1984 AIME 第 14 题

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14.

不能表示为两个奇合数之和的最大偶数是多少?

What is the largest even integer that cannot be written as the sum of two odd composite numbers?

答案:38
知识点:质数模运算极端原理
难度评级:2650
小提示:

对每个候选偶数,列出不大于其一半的奇合数

Test candidate even integers by listing the odd composites no greater than half the candidate

大提示:

对于足够大的偶数 NN,按模 66 分类,并尝试减去 9925253535

For sufficiently large even N,N, work modulo 66 and try subtracting 9,9, 25,25, or 3535

解答:

若将 3838 表示成两个奇合数之和,其中较小的奇合数至多为 1919。可能的数只有 991515,其补数分别为素数 29292323。因此 3838 无法按要求表示。

现设 N>38N>38 为偶数。若 N0(mod6)N\equiv0\pmod6,写成 N=9+(N9)N=9+(N-9)。若 N2(mod6)N\equiv2\pmod6,写成 N=35+(N35)N=35+(N-35)。若 N4(mod6)N\equiv4\pmod6,写成 N=25+(N25)N=25+(N-25)。每种情形下,第二个加数都是大于 33 的奇数且为 33 的倍数,因而是合数;固定的第一个加数也都是奇合数。所以每个大于 3838 的偶数都可按要求表示,故最大例外是 3838

In a representation of 38,38, the smaller odd composite would be at most 19.19. The only possibilities are 99 and 15,15, whose complements 2929 and 2323 are prime. Thus 3838 is not representable.

Now let N>38N>38 be even. If N0(mod6),N\equiv0\pmod6, write N=9+(N9).N=9+(N-9). If N2(mod6),N\equiv2\pmod6, write N=35+(N35).N=35+(N-35). If N4(mod6),N\equiv4\pmod6, write N=25+(N25).N=25+(N-25). In each case the second summand is an odd multiple of 33 greater than 3,3, hence is composite; the fixed first summand is also odd and composite. Therefore every even integer greater than 3838 is representable, so the largest exception is 38.38.

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