1984 AIME 第 10 题

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10.

玛丽告诉约翰她在美国高中数学竞赛(AHSME)中的分数,该分数高于 8080。由此,约翰能够确定玛丽答对的题数。如果玛丽的分数是任何一个更低但仍高于 8080 的分数,约翰就无法确定答对的题数。玛丽的分数是多少?(AHSME 共有 3030 道选择题,分数 ss 按公式 s=30+4cws=30+4c-w 计算,其中 cc 为答对题数,ww 为答错题数;未作答的题不扣分。)

Mary told John her score on the American High School Mathematics Examination (AHSME), which was over 80.80. From this, John was able to determine the number of problems Mary solved correctly. If Mary’s score had been any lower, but still over 80,80, John could not have determined this. What was Mary’s score? (Recall that the AHSME consists of 3030 multiple-choice problems and that one’s score, s,s, is computed by the formula s=30+4cw,s=30+4c-w, where cc is the number correct and ww is the number wrong; students are not penalized for problems left unanswered.)

答案:119
知识点:丢番图方程区间内整数计数
难度评级:2360
小提示:

对于固定分数 ss,用 sscc 表示答错题数

For a fixed score s,s, express the number wrong in terms of ss and cc

大提示:

利用 w0w\geq0c+w30c+w\leq30 限定 cc 可能的整数值

Use w0w\geq0 and c+w30c+w\leq30 to bound the possible integer values of cc

解答:

s=30+4cws=30+4c-w,可得 w=30+4csw=30+4c-s。条件 w0w\geq030cw030-c-w\geq0 给出 s304cs5 \left\lceil\frac{s-30}{4}\right\rceil \leq c\leq \left\lfloor\frac{s}{5}\right\rfloor\text{。}对从 8181118118 的各个分数计算这两个整数端点,总会得到至少两个可能的 cc 值。当 s=119s=119 时,两个端点都等于 2323,所以约翰能确定 c=23c=23。因此,满足要求的第一个高于 8080 的分数是 119119

From s=30+4cw,s=30+4c-w, we have w=30+4cs.w=30+4c-s. The conditions w0w\geq0 and 30cw030-c-w\geq0 give s304cs5. \left\lceil\frac{s-30}{4}\right\rceil \leq c\leq \left\lfloor\frac{s}{5}\right\rfloor. Evaluating these integer endpoints for scores 8181 through 118118 always leaves at least two possible values of c.c. At s=119,s=119, both endpoints equal 23,23, so John can determine c=23.c=23. Thus the first score over 8080 with the required property is 119.119.

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