2025 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

设 ABCDEABCDE 是凸五边形,满足 AB=14AB = 14、BC=7BC = 7、CD=24CD = 24、DE=13DE = 13、EA=26EA = 26,且 ∠B=∠E=60∘\angle B = \angle E = 60^\circ。对平面上每个点 XX,定义 f(X)=AX+BX+CXf(X) = AX + BX + CX +DX+EX+ DX + EX。f(X)f(X) 的最小可能值可表示为 m+npm + n\sqrt{p},其中 mm 和 nn 是正整数,pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p。

Let ABCDEABCDE be a convex pentagon with AB=14,AB = 14, BC=7,BC = 7, CD=24,CD = 24, DE=13,DE = 13, EA=26,EA = 26, and ∠B=∠E=60∘.\angle B = \angle E = 60^\circ. For each point XX in the plane, define f(X)=AX+BX+CXf(X) = AX + BX + CX +DX+EX.+ DX + EX. The least possible value of f(X)f(X) can be expressed as m+np,m + n\sqrt{p}, where mm and nn are positive integers and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:60
知识点:余弦定理圆内接四边形变换最优化
难度评级:3500
小提示:

计算 AC=73AC = 7\sqrt{3} 和 AD=133AD = 13\sqrt{3};三角形 ABCABC 和 AEDAED 分别在 CC 和 DD 处为直角

Compute AC=73AC = 7\sqrt{3} and AD=133;AD = 13\sqrt{3}; triangles ABCABC and AEDAED turn out to have right angles at CC and DD

大提示:

将 f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)+ (AX + CX + DX) 分拆开,并证明三角形 ACDACD 的费马点位于线段 BEBE 上

Split f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)+ (AX + CX + DX) and show that the Fermat point of triangle ACDACD lies on segment BEBE

解答:

在三角形 ABCABC 中,对 ∠B=60∘\angle B = 60^\circ 使用余弦定理,得 AC2=142+72−14⋅7=147AC^2 = 14^2 + 7^2 - 14 \cdot 7 = 147,所以 AC=73AC = 7\sqrt{3};因为 72+147=1427^2 + 147 = 14^2,CC 处为直角,且 ∠BAC=30∘\angle BAC = 30^\circ。同理 AD=133AD = 13\sqrt{3},DD 处为直角,且 ∠DAE=30∘\angle DAE = 30^\circ。在三角形 ACDACD 中,CD=24CD = 24,所以 cos⁡∠CAD=147+507−5762⋅73⋅133=17,sin⁡∠CAD=437。 \begin{aligned} \cos \angle CAD &= \frac{147 + 507 - 576}{2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{1}{7}, \\ \sin \angle CAD &= \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} \end{aligned}\text{。}

分拆 f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)≥BE+T+ (AX + CX + DX) \ge BE + T,其中 TT 是 AX+CX+DXAX + CX + DX 的最小值。因为 ∠BAE=30∘+∠CAD+30∘\angle BAE = 30^\circ + \angle CAD + 30^\circ,得到 cos⁡∠BAE=12⋅17\cos \angle BAE = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{7} −32⋅437- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} =−1114= -\frac{11}{14},所以 BE2=142+262BE^2 = 14^2 + 26^2 +2⋅14⋅26⋅1114=1444+ 2 \cdot 14 \cdot 26 \cdot \frac{11}{14} = 1444,且 BE=38BE = 38。三角形 ACDACD 的所有角都小于 120∘120^\circ,所以 TT 在其费马点处取得;在边 ACAC 远离 DD 的一侧作等边三角形 ACPACP,标准旋转论证给出 T=PDT = PD,又因为 ∠PAD=60∘+∠CAD\angle PAD = 60^\circ + \angle CAD 的余弦也为 −1114-\frac{11}{14},T2=147+507+2⋅73⋅133⋅1114=1083,T=193。 \begin{gathered} T^2 \\ = 147 + 507 \\ {}+ 2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{11}{14} \\ = 1083, \\ T = 19\sqrt{3} \end{gathered}\text{。}

两个下界可以同时取到:令 FF 为三角形 ACDACD 的费马点,则 ∠AFC=∠AFD=120∘\angle AFC = \angle AFD = 120^\circ。因为 ∠AFC+∠ABC=180∘\angle AFC + \angle ABC = 180^\circ,点 FF 在 ABCABC 的外接圆上,于是 ∠AFB=∠ACB=90∘\angle AFB = \angle ACB = 90^\circ;同理 FF 在 AEDAED 的外接圆上,且 ∠AFE=∠ADE=90∘\angle AFE = \angle ADE = 90^\circ。因此 ∠BFE=180∘\angle BFE = 180^\circ,所以 FF 位于线段 BEBE 上,并且 f(F)=BE+T=38+193f(F) = BE + T = 38 + 19\sqrt{3}。答案为 m+n+p=38+19+3=60m + n + p = 38 + 19 + 3 = 60。

In triangle ABC,ABC, the law of cosines with ∠B=60∘\angle B = 60^\circ gives AC2=142+72−14⋅7=147,AC^2 = 14^2 + 7^2 - 14 \cdot 7 = 147, so AC=73;AC = 7\sqrt{3}; since 72+147=142,7^2 + 147 = 14^2, the angle at CC is right and ∠BAC=30∘.\angle BAC = 30^\circ. Likewise AD=133,AD = 13\sqrt{3}, with a right angle at DD and ∠DAE=30∘.\angle DAE = 30^\circ. In triangle ACDACD with CD=24,CD = 24, cos⁡∠CAD=147+507−5762⋅73⋅133=17,sin⁡∠CAD=437. \begin{aligned} \cos \angle CAD &= \frac{147 + 507 - 576}{2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{1}{7}, \\ \sin \angle CAD &= \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7}. \end{aligned}

Split f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)≥BE+T,+ (AX + CX + DX) \ge BE + T, where TT is the minimum of AX+CX+DX.AX + CX + DX. Since ∠BAE=30∘+∠CAD+30∘,\angle BAE = 30^\circ + \angle CAD + 30^\circ, we get cos⁡∠BAE=12⋅17\cos \angle BAE = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{7} −32⋅437- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} =−1114,= -\frac{11}{14}, so BE2=142+262BE^2 = 14^2 + 26^2 +2⋅14⋅26⋅1114=1444+ 2 \cdot 14 \cdot 26 \cdot \frac{11}{14} = 1444 and BE=38.BE = 38. All angles of triangle ACDACD are less than 120∘,120^\circ, so TT is attained at its Fermat point; erecting an equilateral triangle ACPACP on side ACAC away from D,D, the standard rotation argument gives T=PD,T = PD, and since ∠PAD=60∘+∠CAD\angle PAD = 60^\circ + \angle CAD also has cosine −1114,-\frac{11}{14}, T2=147+507+2⋅73⋅133⋅1114=1083,T=193. \begin{gathered} T^2 \\ = 147 + 507 \\ {}+ 2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{11}{14} \\ = 1083, \\ T = 19\sqrt{3}. \end{gathered}

Both bounds are tight simultaneously: let FF be the Fermat point of ACD,ACD, so ∠AFC=∠AFD=120∘.\angle AFC = \angle AFD = 120^\circ. Since ∠AFC+∠ABC=180∘,\angle AFC + \angle ABC = 180^\circ, point FF lies on the circumcircle of ABC,ABC, whence ∠AFB=∠ACB=90∘;\angle AFB = \angle ACB = 90^\circ; similarly FF lies on the circumcircle of AEDAED and ∠AFE=∠ADE=90∘.\angle AFE = \angle ADE = 90^\circ. Thus ∠BFE=180∘,\angle BFE = 180^\circ, so FF lies on segment BEBE and f(F)=BE+T=38+193.f(F) = BE + T = 38 + 19\sqrt{3}. The answer is m+n+p=38+19+3=60.m + n + p = 38 + 19 + 3 = 60.

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