2001 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

有 2n2n 个复数同时满足 z28−z8−1=0z^{28} - z^{8} - 1 = 0 和 ∣z∣=1|z| = 1。这些数形如 zm=cos⁡θm+isin⁡θmz_{m} = \cos\theta_{m} + i\sin\theta_{m},其中 0≤θ1<θ2<…<θ2n<3600 \le \theta_{1} \lt \theta_{2} \lt \ldots \lt \theta_{2n} \lt 360,且角以度为单位。求 θ2+θ4+⋯+θ2n\theta_{2} + \theta_{4} + \cdots + \theta_{2n} 的值。

There are 2n2n complex numbers that satisfy both z28−z8−1=0z^{28} - z^{8} - 1 = 0 and ∣z∣=1.|z| = 1. These numbers have the form zm=cos⁡θm+isin⁡θm,z_{m} = \cos\theta_{m} + i\sin\theta_{m}, where 0≤θ1<θ2<…<θ2n<3600 \le \theta_{1} \lt \theta_{2} \lt \ldots \lt \theta_{2n} \lt 360 and angles are measured in degrees. Find the value of θ2+θ4+⋯+θ2n.\theta_{2} + \theta_{4} + \cdots + \theta_{2n}.

答案:840
知识点:复数棣莫弗定理模运算
难度评级:3060
小提示:

将方程改写为 z8(z20−1)=1z^8(z^{20} - 1) = 1,并取绝对值:∣z20−1∣=1|z^{20} - 1| = 1。

Rewrite the equation as z8(z20−1)=1z^8(z^{20} - 1) = 1 and take absolute values: ∣z20−1∣=1|z^{20} - 1| = 1

大提示:

z20z^{20} 到 11 和 00 的距离都为 11,所以 z20=cos⁡60∘±isin⁡60∘z^{20} = \cos 60^\circ \pm i\sin 60^\circ;再推出 z4z^4,从而推出 θ\theta 模 9090。

z20z^{20} is at distance 11 from both 00 and 1,1, so z20=cos⁡60∘±isin⁡60∘;z^{20} = \cos 60^\circ \pm i\sin 60^\circ; deduce z4z^4 and hence θ\theta mod 9090

解答:

记 cis⁡θ=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ\operatorname{cis}\theta = \cos\theta + i\sin\theta。原方程为 z8(z20−1)=1z^8(z^{20} - 1) = 1。取绝对值并使用 ∣z∣=1|z| = 1,得 ∣z20−1∣=1|z^{20} - 1| = 1,所以 z20z^{20} 到 11 和 00 的距离都为 11:它等于 cis⁡(±60∘)\operatorname{cis}(\pm 60^\circ)。

若 z20=cis⁡60∘z^{20} = \operatorname{cis} 60^\circ,则 z20−1=cis⁡120∘z^{20} - 1 = \operatorname{cis} 120^\circ,所以 z8=cis⁡(−120∘)z^8 = \operatorname{cis}(-120^\circ),并且 z4=z20(z8)2=cis⁡(60∘+240∘)=cis⁡300∘, \begin{aligned} z^4 &= \frac{z^{20}}{(z^8)^2} \\ &= \operatorname{cis}(60^\circ + 240^\circ) = \operatorname{cis} 300^\circ \end{aligned}\text{,}因此 4θ≡300∘4\theta \equiv 300^\circ,即 θ≡75∘(mod90∘)\theta \equiv 75^\circ \pmod{90^\circ}。反过来,每个这样的 θ\theta 都满足条件,因为此时 z20=(z4)5=cis⁡60∘z^{20} = (z^4)^5 = \operatorname{cis} 60^\circ,且 z8=(z4)2=cis⁡(−120∘)z^8 = (z^4)^2 = \operatorname{cis}(-120^\circ)。类似地,z20=cis⁡(−60∘)z^{20} = \operatorname{cis}(-60^\circ) 的情形恰好给出 θ≡15∘(mod90∘)\theta \equiv 15^\circ \pmod{90^\circ}。

因此 2n=82n = 8 个角按从小到大排列为 15,75,105,165,15, 75, 105, 165, 195,255,285,345195, 255, 285, 345,并且 θ2+θ4+θ6+θ8\theta_2 + \theta_4 + \theta_6 + \theta_8 =75+165+255+345= 75 + 165 + 255 + 345 =840= 840。

Write cis⁡θ=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ.\operatorname{cis}\theta = \cos\theta + i\sin\theta. The equation says z8(z20−1)=1.z^8(z^{20} - 1) = 1. Taking absolute values and using ∣z∣=1|z| = 1 gives ∣z20−1∣=1,|z^{20} - 1| = 1, so z20z^{20} is at distance 11 from both 00 and 1:1: it is cis⁡(±60∘).\operatorname{cis}(\pm 60^\circ).

If z20=cis⁡60∘,z^{20} = \operatorname{cis} 60^\circ, then z20−1=cis⁡120∘,z^{20} - 1 = \operatorname{cis} 120^\circ, so z8=cis⁡(−120∘)z^8 = \operatorname{cis}(-120^\circ) and z4=z20(z8)2=cis⁡(60∘+240∘)=cis⁡300∘, \begin{aligned} z^4 &= \frac{z^{20}}{(z^8)^2} \\ &= \operatorname{cis}(60^\circ + 240^\circ) = \operatorname{cis} 300^\circ, \end{aligned} which means 4θ≡300∘,4\theta \equiv 300^\circ, i.e. θ≡75∘(mod90∘).\theta \equiv 75^\circ \pmod{90^\circ}. Conversely every such θ\theta works, since then z20=(z4)5=cis⁡60∘z^{20} = (z^4)^5 = \operatorname{cis} 60^\circ and z8=(z4)2=cis⁡(−120∘).z^8 = (z^4)^2 = \operatorname{cis}(-120^\circ). The case z20=cis⁡(−60∘)z^{20} = \operatorname{cis}(-60^\circ) similarly gives exactly θ≡15∘(mod90∘).\theta \equiv 15^\circ \pmod{90^\circ}.

So the 2n=82n = 8 angles in increasing order are 15,75,105,165,15, 75, 105, 165, 195,255,285,345,195, 255, 285, 345, and θ2+θ4+θ6+θ8\theta_2 + \theta_4 + \theta_6 + \theta_8 =75+165+255+345= 75 + 165 + 255 + 345 =840.= 840.

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