1984 AIME 真题

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1.

a2+a4+a6++a98a_2+a_4+a_6+\cdots+a_{98} 的值,其中 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots 构成公差为 11 的等差数列,且 a1+a2+a3++a98=137a_1+a_2+a_3+\cdots+a_{98}=137

Find the value of a2+a4+a6++a98a_2+a_4+a_6+\cdots+a_{98} if a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots is an arithmetic progression with common difference 1,1, and a1+a2+a3++a98=137.a_1+a_2+a_3+\cdots+a_{98}=137.

答案:93
知识点:等差数列求和
难度评级:1580
小提示:

将奇数下标的项与偶数下标的项配对

Pair the odd-indexed terms with the even-indexed terms

大提示:

每个偶数下标的项都比紧邻其前的奇数下标项大 11

Each even-indexed term is 11 greater than the odd-indexed term immediately before it

解答:

E=a2+a4++a98E=a_2+a_4+\cdots+a_{98}O=a1+a3++a97O=a_1+a_3+\cdots+a_{97}。共有 4949 对,并且 a2ka2k1=1a_{2k}-a_{2k-1}=1,所以 EO=49E-O=49。又有 E+O=137E+O=137。将两个等式相加,得到 2E=1862E=186,因此 E=93E=93

Let E=a2+a4++a98E=a_2+a_4+\cdots+a_{98} and O=a1+a3++a97.O=a_1+a_3+\cdots+a_{97}. There are 4949 pairs, and a2ka2k1=1,a_{2k}-a_{2k-1}=1, so EO=49.E-O=49. Also E+O=137.E+O=137. Adding the two equations gives 2E=186,2E=186, and hence E=93.E=93.

2.

整数 nn1515 的最小正倍数,并且 nn 的每一位数字均为 8800。求 n15\frac{n}{15}

The integer nn is the smallest positive multiple of 1515 such that every digit of nn is either 88 or 0.0. Compute n15.\frac{n}{15}.

答案:592
知识点:整除性数字
难度评级:1890
小提示:

55 整除的条件决定了末位数字

Divisibility by 55 determines the last digit

大提示:

33 整除的条件限制了数字 88 出现的次数

Divisibility by 33 restricts the number of digits equal to 88

解答:

1515 的倍数必须以 00 结尾,且各位数字之和能被 33 整除。因为 82(mod3)8\equiv2\pmod3,数字 88 的个数必须是 33 的正倍数。因此,最小的可能数由三个 88 后接一个 00 组成,即 n=8880n=8880。所以 n15=592\frac{n}{15}=592

A multiple of 1515 must end in 00 and have digit sum divisible by 3.3. Because 82(mod3),8\equiv2\pmod3, the number of 88’s must be a positive multiple of 3.3. The smallest possible number therefore has three 88’s followed by 0,0, namely n=8880.n=8880. Thus n15=592.\frac{n}{15}=592.

3.

选取一点 PP,它位于 ABC\triangle ABC 内部。过 PP 作分别平行于 ABC\triangle ABC 三边的直线,所得图中三个小三角形 t1t_1t2t_2t3t_3 的面积依次为 44994949。求 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。

A point PP is chosen in the interior of ABC\triangle ABC so that when lines are drawn through PP parallel to the sides of ABC,\triangle ABC, the resulting smaller triangles, t1,t_1, t2,t_2, and t3t_3 in the figure, have areas 4,4, 9,9, and 49,49, respectively. Find the area of ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:144
知识点:相似面积比
难度评级:2260
小提示:

三个小三角形都与 ABC\triangle ABC 相似

Each of the three smaller triangles is similar to ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

将每个面积比转化为长度比,再把三个长度比相加

Convert each area ratio into a linear ratio and add the three linear ratios

解答:

ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 KK。三个小三角形都与 ABC\triangle ABC 相似,因此相应的长度比分别为 2K,3K,7K \frac{2}{\sqrt K},\qquad \frac{3}{\sqrt K},\qquad \frac{7}{\sqrt K}\text{。}每个这样的相似比也等于 PP 到某一边的垂直距离除以该边上的高。这三个比正是重心坐标中的面积比 [PBC]K\frac{[PBC]}{K}[PCA]K\frac{[PCA]}{K}[PAB]K\frac{[PAB]}{K},其和为 11。因此 2+3+7K=1 \frac{2+3+7}{\sqrt K}=1\text{。}所以 K=12\sqrt K=12,且 K=144K=144

Let the area of ABC\triangle ABC be K.K. The three small triangles are similar to ABC,\triangle ABC, so their corresponding linear ratios are 2K,3K,7K. \frac{2}{\sqrt K},\qquad \frac{3}{\sqrt K},\qquad \frac{7}{\sqrt K}. Each such scale factor is also the perpendicular distance from PP to one side divided by the altitude to that side. These are the three barycentric area ratios [PBC]K,\frac{[PBC]}{K}, [PCA]K,\frac{[PCA]}{K}, and [PAB]K,\frac{[PAB]}{K}, which add to 1.1. Hence 2+3+7K=1. \frac{2+3+7}{\sqrt K}=1. Therefore K=12\sqrt K=12 and K=144.K=144.

4.

SS 是一个正整数数列,其中的数不必互不相同,并且包含 6868SS 中各数的平均数(算术平均数)为 5656。但删去 6868 后,其余各数的平均数降为 5555SS 中可能出现的最大数是多少?

Let SS be a list of positive integers—not necessarily distinct—in which the number 6868 appears. The average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers in SS is 56.56. However, if 6868 is removed, the average of the remaining numbers drops to 55.55. What is the largest number that can appear in S?S?

答案:649
知识点:平均数最优化
难度评级:1670
小提示:

设原数列共有 NN

Let NN be the number of entries in the original list

大提示:

要使某一项最大,应让所有不受限制的正整数项尽可能小

To maximize one entry, make every unrestricted positive integer as small as possible

解答:

若原数列有 NN 项,则 56N68=55(N1) 56N-68=55(N-1)\text{,}因此 N=13N=13,各项总和为 5613=72856\cdot13=728。除 6868 这一项外,令十一项都等于最小正整数 11。余下的一项便是 7286811=649 728-68-11=649\text{。}这一构造符合条件,并且不可能有更大的项。

If the original list has NN entries, then 56N68=55(N1), 56N-68=55(N-1), so N=13N=13 and the total of the entries is 5613=728.56\cdot13=728. Besides the entry 68,68, make eleven entries equal to the least positive integer, 1.1. The remaining entry is then 7286811=649. 728-68-11=649. This construction is valid, and no larger entry is possible.

5.

abab 的值,其中 log8a+log4b2=5\log_8a+\log_4b^2=5,且 log8b+log4a2=7\log_8b+\log_4a^2=7

Determine the value of abab if log8a+log4b2=5\log_8a+\log_4b^2=5 and log8b+log4a2=7.\log_8b+\log_4a^2=7.

答案:512
知识点:对数方程组
难度评级:1960
小提示:

将所有对数都改写为以 22 为底

Express every logarithm using base 22

大提示:

A=log2aA=\log_2aB=log2bB=\log_2b,得到一个线性方程组

Set A=log2aA=\log_2a and B=log2bB=\log_2b to obtain a linear system

解答:

A=log2aA=\log_2aB=log2bB=\log_2b。两个方程变为 A3+B=5,B3+A=7 \frac A3+B=5,\qquad \frac B3+A=7\text{。}等价地,A+3B=15A+3B=15,且 3A+B=213A+B=21,解得 A=6A=6B=3B=3。因此 ab=2A+B=29=512ab=2^{A+B}=2^9=512

Let A=log2aA=\log_2a and B=log2b.B=\log_2b. The two equations become A3+B=5,B3+A=7. \frac A3+B=5,\qquad \frac B3+A=7. Equivalently, A+3B=15A+3B=15 and 3A+B=21,3A+B=21, which give A=6A=6 and B=3.B=3. Therefore ab=2A+B=29=512.ab=2^{A+B}=2^9=512.

6.

有三个半径均为 33 的圆,其圆心分别为 (14,92)(14,92)(17,76)(17,76)(19,84)(19,84)。一条经过 (17,76)(17,76) 的直线,将三个圆各自在直线一侧的部分面积相加,所得总面积恰好等于另一侧各部分的总面积。求这条直线斜率的绝对值。

Three circles, each of radius 3,3, are drawn with centers at (14,92),(14,92), (17,76),(17,76), and (19,84).(19,84). A line passing through (17,76)(17,76) is such that the total area of the parts of the three circles to one side of the line is equal to the total area of the parts of the three circles to the other side of it. What is the absolute value of the slope of this line?

答案:24
难度评级:2410
小提示:

这条直线已经平分了以 (17,76)(17,76) 为圆心的圆

The line already bisects the circle centered at (17,76)(17,76)

大提示:

对于另外两个相等的圆,它们的圆心到直线的有向距离必须互为相反数

For the other two equal circles, their signed distances from the line must be opposites

解答:

对于半径为 33 的圆,设 G(d)G(d) 表示圆心到直线的有向距离为 dd 时,直线两侧面积的有向差。函数 GG 是奇函数,在 3<d<3-3<d<3 上严格递增;只有当直线不再与圆相交时,它才取常值。以 (17,76)(17,76) 为圆心的圆贡献为零,因此这条直线必须将另外两个圆心分隔在两侧。

设这两个圆心的中点为 M=(332,88)M=(\frac{33}{2},88)。在所有经过 (17,76)(17,76) 并将它们分隔开的直线中,当两个圆心到直线的距离相等时,这两个距离中的较小者最大;此时直线经过 MM。即使在这种情形下,该距离也只有 56577<3\frac{56}{\sqrt{577}}<3,所以直线必与两个圆中的至少一个相交。要使两者的面积贡献平衡,直线就必须与两个圆都相交。由 GG 的严格递增性,两个有向距离必须互为相反数,因此所求直线经过 MM。其斜率为 887633217=24 \frac{88-76}{\frac{33}{2}-17}=-24\text{。}所以斜率的绝对值为 2424

For a circle of radius 3,3, let G(d)G(d) be the signed difference between the areas on the two sides of a line when the center’s signed distance from the line is d.d. The function GG is odd and strictly increasing for 3<d<3,-3<d<3, and is constant only after the line no longer cuts the circle. The circle centered at (17,76)(17,76) contributes zero, so the line must separate the other two centers.

Let M=(332,88)M=(\frac{33}{2},88) be the midpoint of those two centers. Among the lines through (17,76)(17,76) that separate them, the smaller of their two distances to the line is largest when the distances are equal, namely for the line through M.M. Even then, the distance is 56577<3,\frac{56}{\sqrt{577}}<3, so the line must cut at least one of the two circles. Balance then forces it to cut both. The strict increase of GG therefore forces the two signed distances to be opposites, so the required line passes through M.M. Its slope is 887633217=24. \frac{88-76}{\frac{33}{2}-17}=-24. Its absolute value is 24.24.

7.

函数 ff 定义在整数集上,并满足 f(n)=n3f(n)=n-3(当 n1000n\geq1000 时),以及 f(n)=f(f(n+5)) f(n)=f(f(n+5)) (当 n<1000n<1000 时)。求 f(84)f(84)

The function ff is defined on the set of integers and satisfies f(n)=n3f(n)=n-3 if n1000,n\geq1000, and f(n)=f(f(n+5)) f(n)=f(f(n+5)) if n<1000.n<1000. Find f(84).f(84).

答案:997
难度评级:2440
小提示:

先计算 f(995)f(995)f(996)f(996)\ldotsf(999)f(999)

Start by evaluating f(995),f(995), f(996),f(996), ,\ldots, f(999)f(999)

大提示:

用向下归纳法找出所有小于 10001000 的整数所遵循的奇偶规律

Use downward induction to find a parity pattern for every integer below 10001000

解答:

由定义直接得到 f(999)=f(f(1004))=f(1001)=998,f(998)=f(f(1003))=f(1000)=997 \begin{aligned} f(999)&=f(f(1004))\\ &=f(1001)=998,\\ f(998)&=f(f(1003))\\ &=f(1000)=997 \end{aligned}\text{。}继续计算可得 f(997)=998f(997)=998f(996)=997f(996)=997f(995)=998f(995)=998

现用向下归纳法。若偶数 n<995n<995,则 n+5n+5 为奇数,所以根据已在大于 nn 的整数上成立的规律,有 f(n)=f(f(n+5))f(n)=f(f(n+5))。因此 f(n)=f(998)=997f(n)=f(998)=997。若 nn 为奇数,同理得到 f(n)=f(997)=998f(n)=f(997)=998。所以每个偶数 n<1000n<1000 的值都是 997997。由于 8484 是偶数,故 f(84)=997f(84)=997

Directly from the definition, f(999)=f(f(1004))=f(1001)=998,f(998)=f(f(1003))=f(1000)=997. \begin{aligned} f(999)&=f(f(1004))\\ &=f(1001)=998,\\ f(998)&=f(f(1003))\\ &=f(1000)=997. \end{aligned} Continuing gives f(997)=998,f(997)=998, f(996)=997,f(996)=997, and f(995)=998.f(995)=998.

We now use downward induction. If n<995n<995 is even, then n+5n+5 is odd, so the established pattern above nn gives f(n)=f(f(n+5)).f(n)=f(f(n+5)). Thus f(n)=f(998)=997.f(n)=f(998)=997. If nn is odd, the same argument gives f(n)=f(997)=998.f(n)=f(997)=998. Thus every even n<1000n<1000 has value 997.997. Since 8484 is even, f(84)=997.f(84)=997.

8.

方程 z6+z3+1=0z^6+z^3+1=0 在复平面上有一个复根,其辐角 θ\theta 介于 9090^\circ180180^\circ 之间。求 θ\theta 的度数。

The equation z6+z3+1=0z^6+z^3+1=0 has one complex root with argument θ\theta between 9090^\circ and 180180^\circ in the complex plane. Determine the degree measure of θ.\theta.

答案:160
知识点:复数单位根
难度评级:2210
小提示:

代入 u=z3u=z^3

Substitute u=z3u=z^3

大提示:

z3z^3 的两个可能辐角是 120120^\circ240240^\circ

The two possible arguments of z3z^3 are 120120^\circ and 240240^\circ

解答:

u=z3u=z^3。则 u2+u+1=0u^2+u+1=0,所以 uu 的辐角为 120120^\circ240240^\circ。取立方根后,可能的辐角为 40,160,280,80,200,320 40^\circ,160^\circ,280^\circ,80^\circ,200^\circ,320^\circ\text{。}其中唯一严格介于 9090^\circ180180^\circ 之间的是 160160^\circ

Let u=z3.u=z^3. Then u2+u+1=0,u^2+u+1=0, so uu has argument 120120^\circ or 240.240^\circ. Taking cube roots gives possible arguments 40,160,280,80,200,320. 40^\circ,160^\circ,280^\circ,80^\circ,200^\circ,320^\circ. The only one strictly between 9090^\circ and 180180^\circ is 160.160^\circ.

9.

在四面体 ABCDABCD 中,棱 ABAB33 厘米。面 ABCABC 的面积为 15 cm215\text{ cm}^2,面 ABDABD 的面积为 12 cm212\text{ cm}^2。这两个面之间的夹角为 3030^\circ。求该四面体的体积,单位为 cm3\text{cm}^3

In tetrahedron ABCD,ABCD, edge ABAB has length 33 cm. The area of face ABCABC is 15 cm215\text{ cm}^2 and the area of face ABDABD is 12 cm2.12\text{ cm}^2. These two faces meet each other at a 3030^\circ angle. Find the volume of the tetrahedron in cm3.\text{cm}^3.

答案:20
难度评级:2650
小提示:

CCDD 到公共棱 ABAB 的高

Find the altitudes from CC and DD to the common edge ABAB

大提示:

用公共棱长、两条高以及二面角的正弦表示四面体的体积

Express the tetrahedron’s volume using the common edge, the two altitudes, and the sine of the dihedral angle

解答:

hCh_ChDh_D 分别为 CCDDABAB 的垂直距离。由两个面的面积可得 hC=2153=10,hD=2123=8 \begin{aligned} h_C&=\frac{2\cdot15}{3}=10,\\ h_D&=\frac{2\cdot12}{3}=8 \end{aligned}\text{。}这两个垂直方向之间的夹角就是 3030^\circ 的二面角。因此,由标量三重积可得 V=16(AB)hChDsin30=16310812=20 \begin{aligned} V&=\frac16(AB)h_Ch_D\sin30^\circ\\ &=\frac16\cdot3\cdot10\cdot8\cdot\frac12\\ &=20 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let hCh_C and hDh_D be the perpendicular distances from CC and DD to AB.AB. From the two face areas, hC=2153=10,hD=2123=8. \begin{aligned} h_C&=\frac{2\cdot15}{3}=10,\\ h_D&=\frac{2\cdot12}{3}=8. \end{aligned} The angle between these two perpendicular directions is the 3030^\circ dihedral angle. Hence the scalar triple product gives V=16(AB)hChDsin30=16310812=20. \begin{aligned} V&=\frac16(AB)h_Ch_D\sin30^\circ\\ &=\frac16\cdot3\cdot10\cdot8\cdot\frac12\\ &=20. \end{aligned}

10.

玛丽告诉约翰她在美国高中数学竞赛(AHSME)中的分数,该分数高于 8080。由此,约翰能够确定玛丽答对的题数。如果玛丽的分数是任何一个更低但仍高于 8080 的分数,约翰就无法确定答对的题数。玛丽的分数是多少?(AHSME 共有 3030 道选择题,分数 ss 按公式 s=30+4cws=30+4c-w 计算,其中 cc 为答对题数,ww 为答错题数;未作答的题不扣分。)

Mary told John her score on the American High School Mathematics Examination (AHSME), which was over 80.80. From this, John was able to determine the number of problems Mary solved correctly. If Mary’s score had been any lower, but still over 80,80, John could not have determined this. What was Mary’s score? (Recall that the AHSME consists of 3030 multiple-choice problems and that one’s score, s,s, is computed by the formula s=30+4cw,s=30+4c-w, where cc is the number correct and ww is the number wrong; students are not penalized for problems left unanswered.)

答案:119
难度评级:2360
小提示:

对于固定分数 ss,用 sscc 表示答错题数

For a fixed score s,s, express the number wrong in terms of ss and cc

大提示:

利用 w0w\geq0c+w30c+w\leq30 限定 cc 可能的整数值

Use w0w\geq0 and c+w30c+w\leq30 to bound the possible integer values of cc

解答:

s=30+4cws=30+4c-w,可得 w=30+4csw=30+4c-s。条件 w0w\geq030cw030-c-w\geq0 给出 s304cs5 \left\lceil\frac{s-30}{4}\right\rceil \leq c\leq \left\lfloor\frac{s}{5}\right\rfloor\text{。}对从 8181118118 的各个分数计算这两个整数端点,总会得到至少两个可能的 cc 值。当 s=119s=119 时,两个端点都等于 2323,所以约翰能确定 c=23c=23。因此,满足要求的第一个高于 8080 的分数是 119119

From s=30+4cw,s=30+4c-w, we have w=30+4cs.w=30+4c-s. The conditions w0w\geq0 and 30cw030-c-w\geq0 give s304cs5. \left\lceil\frac{s-30}{4}\right\rceil \leq c\leq \left\lfloor\frac{s}{5}\right\rfloor. Evaluating these integer endpoints for scores 8181 through 118118 always leaves at least two possible values of c.c. At s=119,s=119, both endpoints equal 23,23, so John can determine c=23.c=23. Thus the first score over 8080 with the required property is 119.119.

11.

一位园丁把三棵枫树、四棵橡树和五棵桦树种成一排。他按随机顺序种植,每种排列出现的可能性相同。若任意两棵桦树都不相邻的概率以最简分数表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},求 m+nm+n

A gardener plants three maple trees, four oak trees, and five birch trees in a row. He plants them in random order, each arrangement being equally likely. Let mn\frac{m}{n} in lowest terms be the probability that no two birch trees are next to one another. Find m+n.m+n.

答案:106
难度评级:2160
小提示:

先选择桦树占据的五个位置

First choose the five positions occupied by birch trees

大提示:

先排好七棵非桦树,再利用它们周围的八个空隙

Place the seven non-birch trees first and use the eight gaps around them

解答:

五棵桦树的位置构成一个 55 元子集,它是从 1212 个位置中等可能选出的,因此共有 (125)\binom{12}{5} 种可能。排好七棵非桦树后,包括两端的空隙在内共有八个空隙。从中选取五个不同的空隙,可得 (85)\binom85 种没有相邻桦树的排列。因此 mn=(85)(125)=56792=799 \frac{m}{n}=\frac{\binom85}{\binom{12}{5}} =\frac{56}{792}=\frac7{99}\text{,}所以 m+n=106m+n=106

The five birch positions form a uniformly chosen 55-element subset of the 1212 positions, so there are (125)\binom{12}{5} possibilities. After the seven non-birch trees are placed, there are eight gaps, including the two end gaps. Choosing five distinct gaps gives (85)\binom85 arrangements with no adjacent birches. Therefore mn=(85)(125)=56792=799, \frac{m}{n}=\frac{\binom85}{\binom{12}{5}} =\frac{56}{792}=\frac7{99}, and m+n=106.m+n=106.

12.

函数 ff 定义在全体实数上,并满足 f(2+x)=f(2x),f(7+x)=f(7x) \begin{aligned} f(2+x)&=f(2-x),\\ f(7+x)&=f(7-x) \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 xx 为任意实数。若 x=0x=0 是方程 f(x)=0f(x)=0 的一个根,那么方程 f(x)=0f(x)=0 至少必须有多少个根位于区间 1000x1000-1000\leq x\leq1000 内?

A function ff is defined for all real numbers and satisfies f(2+x)=f(2x),f(7+x)=f(7x) \begin{aligned} f(2+x)&=f(2-x),\\ f(7+x)&=f(7-x) \end{aligned} for all real x.x. If x=0x=0 is a root of f(x)=0,f(x)=0, what is the least number of roots f(x)=0f(x)=0 must have in the interval 1000x1000?-1000\leq x\leq1000?

答案:401
难度评级:2110
小提示:

将两个等式理解为分别关于 2277 的反射对称

Interpret the two identities as reflection symmetries about 22 and 77

大提示:

依次进行这两次反射会产生平移 1010

Composing the two reflections produces a translation by 1010

解答:

这两个等式使根集在关于 2277 的反射下保持不变。这两次反射的复合是平移 1010。从根 00 出发,这些变换迫使下列集合中的每个数都成为根:{10k:kZ}{4+10k:kZ} \begin{gathered} \{10k:k\in\mathbb Z\}\\ {}\cup\{4+10k:k\in\mathbb Z\} \end{gathered} 在给定区间内,第一个集合贡献 201201 个根,第二个集合贡献 200200 个根,共有 401401 个。

这个下界可以达到:在上述不变集合上定义 ff00,在其他地方定义为 11。它满足所要求的两种反射对称。因此,最少可能的根数为 401401

The identities make the root set invariant under reflection about 22 and about 7.7. Their composition is translation by 10.10. Starting from the root 0,0, these operations force every number in {10k:kZ}{4+10k:kZ} \begin{gathered} \{10k:k\in\mathbb Z\}\\ {}\cup\{4+10k:k\in\mathbb Z\} \end{gathered} to be a root. In the interval, the first set contributes 201201 roots and the second contributes 200,200, for a total of 401.401.

This bound is attainable: define ff to be 00 on this invariant set and 11 elsewhere. It has both required reflection symmetries. Hence the least possible number is 401.401.

13.

求下式的值:10cot(cot13+cot17+cot113+cot121) \begin{aligned} 10\cot\bigl(&\cot^{-1}3+\cot^{-1}7\\ &{}+\cot^{-1}13+\cot^{-1}21\bigr) \end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the value of 10cot(cot13+cot17+cot113+cot121). \begin{aligned} 10\cot\bigl(&\cot^{-1}3+\cot^{-1}7\\ &{}+\cot^{-1}13+\cot^{-1}21\bigr). \end{aligned}

答案:15
难度评级:2280
小提示:

使用 cot(α+β)=cotαcotβ1cotα+cotβ\cot(\alpha+\beta)=\frac{\cot\alpha\cot\beta-1}{\cot\alpha+\cot\beta}

Use cot(α+β)=cotαcotβ1cotα+cotβ\cot(\alpha+\beta)=\frac{\cot\alpha\cot\beta-1}{\cot\alpha+\cot\beta}

大提示:

从左到右,每次合并两个反余切角

Combine the four inverse-cotangent angles two at a time from left to right

解答:

α=cot13+cot17\alpha=\cot^{-1}3+\cot^{-1}7。由余切加法公式可得 cotα=3713+7=2 \begin{aligned} \cot\alpha&=\frac{3\cdot7-1}{3+7}\\ &=2 \end{aligned}\text{。}再与下一个角合并,得到 21312+13=53 \frac{2\cdot13-1}{2+13}=\frac53\text{,}最后与第四个角合并,得到 (53)21153+21=32 \frac{(\frac{5}{3})\cdot21-1}{\frac{5}{3}+21}=\frac32\text{。}乘以 1010,结果为 1515

Let α=cot13+cot17.\alpha=\cot^{-1}3+\cot^{-1}7. The cotangent addition formula gives cotα=3713+7=2. \begin{aligned} \cot\alpha&=\frac{3\cdot7-1}{3+7}\\ &=2. \end{aligned} Combining the next angle gives 21312+13=53, \frac{2\cdot13-1}{2+13}=\frac53, and combining the last gives (53)21153+21=32. \frac{(\frac{5}{3})\cdot21-1}{\frac{5}{3}+21}=\frac32. Multiplying by 1010 yields 15.15.

14.

不能表示为两个奇合数之和的最大偶数是多少?

What is the largest even integer that cannot be written as the sum of two odd composite numbers?

答案:38
难度评级:2650
小提示:

对每个候选偶数,列出不大于其一半的奇合数

Test candidate even integers by listing the odd composites no greater than half the candidate

大提示:

对于足够大的偶数 NN,按模 66 分类,并尝试减去 9925253535

For sufficiently large even N,N, work modulo 66 and try subtracting 9,9, 25,25, or 3535

解答:

若将 3838 表示成两个奇合数之和,其中较小的奇合数至多为 1919。可能的数只有 991515,其补数分别为素数 29292323。因此 3838 无法按要求表示。

现设 N>38N>38 为偶数。若 N0(mod6)N\equiv0\pmod6,写成 N=9+(N9)N=9+(N-9)。若 N2(mod6)N\equiv2\pmod6,写成 N=35+(N35)N=35+(N-35)。若 N4(mod6)N\equiv4\pmod6,写成 N=25+(N25)N=25+(N-25)。每种情形下,第二个加数都是大于 33 的奇数且为 33 的倍数,因而是合数;固定的第一个加数也都是奇合数。所以每个大于 3838 的偶数都可按要求表示,故最大例外是 3838

In a representation of 38,38, the smaller odd composite would be at most 19.19. The only possibilities are 99 and 15,15, whose complements 2929 and 2323 are prime. Thus 3838 is not representable.

Now let N>38N>38 be even. If N0(mod6),N\equiv0\pmod6, write N=9+(N9).N=9+(N-9). If N2(mod6),N\equiv2\pmod6, write N=35+(N35).N=35+(N-35). If N4(mod6),N\equiv4\pmod6, write N=25+(N25).N=25+(N-25). In each case the second summand is an odd multiple of 33 greater than 3,3, hence is composite; the fixed first summand is also odd and composite. Therefore every even integer greater than 3838 is representable, so the largest exception is 38.38.

15.

w2+x2+y2+z2w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2,其中以下各式成立:x2221+y22232+z22252+w22272=1,x2421+y24232+z24252+w24272=1,x2621+y26232+z26252+w26272=1,x2821+y28232+z28252+w28272=1 \begin{gathered} \frac{x^2}{2^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{2^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{2^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{2^2-7^2}=1,\\[2pt] \frac{x^2}{4^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{4^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{4^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{4^2-7^2}=1,\\[2pt] \frac{x^2}{6^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{6^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{6^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{6^2-7^2}=1,\\[2pt] \frac{x^2}{8^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{8^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{8^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{8^2-7^2}=1 \end{gathered}

Determine w2+x2+y2+z2w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2 if x2221+y22232+z22252+w22272=1,x2421+y24232+z24252+w24272=1,x2621+y26232+z26252+w26272=1,x2821+y28232+z28252+w28272=1. \begin{gathered} \frac{x^2}{2^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{2^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{2^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{2^2-7^2}=1,\\[2pt] \frac{x^2}{4^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{4^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{4^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{4^2-7^2}=1,\\[2pt] \frac{x^2}{6^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{6^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{6^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{6^2-7^2}=1,\\[2pt] \frac{x^2}{8^2-1}+\frac{y^2}{8^2-3^2}\\[-2pt] {}+\frac{z^2}{8^2-5^2}+\frac{w^2}{8^2-7^2}=1. \end{gathered}

答案:36
难度评级:3060
小提示:

把四个左式看作同一个关于 TT 的有理函数在不同点的值

Regard the four left sides as values of one rational function in TT

大提示:

比较 1T\frac{1}{T} 的系数,并令 TT 趋于无穷大

Compare the coefficient of 1T\frac{1}{T} as TT tends to infinity

解答:

定义 R(T)=x2T1+y2T9+z2T25+w2T491 \begin{aligned} R(T)&=\frac{x^2}{T-1}+\frac{y^2}{T-9}\\ &\quad{}+\frac{z^2}{T-25}+\frac{w^2}{T-49}\\ &\quad{}-1 \end{aligned}\text{。}并令 N(T)=(T4)(T16)(T36)(T64),D(T)=(T1)(T9)(T25)(T49) \begin{aligned} N(T)&=(T-4)(T-16)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(T-36)(T-64),\\ D(T)&=(T-1)(T-9)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(T-25)(T-49) \end{aligned}\text{。}通分至分母 D(T)D(T) 后,R(T)R(T) 的分子的首项系数为 1-1。四个方程说明它的零点为 44161636366464。因此 R(T)=N(T)D(T)R(T)=-\frac{N(T)}{D(T)}

S=w2+x2+y2+z2S=w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2。当 TT 趋于无穷大时,定义式给出 R(T)=1+ST+O(T2) R(T)=-1+\frac{S}{T}+O(T^{-2})\text{。}另一方面,分子的四个根之和为 120120,分母的四个根之和为 8484,所以因式分解形式给出 R(T)=1+12084T+O(T2) \begin{aligned} R(T)&=-1+\frac{120-84}{T}\\ &\quad{}+O(T^{-2}) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 w2+x2+y2+z2=36w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2=36

Define R(T)=x2T1+y2T9+z2T25+w2T491. \begin{aligned} R(T)&=\frac{x^2}{T-1}+\frac{y^2}{T-9}\\ &\quad{}+\frac{z^2}{T-25}+\frac{w^2}{T-49}\\ &\quad{}-1. \end{aligned} Put N(T)=(T4)(T16)(T36)(T64),D(T)=(T1)(T9)(T25)(T49). \begin{aligned} N(T)&=(T-4)(T-16)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(T-36)(T-64),\\ D(T)&=(T-1)(T-9)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(T-25)(T-49). \end{aligned} With common denominator D(T),D(T), the numerator of R(T)R(T) has leading coefficient 1.-1. The four equations say its zeros are 4,4, 16,16, 36,36, and 64.64. Therefore R(T)=N(T)D(T).R(T)=-\frac{N(T)}{D(T)}.

Let S=w2+x2+y2+z2.S=w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2. As TT tends to infinity, the defining expression gives R(T)=1+ST+O(T2). R(T)=-1+\frac{S}{T}+O(T^{-2}). On the other hand, the sum of the four numerator roots is 120,120, while the sum of the four denominator roots is 84,84, so the factored expression gives R(T)=1+12084T+O(T2). \begin{aligned} R(T)&=-1+\frac{120-84}{T}\\ &\quad{}+O(T^{-2}). \end{aligned} Hence w2+x2+y2+z2=36.w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2=36.