}{5^{10}}\text{。}

因此 {p,q,r,s}={2,3,23,5}\{p, q, r, s\} = \{2, 3, 23, 5\},且 (a,b,c)=(4,6,10)(a, b, c) = (4, 6, 10),得到 (2+3+23+5)(4+6+10)(2 + 3 + 23 + 5)(4 + 6 + 10) =3320= 33 \cdot 20 =660= 660

Record the player’s progress as a path through points (n,y),(n, y), where yy is the number of shots made after nn attempts. The condition an0.4a_n \le 0.4 caps yy at 0.4n,\lfloor 0.4n \rfloor, which for n=1,,9n = 1, \ldots, 9 is 0,0, 0,0, 1,1, 1,1, 2,2, 2,2, 2,2, 3,3, 3,3, and a10=0.4a_{10} = 0.4 means the path ends at (10,4).(10, 4).

Count the allowed paths by adding, at each point, the counts of its two predecessors (a miss keeps y,y, a make raises it by 11). The counts at the maximum allowed heights for n=3,,9n = 3, \ldots, 9 come out to 1,1, 2,2, 2,2, 5,5, 9,9, 9,9, 23,23, and the tenth shot must be a make, so 2323 shot sequences qualify. Each consists of 44 makes and 66 misses, so the probability is 23(25)4(35)6=243623510.23 \left(\tfrac{2}{5}\right)^4 \left(\tfrac{3}{5}\right)^6 = \frac{2^4 \, 3^6 \cdot 23}{5^{10}}.

Thus {p,q,r,s}={2,3,23,5}\{p, q, r, s\} = \{2, 3, 23, 5\} and (a,b,c)=(4,6,10),(a, b, c) = (4, 6, 10), giving (2+3+23+5)(4+6+10)(2 + 3 + 23 + 5)(4 + 6 + 10) =3320= 33 \cdot 20 =660.= 660.

13.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,点 DDBC\overline{BC} 上,且 CD=2CD = 2DB=5DB = 5;点 EEAC\overline{AC} 上,且 CE=1CE = 1EA=3EA = 3;并且 AB=8AB = 8。线段 AD\overline{AD}BE\overline{BE} 交于 PP。点 QQRRAB\overline{AB} 上,使得 PQ\overline{PQ} 平行于 CA\overline{CA},且 PR\overline{PR} 平行于 CB\overline{CB}。已知三角形 PQRPQR 与三角形 ABCABC 的面积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

In triangle ABC,ABC, point DD is on BC\overline{BC} with CD=2CD = 2 and DB=5,DB = 5, point EE is on AC\overline{AC} with CE=1CE = 1 and EA=3,EA = 3, AB=8,AB = 8, and AD\overline{AD} and BE\overline{BE} intersect at P.P. Points QQ and RR lie on AB\overline{AB} so that PQ\overline{PQ} is parallel to CA\overline{CA} and PR\overline{PR} is parallel to CB.\overline{CB}. It is given that the ratio of the area of triangle PQRPQR to the area of triangle ABCABC is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:901
难度评级:2990
小提示:

用质量点法:赋质量 55661515AABBCC,即可同时平衡两条顶点连线并确定 PP;延长 CP\overline{CP}AB\overline{AB} 交于 FF

Mass points: masses 5,5, 6,6, 1515 at A,A, B,B, CC balance both cevians and locate P;P; extend CP\overline{CP} to meet AB\overline{AB} at FF

大提示:

三角形 PQRPQR 是三角形 CABCAB 在一个位似变换下的像;该变换以 FF 为中心,把 CC 映到 PP,所以面积比为 (FPFC)2(\frac{FP}{FC})^2

Triangle PQRPQR is the image of triangle CABCAB under the homothety centered at FF taking CC to P,P, so the area ratio is (FPFC)2(\frac{FP}{FC})^2

解答:

赋质量 55AA,质量 66BB,质量 1515CC。这样 EEAC\overline{AC} 上满足平衡关系(53=1515 \cdot 3 = 15 \cdot 1),而 DDBC\overline{BC} 上满足平衡关系(65=1526 \cdot 5 = 15 \cdot 2),所以 AD\overline{AD}BE\overline{BE} 交于质心 PP,其总质量为 2626。延长 CP\overline{CP}AB\overline{AB} 交于 FF,则 FF 处质量为 5+6=115 + 6 = 11。因此在线段 CFCF 上有 CP:PF=11:15CP : PF = 11 : 15,也就是 FPFC=1526\frac{FP}{FC} = \frac{15}{26}

FF 为中心、比例为 1526\frac{15}{26} 的位似变换把 CC 映到 PP,并把直线 ABAB 映到自身;它把直线 CACA 映到过 PP 的平行线,也就是 PQPQ,把直线 CBCB 映到 PRPR。因此它把三角形 CABCAB 映到三角形 PQRPQR,所以 [PQR][ABC]=(1526)2=225676\frac{[PQR]}{[ABC]} = \left(\frac{15}{26}\right)^2 = \frac{225}{676}\text{。}

因为 gcd(225,676)=1\gcd(225, 676) = 1,答案为 m+n=225+676=901m + n = 225 + 676 = 901

Assign masses 55 at A,A, 66 at B,B, and 1515 at C.C. Then EE balances AC\overline{AC} (53=1515 \cdot 3 = 15 \cdot 1) and DD balances BC\overline{BC} (65=1526 \cdot 5 = 15 \cdot 2), so the cevians AD\overline{AD} and BE\overline{BE} meet at the center of mass P,P, of total mass 26.26. Extending CP\overline{CP} to meet AB\overline{AB} at F,F, the mass at FF is 5+6=11,5 + 6 = 11, so on segment CFCF we get CP:PF=11:15,CP : PF = 11 : 15, that is, FPFC=1526.\frac{FP}{FC} = \frac{15}{26}.

The homothety centered at FF with ratio 1526\frac{15}{26} sends CC to PP and maps line ABAB to itself; it carries line CACA to the parallel line through PP — which is line PQPQ — and line CBCB to line PR.PR. Hence it maps triangle CABCAB onto triangle PQR,PQR, and [PQR][ABC]=(1526)2=225676.\frac{[PQR]}{[ABC]} = \left(\frac{15}{26}\right)^2 = \frac{225}{676}.

Since gcd(225,676)=1,\gcd(225, 676) = 1, the answer is m+n=225+676=901.m + n = 225 + 676 = 901.

14.

三角形 APMAPM 的周长为 152152,且角 PAMPAM 是直角。画一个半径为 1919 的圆,圆心 OOAP\overline{AP} 上,并且该圆与 AM\overline{AM}PM\overline{PM} 相切。已知 OP=mnOP = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

The perimeter of triangle APMAPM is 152,152, and angle PAMPAM is a right angle. A circle of radius 1919 with center OO on AP\overline{AP} is drawn so that it is tangent to AM\overline{AM} and PM.\overline{PM}. Given that OP=mn,OP = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.

答案:98
知识点:切线相似周长
难度评级:3060
小提示:

该圆与 AM\overline{AM} 恰好相切于 AA,所以从 MM 引出的两条切线给出 MT=MAMT = MA,其中 TTPM\overline{PM} 上的切点。

The circle touches AM\overline{AM} at AA itself, so the tangents from MM give MT=MA,MT = MA, where TT is the tangency point on PM\overline{PM}

大提示:

直角三角形 POTPOTPMAPMA 相似,而小三角形的周长是 PA+PT=1522MAPA + PT = 152 - 2\,MA;比较周长比例得到只含 MAMA 的方程。

Right triangles POTPOT and PMAPMA are similar, and the small one’s perimeter is PA+PT=1522MA;PA + PT = 152 - 2\,MA; comparing perimeter ratios gives an equation in MAMA alone

解答:

TT 为圆与 PM\overline{PM} 的切点。因为 AMAP\overline{AM} \perp \overline{AP},且 OOAP\overline{AP} 上,圆心到直线 AMAM 的距离为 1919,所以圆恰好与 AM\overline{AM} 相切于点 AA。由从 MM 引出的两条切线相等,得 MT=MAMT = MA。直角三角形 POTPOTPMAPMA(直角分别在 TTAA)共有角 PP,所以相似,比例为 OTMA=19MA\frac{OT}{MA} = \frac{19}{MA}

小三角形的周长为 PO+OT+TPPO + OT + TP =(PA19)+19+TP= (PA - 19) + 19 + TP =PA+PT= PA + PT。又因为 MT=MAMT = MAPA+PT=PA+PMMT=1522MA \begin{aligned} PA + PT &= PA + PM - MT \\ &= 152 - 2\,MA \end{aligned}\text{。}相似三角形的周长比等于相似比,因此 19MA=1522MA152\frac{19}{MA} = \frac{152 - 2\,MA}{152}。化简得 MA276MA+1444MA^2 - 76\,MA + 1444 =(MA38)2= (MA - 38)^2 =0= 0,所以 MA=38MA = 38

相似比为 1938=12\frac{19}{38} = \frac{1}{2},所以 PO=12PMPO = \frac{1}{2} PM。由周长得 PA+PM=15238=114PA + PM = 152 - 38 = 114,且 PA=PO+19PA = PO + 19,于是 12PM+19+PM=114\frac{1}{2} PM + 19 + PM = 114,解得 PM=1903PM = \frac{190}{3},所以 OP=953OP = \frac{95}{3}。因此 m+n=95+3=98m + n = 95 + 3 = 98

Let TT be the point where the circle touches PM.\overline{PM}. Since AMAP\overline{AM} \perp \overline{AP} and OO lies on AP\overline{AP} at a distance from line AMAM equal to 19,19, the circle is tangent to AM\overline{AM} at AA itself, so the two tangents from MM give MT=MA.MT = MA. Right triangles POTPOT and PMAPMA (right angles at TT and AA) share angle P,P, so they are similar with ratio OTMA=19MA.\frac{OT}{MA} = \frac{19}{MA}.

The small triangle’s perimeter is PO+OT+TPPO + OT + TP =(PA19)+19+TP= (PA - 19) + 19 + TP =PA+PT,= PA + PT, and since MT=MA,MT = MA, PA+PT=PA+PMMT=1522MA. \begin{aligned} PA + PT &= PA + PM - MT \\ &= 152 - 2\,MA. \end{aligned} Perimeters of similar triangles are in the ratio of similarity, so 19MA=1522MA152,\frac{19}{MA} = \frac{152 - 2\,MA}{152}, which simplifies to MA276MA+1444MA^2 - 76\,MA + 1444 =(MA38)2= (MA - 38)^2 =0.= 0. Thus MA=38.MA = 38.

The ratio of similarity is then 1938=12,\frac{19}{38} = \frac{1}{2}, so PO=12PM.PO = \frac{1}{2} PM. From the perimeter, PA+PM=15238=114,PA + PM = 152 - 38 = 114, and PA=PO+19,PA = PO + 19, so 12PM+19+PM=114,\frac{1}{2} PM + 19 + PM = 114, giving PM=1903PM = \frac{190}{3} and OP=953.OP = \frac{95}{3}. Hence m+n=95+3=98.m + n = 95 + 3 = 98.

15.

C1C_1C2C_2 相交于两点,其中一点是 (9,6)(9, 6),并且两圆半径的乘积为 6868xx-轴和直线 y=mxy = mx 都与两个圆相切,其中 m>0m \gt 0。已知 mm 可写成 abc\frac{a\sqrt{b}}{c} 的形式,其中 aabbcc 是正整数,bb 不被任何素数的平方整除,且 aacc 互质。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Circles C1C_1 and C2C_2 intersect at two points, one of which is (9,6),(9, 6), and the product of their radii is 68.68. The xx-axis and the line y=mx,y = mx, where m>0,m \gt 0, are tangent to both circles. It is given that mm can be written in the form abc,\frac{a\sqrt{b}}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, bb is not divisible by the square of any prime, and aa and cc are relatively prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:282
难度评级:3370
小提示:

两个圆心都在两条切线所成角的角平分线上;若该角平分线与 xx-轴的夹角为 α\alpha,则 m=tan2αm = \tan 2\alpha,且每个圆的半径为 xitanαx_i \tan \alpha

Both centers lie on the bisector of the angle between the two tangent lines; if the angle from the xx-axis to the bisector is α,\alpha, then m=tan2αm = \tan 2\alpha and each radius is xitanαx_i \tan \alpha

大提示:

(9,6)(9, 6) 代入圆方程,会得到两个圆心的 xix_i 满足同一个二次方程,所以由韦达定理 x1x2=117x_1 x_2 = 117;再结合 r1r2=68r_1 r_2 = 68

Plugging (9,6)(9, 6) into the circle equation gives the same quadratic in xix_i for both centers, so x1x2=117x_1 x_2 = 117 by Vieta; combine with r1r2=68r_1 r_2 = 68

解答:

两个圆都与 xx-轴和 y=mxy = mx 相切,所以两个圆心都在第一象限中这两条直线夹角的角平分线上。若该角平分线与 xx-轴的夹角为 α\alpha,则 m=tan2αm = \tan 2\alpha,并且每个圆心形如 (xi,xitanα)(x_i, \, x_i \tan\alpha),半径为 ri=xitanαr_i = x_i \tan\alpha(即到 xx-轴的距离)。

因为 (9,6)(9, 6) 在每个圆上,(9xi)2+(6xitanα)2(9 - x_i)^2 + (6 - x_i \tan\alpha)^2 =xi2tan2α= x_i^2 \tan^2\alpha,展开得 xi2(18+12tanα)xi+117=0 \begin{aligned} &x_i^2 - (18 + 12\tan\alpha)\,x_i + 117 \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}\text{。}x1x_1x2x_2 都满足同一个二次方程,所以由韦达定理 x1x2=117x_1 x_2 = 117。于是 r1r2r_1 r_2 =x1x2tan2α= x_1 x_2 \tan^2\alpha =117tan2α= 117 \tan^2\alpha =68= 68,所以 tan2α=68117\tan^2\alpha = \frac{68}{117},且 tanα=217313\tan\alpha = \frac{2\sqrt{17}}{3\sqrt{13}}

最后,m=2tanα1tan2α=2tanα49117=23449217313=156174913=1222149 \begin{aligned} m &= \frac{2\tan\alpha}{1 - \tan^2\alpha} \\ &= \frac{2\tan\alpha}{\frac{49}{117}} \\ &= \frac{234}{49} \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{17}}{3\sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{156\sqrt{17}}{49\sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{12\sqrt{221}}{49} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a+b+ca + b + c =12+221+49= 12 + 221 + 49 =282= 282

Both circles are tangent to the xx-axis and to y=mx,y = mx, so both centers lie on the bisector of the first-quadrant angle between those lines. If the angle from the xx-axis to the bisector is α,\alpha, then m=tan2α,m = \tan 2\alpha, and each center has the form (xi,xitanα)(x_i, \, x_i \tan\alpha) with radius ri=xitanαr_i = x_i \tan\alpha (its distance to the xx-axis).

Since (9,6)(9, 6) lies on each circle, (9xi)2+(6xitanα)2(9 - x_i)^2 + (6 - x_i \tan\alpha)^2 =xi2tan2α,= x_i^2 \tan^2\alpha, which expands to xi2(18+12tanα)xi+117=0. \begin{aligned} &x_i^2 - (18 + 12\tan\alpha)\,x_i + 117 \\ &= 0. \end{aligned} Both x1x_1 and x2x_2 satisfy this one quadratic, so by Vieta’s formulas x1x2=117.x_1 x_2 = 117. Then r1r2r_1 r_2 =x1x2tan2α= x_1 x_2 \tan^2\alpha =117tan2α= 117 \tan^2\alpha =68,= 68, so tan2α=68117\tan^2\alpha = \frac{68}{117} and tanα=217313.\tan\alpha = \frac{2\sqrt{17}}{3\sqrt{13}}.

Finally, m=2tanα1tan2α=2tanα49117=23449217313=156174913=1222149, \begin{aligned} m &= \frac{2\tan\alpha}{1 - \tan^2\alpha} \\ &= \frac{2\tan\alpha}{\frac{49}{117}} \\ &= \frac{234}{49} \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{17}}{3\sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{156\sqrt{17}}{49\sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{12\sqrt{221}}{49}, \end{aligned} so a+b+ca + b + c =12+221+49= 12 + 221 + 49 =282.= 282.