1984 AIME 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
求 的值,其中 、、、 构成公差为 的等差数列,且 。
Find the value of if is an arithmetic progression with common difference and
小提示:
将奇数下标的项与偶数下标的项配对
Pair the odd-indexed terms with the even-indexed terms
大提示:
每个偶数下标的项都比紧邻其前的奇数下标项大
Each even-indexed term is greater than the odd-indexed term immediately before it
解答:
令 ,。共有 对,并且 ,所以 。又有 。将两个等式相加,得到 ,因此 。
Let and There are pairs, and so Also Adding the two equations gives and hence
2.
整数 是 的最小正倍数,并且 的每一位数字均为 或 。求 。
The integer is the smallest positive multiple of such that every digit of is either or Compute
小提示:
被 整除的条件决定了末位数字
Divisibility by determines the last digit
大提示:
被 整除的条件限制了数字 出现的次数
Divisibility by restricts the number of digits equal to
解答:
的倍数必须以 结尾,且各位数字之和能被 整除。因为 ,数字 的个数必须是 的正倍数。因此,最小的可能数由三个 后接一个 组成,即 。所以 。
A multiple of must end in and have digit sum divisible by Because the number of ’s must be a positive multiple of The smallest possible number therefore has three ’s followed by namely Thus
3.
选取一点 ,它位于 内部。过 作分别平行于 三边的直线,所得图中三个小三角形 、 和 的面积依次为 、 和 。求 的面积。
A point is chosen in the interior of so that when lines are drawn through parallel to the sides of the resulting smaller triangles, and in the figure, have areas and respectively. Find the area of
小提示:
三个小三角形都与 相似
Each of the three smaller triangles is similar to
大提示:
将每个面积比转化为长度比,再把三个长度比相加
Convert each area ratio into a linear ratio and add the three linear ratios
解答:
设 的面积为 。三个小三角形都与 相似,因此相应的长度比分别为 每个这样的相似比也等于 到某一边的垂直距离除以该边上的高。这三个比正是重心坐标中的面积比 、 和 ,其和为 。因此 所以 ,且 。
Let the area of be The three small triangles are similar to so their corresponding linear ratios are Each such scale factor is also the perpendicular distance from to one side divided by the altitude to that side. These are the three barycentric area ratios and which add to Hence Therefore and
4.
设 是一个正整数数列,其中的数不必互不相同,并且包含 。 中各数的平均数(算术平均数)为 。但删去 后,其余各数的平均数降为 。 中可能出现的最大数是多少?
Let be a list of positive integers—not necessarily distinct—in which the number appears. The average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers in is However, if is removed, the average of the remaining numbers drops to What is the largest number that can appear in
小提示:
设原数列共有 项
Let be the number of entries in the original list
大提示:
要使某一项最大,应让所有不受限制的正整数项尽可能小
To maximize one entry, make every unrestricted positive integer as small as possible
解答:
若原数列有 项,则 因此 ,各项总和为 。除 这一项外,令十一项都等于最小正整数 。余下的一项便是 这一构造符合条件,并且不可能有更大的项。
If the original list has entries, then so and the total of the entries is Besides the entry make eleven entries equal to the least positive integer, The remaining entry is then This construction is valid, and no larger entry is possible.
5.
6.
有三个半径均为 的圆,其圆心分别为 、 和 。一条经过 的直线,将三个圆各自在直线一侧的部分面积相加,所得总面积恰好等于另一侧各部分的总面积。求这条直线斜率的绝对值。
Three circles, each of radius are drawn with centers at and A line passing through is such that the total area of the parts of the three circles to one side of the line is equal to the total area of the parts of the three circles to the other side of it. What is the absolute value of the slope of this line?
小提示:
这条直线已经平分了以 为圆心的圆
The line already bisects the circle centered at
大提示:
对于另外两个相等的圆,它们的圆心到直线的有向距离必须互为相反数
For the other two equal circles, their signed distances from the line must be opposites
解答:
对于半径为 的圆,设 表示圆心到直线的有向距离为 时,直线两侧面积的有向差。函数 是奇函数,在 上严格递增;只有当直线不再与圆相交时,它才取常值。以 为圆心的圆贡献为零,因此这条直线必须将另外两个圆心分隔在两侧。
设这两个圆心的中点为 。在所有经过 并将它们分隔开的直线中,当两个圆心到直线的距离相等时,这两个距离中的较小者最大;此时直线经过 。即使在这种情形下,该距离也只有 ,所以直线必与两个圆中的至少一个相交。要使两者的面积贡献平衡,直线就必须与两个圆都相交。由 的严格递增性,两个有向距离必须互为相反数,因此所求直线经过 。其斜率为 所以斜率的绝对值为 。
For a circle of radius let be the signed difference between the areas on the two sides of a line when the center’s signed distance from the line is The function is odd and strictly increasing for and is constant only after the line no longer cuts the circle. The circle centered at contributes zero, so the line must separate the other two centers.
Let be the midpoint of those two centers. Among the lines through that separate them, the smaller of their two distances to the line is largest when the distances are equal, namely for the line through Even then, the distance is so the line must cut at least one of the two circles. Balance then forces it to cut both. The strict increase of therefore forces the two signed distances to be opposites, so the required line passes through Its slope is Its absolute value is
7.
函数 定义在整数集上,并满足 (当 时),以及 (当 时)。求 。
The function is defined on the set of integers and satisfies if and if Find
小提示:
先计算 、、、
Start by evaluating
大提示:
用向下归纳法找出所有小于 的整数所遵循的奇偶规律
Use downward induction to find a parity pattern for every integer below
解答:
由定义直接得到 继续计算可得 、 和 。
现用向下归纳法。若偶数 ,则 为奇数,所以根据已在大于 的整数上成立的规律,有 。因此 。若 为奇数,同理得到 。所以每个偶数 的值都是 。由于 是偶数,故 。
Directly from the definition, Continuing gives and
We now use downward induction. If is even, then is odd, so the established pattern above gives Thus If is odd, the same argument gives Thus every even has value Since is even,
8.
方程 在复平面上有一个复根,其辐角 介于 与 之间。求 的度数。
The equation has one complex root with argument between and in the complex plane. Determine the degree measure of
9.
在四面体 中,棱 长 厘米。面 的面积为 ,面 的面积为 。这两个面之间的夹角为 。求该四面体的体积,单位为 。
In tetrahedron edge has length cm. The area of face is and the area of face is These two faces meet each other at a angle. Find the volume of the tetrahedron in
小提示:
求 和 到公共棱 的高
Find the altitudes from and to the common edge
大提示:
用公共棱长、两条高以及二面角的正弦表示四面体的体积
Express the tetrahedron’s volume using the common edge, the two altitudes, and the sine of the dihedral angle
解答:
设 和 分别为 和 到 的垂直距离。由两个面的面积可得 这两个垂直方向之间的夹角就是 的二面角。因此,由标量三重积可得
Let and be the perpendicular distances from and to From the two face areas, The angle between these two perpendicular directions is the dihedral angle. Hence the scalar triple product gives
10.
玛丽告诉约翰她在美国高中数学竞赛(AHSME)中的分数,该分数高于 。由此,约翰能够确定玛丽答对的题数。如果玛丽的分数是任何一个更低但仍高于 的分数,约翰就无法确定答对的题数。玛丽的分数是多少?(AHSME 共有 道选择题,分数 按公式 计算,其中 为答对题数, 为答错题数;未作答的题不扣分。)
Mary told John her score on the American High School Mathematics Examination (AHSME), which was over From this, John was able to determine the number of problems Mary solved correctly. If Mary’s score had been any lower, but still over John could not have determined this. What was Mary’s score? (Recall that the AHSME consists of multiple-choice problems and that one’s score, is computed by the formula where is the number correct and is the number wrong; students are not penalized for problems left unanswered.)
小提示:
对于固定分数 ,用 和 表示答错题数
For a fixed score express the number wrong in terms of and
大提示:
利用 和 限定 可能的整数值
Use and to bound the possible integer values of
解答:
由 ,可得 。条件 和 给出 对从 到 的各个分数计算这两个整数端点,总会得到至少两个可能的 值。当 时,两个端点都等于 ,所以约翰能确定 。因此,满足要求的第一个高于 的分数是 。
From we have The conditions and give Evaluating these integer endpoints for scores through always leaves at least two possible values of At both endpoints equal so John can determine Thus the first score over with the required property is
11.
一位园丁把三棵枫树、四棵橡树和五棵桦树种成一排。他按随机顺序种植,每种排列出现的可能性相同。若任意两棵桦树都不相邻的概率以最简分数表示为 ,求 。
A gardener plants three maple trees, four oak trees, and five birch trees in a row. He plants them in random order, each arrangement being equally likely. Let in lowest terms be the probability that no two birch trees are next to one another. Find
小提示:
先选择桦树占据的五个位置
First choose the five positions occupied by birch trees
大提示:
先排好七棵非桦树,再利用它们周围的八个空隙
Place the seven non-birch trees first and use the eight gaps around them
解答:
五棵桦树的位置构成一个 元子集,它是从 个位置中等可能选出的,因此共有 种可能。排好七棵非桦树后,包括两端的空隙在内共有八个空隙。从中选取五个不同的空隙,可得 种没有相邻桦树的排列。因此 所以 。
The five birch positions form a uniformly chosen -element subset of the positions, so there are possibilities. After the seven non-birch trees are placed, there are eight gaps, including the two end gaps. Choosing five distinct gaps gives arrangements with no adjacent birches. Therefore and
12.
函数 定义在全体实数上,并满足 其中 为任意实数。若 是方程 的一个根,那么方程 至少必须有多少个根位于区间 内?
A function is defined for all real numbers and satisfies for all real If is a root of what is the least number of roots must have in the interval
小提示:
将两个等式理解为分别关于 和 的反射对称
Interpret the two identities as reflection symmetries about and
大提示:
依次进行这两次反射会产生平移
Composing the two reflections produces a translation by
解答:
这两个等式使根集在关于 和 的反射下保持不变。这两次反射的复合是平移 。从根 出发,这些变换迫使下列集合中的每个数都成为根: 在给定区间内,第一个集合贡献 个根,第二个集合贡献 个根,共有 个。
这个下界可以达到:在上述不变集合上定义 为 ,在其他地方定义为 。它满足所要求的两种反射对称。因此,最少可能的根数为 。
The identities make the root set invariant under reflection about and about Their composition is translation by Starting from the root these operations force every number in to be a root. In the interval, the first set contributes roots and the second contributes for a total of
This bound is attainable: define to be on this invariant set and elsewhere. It has both required reflection symmetries. Hence the least possible number is
13.
求下式的值:
Find the value of
14.
不能表示为两个奇合数之和的最大偶数是多少?
What is the largest even integer that cannot be written as the sum of two odd composite numbers?
小提示:
对每个候选偶数,列出不大于其一半的奇合数
Test candidate even integers by listing the odd composites no greater than half the candidate
大提示:
对于足够大的偶数 ,按模 分类,并尝试减去 、 或
For sufficiently large even work modulo and try subtracting or
解答:
若将 表示成两个奇合数之和,其中较小的奇合数至多为 。可能的数只有 和 ,其补数分别为素数 和 。因此 无法按要求表示。
现设 为偶数。若 ,写成 。若 ,写成 。若 ,写成 。每种情形下,第二个加数都是大于 的奇数且为 的倍数,因而是合数;固定的第一个加数也都是奇合数。所以每个大于 的偶数都可按要求表示,故最大例外是 。
In a representation of the smaller odd composite would be at most The only possibilities are and whose complements and are prime. Thus is not representable.
Now let be even. If write If write If write In each case the second summand is an odd multiple of greater than hence is composite; the fixed first summand is also odd and composite. Therefore every even integer greater than is representable, so the largest exception is
15.
求 ,其中以下各式成立:
Determine if
小提示:
把四个左式看作同一个关于 的有理函数在不同点的值
Regard the four left sides as values of one rational function in
大提示:
比较 的系数,并令 趋于无穷大
Compare the coefficient of as tends to infinity
解答:
定义 并令 通分至分母 后, 的分子的首项系数为 。四个方程说明它的零点为 、、 和 。因此 。
令 。当 趋于无穷大时,定义式给出 另一方面,分子的四个根之和为 ,分母的四个根之和为 ,所以因式分解形式给出 因此 。
Define Put With common denominator the numerator of has leading coefficient The four equations say its zeros are and Therefore
Let As tends to infinity, the defining expression gives On the other hand, the sum of the four numerator roots is while the sum of the four denominator roots is so the factored expression gives Hence