2008 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

aabb 为正实数,且 aba \ge b。令 ρ\rhoab\frac{a}{b} 的最大可能值,使得方程组 a2+y2=b2+x2=(ax)2+(by)2 \begin{aligned} a^2 + y^2 &= b^2 + x^2 \\ &= (a - x)^2 + (b - y)^2 \end{aligned} 存在解 (x,y)(x, y),且满足 0x<a0 \le x \lt a0y<b0 \le y \lt b。则 ρ2\rho^2 可表示为分数 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let aa and bb be positive real numbers with ab.a \ge b. Let ρ\rho be the maximum possible value of ab\frac{a}{b} for which the system of equations a2+y2=b2+x2=(ax)2+(by)2 \begin{aligned} a^2 + y^2 &= b^2 + x^2 \\ &= (a - x)^2 + (b - y)^2 \end{aligned} has a solution (x,y)(x, y) satisfying 0x<a0 \le x \lt a and 0y<b.0 \le y \lt b. Then ρ2\rho^2 can be expressed as a fraction mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:7
知识点:等边三角形距离公式三角学最优化
难度评级:3270
小提示:

相等的量是距离平方:取 D=(0,b)D = (0,b)E=(x,0)E = (x,0)F=(a,by)F = (a,b-y),它们位于一个 a×ba \times b 矩形中,则三角形 DEFDEF 是等边三角形

The equal quantities are squared distances: with D=(0,b),D = (0,b), E=(x,0),E = (x,0), F=(a,by)F = (a,b-y) in an a×ba \times b rectangle, triangle DEFDEF is equilateral

大提示:

θ=ADE\theta = \angle ADE,等边条件迫使 ab=cos(30θ)cosθ\frac{a}{b} = \frac{\cos(30^\circ - \theta)} {\cos\theta},它随 θ\theta 增大,而 y0y \ge 0θ\theta 限制到至多 3030^\circ

With θ=ADE,\theta = \angle ADE, equal sides force ab=cos(30θ)cosθ,\frac{a}{b} = \frac{\cos(30^\circ - \theta)} {\cos\theta}, which increases in θ,\theta, while y0y \ge 0 caps θ\theta at 3030^\circ

解答:

画一个顶点为 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(a,0)B = (a, 0)C=(a,b)C = (a, b)D=(0,b)D = (0, b) 的矩形,并令 E=(x,0)E = (x, 0)AB\overline{AB} 上,F=(a,by)F = (a, b - y)BC\overline{BC} 上。那么 DE2=b2+x2DE^2 = b^2 + x^2DF2=a2+y2DF^2 = a^2 + y^2,且 EF2=(ax)2+(by)2EF^2 = (a - x)^2 + (b - y)^2,所以方程组正是说三角形 DEFDEF 是等边三角形,而约束条件保证 EEFF 在这两条边上。

θ=ADE\theta = \angle ADE,则 x=btanθx = b\tan\theta,且 DE=bcosθDE = \frac{b}{\cos\theta}。因为 EDF=60\angle EDF = 60^\circ,而 DD 处的矩形角是 9090^\circ,所以 CDF=30θ\angle CDF = 30^\circ - \theta,从而 y=atan(30θ)y = a\tan(30^\circ - \theta),且 DF=acos(30θ)DF = \frac{a}{\cos(30^\circ - \theta)}。令 DE=DFDE = DF,得到 ab=cos(30θ)cosθ=cos30+sin30tanθ \begin{aligned} \frac{a}{b} &= \frac{\cos(30^\circ - \theta)}{\cos\theta} \\ &= \cos 30^\circ + \sin 30^\circ \tan\theta \end{aligned}\text{,}它随 θ\theta 增大而增大。条件 x0x \ge 0 给出 θ0\theta \ge 0,而 y0y \ge 0 迫使 θ30\theta \le 30^\circ

因此最大值在 θ=30\theta = 30^\circ 时取得,此时 ab=32+123=23\frac{a}{b} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}},并可由 y=0y = 0x=b3<ax = \frac{b}{\sqrt{3}} \lt a 实现。于是 ρ2=43\rho^2 = \frac{4}{3},且 m+n=4+3=7m + n = 4 + 3 = 7

Draw the rectangle with vertices A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(a,0),B = (a, 0), C=(a,b),C = (a, b), D=(0,b),D = (0, b), and let E=(x,0)E = (x, 0) on AB\overline{AB} and F=(a,by)F = (a, b - y) on BC.\overline{BC}. Then DE2=b2+x2,DE^2 = b^2 + x^2, DF2=a2+y2,DF^2 = a^2 + y^2, and EF2=(ax)2+(by)2,EF^2 = (a - x)^2 + (b - y)^2, so the system says exactly that triangle DEFDEF is equilateral, with the constraints keeping EE and FF on those two sides.

Let θ=ADE,\theta = \angle ADE, so x=btanθx = b\tan\theta and DE=bcosθ.DE = \frac{b}{\cos\theta}. Since EDF=60\angle EDF = 60^\circ and the corner angle at DD is 90,90^\circ, we get CDF=30θ,\angle CDF = 30^\circ - \theta, so y=atan(30θ)y = a\tan(30^\circ - \theta) and DF=acos(30θ).DF = \frac{a}{\cos(30^\circ - \theta)}. Setting DE=DFDE = DF gives ab=cos(30θ)cosθ=cos30+sin30tanθ, \begin{aligned} \frac{a}{b} &= \frac{\cos(30^\circ - \theta)}{\cos\theta} \\ &= \cos 30^\circ + \sin 30^\circ \tan\theta, \end{aligned} which is increasing in θ.\theta. The requirement x0x \ge 0 gives θ0,\theta \ge 0, while y0y \ge 0 forces θ30.\theta \le 30^\circ.

The maximum is therefore at θ=30,\theta = 30^\circ, where ab=32+123=23,\frac{a}{b} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}, attained with y=0y = 0 and x=b3<a.x = \frac{b}{\sqrt{3}} \lt a. Hence ρ2=43,\rho^2 = \frac{4}{3}, and m+n=4+3=7.m + n = 4 + 3 = 7.

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