2020 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

mmnn 为满足以下条件的正整数:

gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1

mmm^mnnn^n 的倍数,并且

mm 不是 nn 的倍数。

m+nm + n 的最小可能值。

Let mm and nn be positive integers satisfying the conditions

gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1,

mmm^m is a multiple of nn,n^n, and

mm is not a multiple of n.n.

Find the least possible value of m+n.m + n.

答案:407
知识点:质因数分解整除性极限情形界定
难度评级:2990
小提示:

每个整除 nn 的质数都必须整除 mm,因此也整除 m+nm + n,所以 nn 的所有质因数至少为 1111

Every prime dividing nn must divide m,m, hence divides m+nm + n — so all prime factors of nn are at least 11.11.

大提示:

n=112n = 11^2,并令 m=11tm = 11ttt 不是 1111 的倍数;那么 nnn^n 整除 mmm^m 需要 m242m \ge 242。向上检查 gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1,再用得到的上界排除更大的不足指数和更大的 nn

Try n=112n = 11^2 and m=11tm = 11t with tt not divisible by 11;11; then nnn^n dividing mmm^m needs m242.m \ge 242. Scan upward for gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1, then use the resulting upper bound to rule out larger deficient exponents and larger n.n.

解答:

若质数 pp 整除 nn,则 pp 整除 nnn^n,而它又整除 mmm^m,所以 pp 整除 mm,从而 pp 整除 m+nm + n。由于 gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1nn 的质因数不能是 22335577nn 的每个质因数都至少为 1111。因为 mm 不是 nn 的倍数,某个质数 pp 满足 b=vp(m)<a=vp(n)b = v_p(m) \lt a = v_p(n),其中 vpv_p 表示 pp 的指数。由于 nnn^n 整除 mmm^m,比较 pp 的指数,得 bmanbm \ge an,所以 mabnm \ge \frac{a}{b}n。特别地 a2a \ge 2,因此 p2p^2 整除 nn,并且 n112=121n \ge 11^2 = 121

n=121n = 121,对应 p=11p = 11a=2a = 2b=1b = 1:此时 mm1111 的倍数但不是 121121 的倍数,并且 m2121=242m \ge 2 \cdot 121 = 242。候选 m=253,264,275m = 253, 264, 275 分别给出 m+n=374=21117m + n = 374 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 17385=5711385 = 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11396=223211396 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 11,都与 210210 有公因数;而 m=242=2112m = 242 = 2 \cdot 11^2121121 的倍数。但 m=286=21113m = 286 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 可行:v11(mm)=286v_{11}(m^m) = 286 242=v11(nn)\ge 242 = v_{11}(n^n),所以 nnn^n 整除 mmm^m,且 m+n=407=1137m + n = 407 = 11 \cdot 37210210 互质。

还需证明不存在更小的结果。假设 m+n<407m + n \lt 407,则 n<407n \lt 407。对于上面的不足质数,若 a3a \ge 3,就会有 n113>407n \ge 11^3 \gt 407,所以 a=2a = 2b=1b = 1。于是 m2nm \ge 2n,而 m+n<407m + n \lt 407 又推出 n135n \le 135。在这个范围内,质因数均不小于 1111 且能被某个不小于 1111 的质数平方整除的整数只有 n=121n = 121。上面的检查已经穷尽了这个 nn 所对应的每个可能的 mm,只要它小于 286286,所以最小可能值为 407407

If a prime pp divides n,n, then pp divides nn,n^n, which in turn divides mm,m^m, so pp divides mm and hence pp divides m+n.m + n. Since gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1, no prime factor of nn is 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, or 7:7: every prime factor of nn is at least 11.11. Because mm is not a multiple of n,n, some prime pp has b=vp(m)<a=vp(n),b = v_p(m) \lt a = v_p(n), where vpv_p denotes the exponent of p.p. Since nnn^n divides mm,m^m, comparing exponents of pp gives bman,bm \ge an, so mabn.m \ge \frac{a}{b}n. In particular a2,a \ge 2, so p2p^2 divides nn and n112=121.n \ge 11^2 = 121.

Take n=121n = 121 with p=11,p = 11, a=2,a = 2, b=1:b = 1: then mm is a multiple of 1111 but not of 121,121, and m2121=242.m \ge 2 \cdot 121 = 242. The candidates m=253,264,275m = 253, 264, 275 give m+n=374=21117,m + n = 374 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 17, 385=5711,385 = 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11, 396=223211,396 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 11, all sharing a factor with 210,210, while m=242=2112m = 242 = 2 \cdot 11^2 is a multiple of 121.121. But m=286=21113m = 286 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 works: v11(mm)=286v_{11}(m^m) = 286 242=v11(nn),\ge 242 = v_{11}(n^n), so nnn^n divides mm,m^m, and m+n=407=1137m + n = 407 = 11 \cdot 37 is coprime to 210.210.

It remains to prove that nothing smaller works. Suppose m+n<407.m + n \lt 407. Then n<407.n \lt 407. For the deficient prime above, a3a \ge 3 would imply n113>407,n \ge 11^3 \gt 407, so a=2a = 2 and b=1.b = 1. Thus m2n,m \ge 2n, and m+n<407m + n \lt 407 implies n135.n \le 135. The only integer in this range divisible by the square of a prime at least 1111, with no prime factors below 11,11, is n=121.n = 121. The preceding check exhausts every possible mm for this nn below 286,286, so the least possible value is 407.407.

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