2020 AIME I 详解

向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

在满足 AB=ACAB = ACABC\triangle ABC 中,点 DD 严格位于边 AC\overline{AC}AACC 之间,点 EE 严格位于边 AB\overline{AB}AABB 之间,并且 AE=ED=DB=BCAE = ED = DB = BC。角 ABC\angle ABC 的度数为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

In ABC\triangle ABC with AB=AC,AB = AC, point DD lies strictly between AA and CC on side AC,\overline{AC}, and point EE lies strictly between AA and BB on side AB\overline{AB} such that AE=ED=DB=BC.AE = ED = DB = BC. The degree measure of ABC\angle ABC is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:等腰三角形导角角度和
难度评级:2150
小提示:

BAC=α\angle BAC = \alpha,沿着等腰三角形 AEDAEDEDBEDBDBCDBC 逐步追角。

Let BAC=α\angle BAC = \alpha and chase angles along the chain of isosceles triangles AED,AED, EDB,EDB, and DBC.DBC.

大提示:

外角给出 DEB=2α\angle DEB = 2\alpha;然后 DD 点处沿 AC\overline{AC} 的三个角会迫使 BDC=3α=BCD\angle BDC = 3\alpha = \angle BCD

The exterior angle gives DEB=2α;\angle DEB = 2\alpha; then the three angles at DD along AC\overline{AC} force BDC=3α=BCD.\angle BDC = 3\alpha = \angle BCD.

解答:

BAC=α\angle BAC = \alpha。因为 AE=EDAE = ED,三角形 AEDAED 是等腰三角形,且 ADE=DAE=α\angle ADE = \angle DAE = \alpha,所以 EE 点处的外角给出 DEB=2α\angle DEB = 2\alpha。又因为 ED=DBED = DB,三角形 EDBEDB 满足 DBE=DEB=2α\angle DBE = \angle DEB = 2\alpha,从而 EDB=1804α\angle EDB = 180^\circ - 4\alpha

DD 点处,位于线段 AC\overline{AC} 上的三个角之和为平角:α+(1804α)\alpha + (180^\circ - 4\alpha) +BDC=180+ \angle BDC = 180^\circ,所以 BDC=3α\angle BDC = 3\alpha。因为 DB=BCDB = BC,也有 BCD=BDC=3α\angle BCD = \angle BDC = 3\alpha。又 AB=ACAB = AC,所以 ABC=ACB=3α\angle ABC = \angle ACB = 3\alpha,对 ABC\triangle ABC 求角和,得 α+3α+3α=180\alpha + 3\alpha + 3\alpha = 180^\circ,因此 α=1807\alpha = \frac{180}{7} 度。

因此 ABC=3α=5407\angle ABC = 3\alpha = \frac{540}{7} 度,且 m+n=540+7=547m + n = 540 + 7 = 547

Let BAC=α.\angle BAC = \alpha. Since AE=ED,AE = ED, triangle AEDAED is isosceles with ADE=DAE=α,\angle ADE = \angle DAE = \alpha, so the exterior angle at EE gives DEB=2α.\angle DEB = 2\alpha. Since ED=DB,ED = DB, triangle EDBEDB has DBE=DEB=2α,\angle DBE = \angle DEB = 2\alpha, hence EDB=1804α.\angle EDB = 180^\circ - 4\alpha.

The three angles at DD on segment AC\overline{AC} sum to a straight angle: α+(1804α)\alpha + (180^\circ - 4\alpha) +BDC=180,+ \angle BDC = 180^\circ, so BDC=3α.\angle BDC = 3\alpha. Since DB=BC,DB = BC, also BCD=BDC=3α.\angle BCD = \angle BDC = 3\alpha. But AB=ACAB = AC makes ABC=ACB=3α,\angle ABC = \angle ACB = 3\alpha, so the angle sum of ABC\triangle ABC gives α+3α+3α=180,\alpha + 3\alpha + 3\alpha = 180^\circ, hence α=1807\alpha = \frac{180}{7} degrees.

Then ABC=3α=5407\angle ABC = 3\alpha = \frac{540}{7} degrees, and m+n=540+7=547.m + n = 540 + 7 = 547.

2.

存在唯一的正实数 xx,使得 log8(2x)\log_8(2x)log4x\log_4 xlog2x\log_2 x 这三个数按此顺序构成一个公比为正的等比数列。数 xx 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

There is a unique positive real number xx such that the three numbers log8(2x),\log_8(2x), log4x,\log_4 x, and log2x,\log_2 x, in that order, form a geometric progression with positive common ratio. The number xx can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:对数等比数列
难度评级:1950
小提示:

t=log2xt = \log_2 x;这三项变为 1+t3\frac{1+t}{3}t2\frac{t}{2}tt

Set t=log2x;t = \log_2 x; the three terms become 1+t3,\frac{1+t}{3}, t2,\frac{t}{2}, and t.t.

大提示:

中项平方等于两端项乘积;解出 tt,并舍去 t=0t = 0

The middle term squared equals the product of its neighbors; solve for t,t, discarding t=0.t = 0.

解答:

t=log2xt = \log_2 x。则 log4x=t2\log_4 x = \frac{t}{2},且 log8(2x)=1+t3\log_8(2x) = \frac{1 + t}{3}。在等比数列中,中项的平方等于两端项的乘积:(t2)2=1+t3t\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{1 + t}{3} \cdot t\text{。}

因为 t=0t = 0 不会给出有效公比,所以可除以 ttt4=1+t3\frac{t}{4} = \frac{1 + t}{3},于是 3t=4+4t3t = 4 + 4t,得 t=4t = -4。因此 x=24=116x = 2^{-4} = \frac{1}{16},此时数列为 1-12-24-4,公比为 22,确实为正。

所以 m+n=1+16=17m + n = 1 + 16 = 17

Let t=log2x.t = \log_2 x. Then log4x=t2\log_4 x = \frac{t}{2} and log8(2x)=1+t3.\log_8(2x) = \frac{1 + t}{3}. In a geometric progression the middle term squared equals the product of the outer terms: (t2)2=1+t3t.\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{1 + t}{3} \cdot t.

Since t=0t = 0 gives no valid ratio, divide by t:t: t4=1+t3,\frac{t}{4} = \frac{1 + t}{3}, so 3t=4+4t3t = 4 + 4t and t=4.t = -4. Thus x=24=116,x = 2^{-4} = \frac{1}{16}, and the progression is 1,-1, 2,-2, 4-4 with common ratio 2,2, which is positive as required.

Therefore m+n=1+16=17.m + n = 1 + 16 = 17.

3.

正整数 NN 的十一进制表示为 abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c},八进制表示为 1bca\underline{1}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c}\,\underline{a},其中 aabbcc 表示(不一定互不相同的)数字。求满足条件的最小 NN 的十进制表示。

A positive integer NN has base-eleven representation abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c} and base-eight representation 1bca,\underline{1}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c}\,\underline{a}, where a,a, b,b, and cc represent (not necessarily distinct) digits. Find the least such NN expressed in base ten.

难度评级:2110
小提示:

令两个十进制数值相等:121a+11b+c121a + 11b + c =512+64b+8c+a= 512 + 64b + 8c + a

Set the base-ten values equal: 121a+11b+c121a + 11b + c =512+64b+8c+a.= 512 + 64b + 8c + a.

大提示:

化简为 120a=512+53b+7c120a = 512 + 53b + 7c,其中数字 a,b,c7a, b, c \le 7。右边迫使 a5a \ge 5,而较小的 aa 会给出较小的 NN

Simplify to 120a=512+53b+7c120a = 512 + 53b + 7c with digits a,b,c7.a, b, c \le 7. The right side forces a5,a \ge 5, and smaller aa means smaller N.N.

解答:

把两种表示都写成十进制数值,得到 121a+11b+c121a + 11b + c =512+64b+8c+a= 512 + 64b + 8c + a,化简为 120a=512+53b+7c120a = 512 + 53b + 7c\text{。}由于 aabbcc 都是八进制数字,所以 0a,b,c70 \le a, b, c \le 7,并且 a1a \ge 1,因为它是十一进制表示的首位。

右边至少为 512512,所以 a5a \ge 5。由于 N=121a+11b+cN = 121a + 11b + caa 增大而增大,先试 a=5a = 5:此时 53b+7c=8853b + 7c = 88。若 b=0b = 0,则 7c=887c = 88,不可能;若 b2b \ge 2,则已经超过。因此 b=1b = 1,并且 7c=357c = 35,得到 c=5c = 5

因此 N=1215+11+5=621N = 121 \cdot 5 + 11 + 5 = 621,其八进制表示为 11551155,十一进制表示为 515515,符合要求。最小的这样的 NN621621

Equating the two representations in base ten gives 121a+11b+c121a + 11b + c =512+64b+8c+a,= 512 + 64b + 8c + a, which simplifies to 120a=512+53b+7c.120a = 512 + 53b + 7c. All of a,a, b,b, cc are base-eight digits, so 0a,b,c70 \le a, b, c \le 7 (and a1a \ge 1 since it leads the base-eleven representation).

The right side is at least 512,512, so a5.a \ge 5. Since N=121a+11b+cN = 121a + 11b + c increases with a,a, try a=5:a = 5: then 53b+7c=88.53b + 7c = 88. Here b=0b = 0 gives 7c=88,7c = 88, impossible, and b2b \ge 2 overshoots, so b=1b = 1 and 7c=35,7c = 35, giving c=5.c = 5.

Thus N=1215+11+5=621,N = 121 \cdot 5 + 11 + 5 = 621, whose base-eight representation is 11551155 and base-eleven representation is 515,515, as required. The least such NN is 621.621.

4.

SS 为满足如下性质的正整数 NN 的集合:NN 的最后四位数字是 20202020,且去掉最后四位后所得的数是 NN 的一个因数。例如,42,02042{,}020 属于 SS,因为 4442,02042{,}020 的因数。求 SS 中所有数的所有数字之和。例如,数 42,02042{,}020 对这个总和的贡献为 4+2+0+2+0=84 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 8

Let SS be the set of positive integers NN with the property that the last four digits of NN are 2020,2020, and when the last four digits are removed, the result is a divisor of N.N. For example, 42,02042{,}020 is in SS because 44 is a divisor of 42,020.42{,}020. Find the sum of all the digits of all the numbers in S.S. For example, the number 42,02042{,}020 contributes 4+2+0+2+0=84 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 8 to this total.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

N=10000k+2020N = 10000k + 2020;那么 kk 整除 NN 恰好等价于 kk 整除 20202020

Write N=10000k+2020;N = 10000k + 2020; then kk divides NN exactly when kk divides 2020.2020.

大提示:

2020=2251012020 = 2^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 101 的这 1212 个因数 kk 中,每个都会贡献 kk 的数字和再加上 2+0+2+02 + 0 + 2 + 0

Each of the 1212 divisors kk of 2020=2251012020 = 2^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 101 contributes the digit sum of kk plus 2+0+2+0.2 + 0 + 2 + 0.

解答:

若去掉最后四位后留下 k1k \ge 1,则 N=10000k+2020N = 10000k + 2020kk 整除 NN 这一条件等价于 kk 整除 20202020。由于 2020=2251012020 = 2^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 101kk 共有 1212 种选择:11224455101020201011012022024044045055051010101020202020

SS 中每个数的数字和等于 kk 的数字和加上 2+0+2+0=42 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 4。这十二个因数的数字和分别为 1,2,4,5,1,2,2,4,8,10,2,41, 2, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 10, 2, 4,总和为 4545

答案是 45+124=9345 + 12 \cdot 4 = 93

If removing the last four digits leaves k1,k \ge 1, then N=10000k+2020,N = 10000k + 2020, and the condition that kk divides NN is equivalent to kk dividing 2020.2020. Since 2020=225101,2020 = 2^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 101, there are 1212 choices of k:k: 1,1, 2,2, 4,4, 5,5, 10,10, 20,20, 101,101, 202,202, 404,404, 505,505, 1010,1010, 2020.2020.

Each member of SS has digit sum equal to the digit sum of kk plus 2+0+2+0=4.2 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 4. The digit sums of the twelve divisors are 1,2,4,5,1,2,2,4,8,10,2,4,1, 2, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 10, 2, 4, totaling 45.45.

The answer is 45+124=93.45 + 12 \cdot 4 = 93.

5.

六张卡片分别标有 1166,要排成一行。求满足如下条件的排列数:可以移走其中一张卡片,使剩下的五张卡片按升序或降序排列。

Six cards numbered 11 through 66 are to be lined up in a row. Find the number of arrangements of these six cards where one of the cards can be removed leaving the remaining five cards in either ascending or descending order.

难度评级:2390
小提示:

先数可以变成升序的排列:把一张卡片插入其余五张按递增顺序写出的卡片中。注意同一个排列可能被构造两次。

Count arrangements fixable to ascending order: insert one card into the other five written in increasing order. Beware of building the same arrangement twice.

大提示:

已排序的一行来自全部 66 种插入方式,每个相邻交换得到的排列来自两种方式。没有排列同时适用于升序和降序。

The sorted row arises from all 66 insertions, and each adjacent swap arises twice. No arrangement works for both ascending and descending.

解答:

先数移走某张卡后其余卡片为升序的排列。任何这样的排列都可以通过选择要移走的卡片(66 种方式),并把它插入其余五张卡片按递增顺序写成的一行的 66 个空位之一来得到,共有 3636 种构造。但完全有序的一行 123456123456 会由所有 66 种卡片选择得到,而由有序行中交换一对相邻卡片得到的 55 个排列各会出现两次(把这一对中的任意一张越过另一张)。其余每种构造都给出不同的排列。

因此升序的数量为 1+5+(36610)=261 + 5 + (36 - 6 - 10) = 26,由对称性,降序排列也有 2626 个。没有排列被两边同时计入:否则需要一个五张卡的升序子序列和一个五张卡的降序子序列,至少需要 5+51=95 + 5 - 1 = 9 张卡。

总数为 26+26=5226 + 26 = 52

First count arrangements from which some card’s removal leaves the rest ascending. Any such arrangement arises by choosing the card to remove (66 ways) and inserting it into one of the 66 gaps of the other five cards written in increasing order, for 3636 constructions. But the fully sorted row 123456123456 arises from all 66 card choices, and each of the 55 arrangements obtained by swapping two adjacent cards of the sorted row arises twice (move either card of the pair past the other). Every other construction gives a distinct arrangement.

So the ascending count is 1+5+(36610)=26,1 + 5 + (36 - 6 - 10) = 26, and by symmetry there are 2626 descending arrangements. No arrangement is counted in both totals: that would require an ascending and a descending subsequence of five cards, needing at least 5+51=95 + 5 - 1 = 9 cards.

The total is 26+26=52.26 + 26 = 52.

6.

一块平板上有一个半径为 11 的圆孔和一个半径为 22 的圆孔,两个圆孔圆心之间的距离为 77。两个半径相等的球分别放在这两个圆孔中,并且这两个球互相相切。球半径的平方为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A flat board has a circular hole with radius 11 and a circular hole with radius 22 such that the distance between the centers of the two holes is 7.7. Two spheres with equal radii sit in the two holes such that the spheres are tangent to each other. The square of the radius of the spheres is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

半径为 rr 的球放在半径为 aa 的孔中时,球心到平板平面的距离为 r2a2\sqrt{r^2 - a^2}

A sphere of radius rr sitting in a hole of radius aa has its center at distance r2a2\sqrt{r^2 - a^2} from the plane of the board.

大提示:

两个球心相距 2r2r4949 +(r21r24)2+ \left(\sqrt{r^2 - 1} - \sqrt{r^2 - 4}\right)^2 =4r2= 4r^2。分离根式后平方。

The centers are 2r2r apart: 4949 +(r21r24)2+ \left(\sqrt{r^2 - 1} - \sqrt{r^2 - 4}\right)^2 =4r2.= 4r^2. Isolate the radical and square.

解答:

半径为 rr 的球放在半径为 aa 的圆孔中时,球心位于圆孔的轴线上;因为球心到孔边缘每一点的距离都是 rr,所以它到平板平面的距离为 r2a2\sqrt{r^2 - a^2}。因此两个球心位于平板同一侧,深度分别为 r21\sqrt{r^2 - 1}r24\sqrt{r^2 - 4},水平距离为 77

两球相切意味着球心距离为 2r2r49+(r21r24)2=4r2 \begin{aligned} &49 + \left(\sqrt{r^2 - 1} - \sqrt{r^2 - 4}\right)^2 \\ &= 4r^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}展开得 49+2r2549 + 2r^2 - 5 2(r21)(r24)- 2\sqrt{(r^2 - 1)(r^2 - 4)} =4r2= 4r^2,所以 (r21)(r24)=22r2\sqrt{(r^2 - 1)(r^2 - 4)} = 22 - r^2。两边平方,得 r45r2+4=48444r2+r4r^4 - 5r^2 + 4 = 484 - 44r^2 + r^4,因此 39r2=48039r^2 = 480r2=16013r^2 = \frac{160}{13}

所以 m+n=160+13=173m + n = 160 + 13 = 173

A sphere of radius rr resting in a circular hole of radius aa has its center on the axis of the hole; since the center is at distance rr from every point of the hole’s rim, it sits at distance r2a2\sqrt{r^2 - a^2} from the plane of the board. So the two centers lie at depths r21\sqrt{r^2 - 1} and r24\sqrt{r^2 - 4} on the same side of the board, with horizontal separation 7.7.

Tangency of the spheres means the centers are 2r2r apart: 49+(r21r24)2=4r2. \begin{aligned} &49 + \left(\sqrt{r^2 - 1} - \sqrt{r^2 - 4}\right)^2 \\ &= 4r^2. \end{aligned} Expanding gives 49+2r2549 + 2r^2 - 5 2(r21)(r24)- 2\sqrt{(r^2 - 1)(r^2 - 4)} =4r2,= 4r^2, so (r21)(r24)=22r2.\sqrt{(r^2 - 1)(r^2 - 4)} = 22 - r^2. Squaring, r45r2+4=48444r2+r4,r^4 - 5r^2 + 4 = 484 - 44r^2 + r^4, hence 39r2=48039r^2 = 480 and r2=16013.r^2 = \frac{160}{13}.

Thus m+n=160+13=173.m + n = 160 + 13 = 173.

7.

一个由 1111 名男性和 1212 名女性组成的俱乐部,需要从成员中选出一个委员会,使委员会中的女性人数比男性人数多 11。委员会最少可以有一名成员,最多可以有 2323 名成员。设 NN 为可组成的委员会数量。求所有整除 NN 的质数之和。

A club consisting of 1111 men and 1212 women needs to choose a committee from among its members so that the number of women on the committee is one more than the number of men on the committee. The committee could have as few as 11 member or as many as 2323 members. Let NN be the number of such committees that can be formed. Find the sum of the prime numbers that divide N.N.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

若有 kk 名男性和 k+1k + 1 名女性,则数量为 k(11k)(12k+1)\sum_k \binom{11}{k}\binom{12}{k+1}

With kk men and k+1k + 1 women the count is k(11k)(12k+1).\sum_k \binom{11}{k}\binom{12}{k+1}.

大提示:

由于 (12k+1)=(1211k)\binom{12}{k+1} = \binom{12}{11-k},范德蒙德恒等式把这个和化为 (2311)\binom{23}{11}。把这个二项式系数分解为质因数。

Since (12k+1)=(1211k),\binom{12}{k+1} = \binom{12}{11-k}, Vandermonde’s identity collapses the sum to (2311).\binom{23}{11}. Factor that binomial coefficient into primes.

解答:

kk 名男性的委员会有 k+1k + 1 名女性,所以 N=k=011(11k)(12k+1)=k=011(11k)(1211k)=(2311) \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=0}^{11} \binom{11}{k}\binom{12}{k+1} \\ &= \sum_{k=0}^{11} \binom{11}{k}\binom{12}{11-k} \\ &= \binom{23}{11} \end{aligned} 由范德蒙德恒等式得到(两边都在数从全部 2323 人中选 1111 人的方法数)。

现在分解 (2311)=23!11!12!\binom{23}{11} = \frac{23!}{11!\,12!}。质数 1313171719192323 都出现在分子中而不出现在分母中。由勒让德公式,22 的指数为 19810=119 - 8 - 10 = 133 的指数为 945=09 - 4 - 5 = 055 的指数为 422=04 - 2 - 2 = 077 的指数为 311=13 - 1 - 1 = 11111 的指数为 211=02 - 1 - 1 = 0。因此 N=2713171923N = 2 \cdot 7 \cdot 13 \cdot 17 \cdot 19 \cdot 23

整除 NN 的质数之和为 2+7+13+17+19+23=812 + 7 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 = 81

A committee with kk men has k+1k + 1 women, so N=k=011(11k)(12k+1)=k=011(11k)(1211k)=(2311) \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=0}^{11} \binom{11}{k}\binom{12}{k+1} \\ &= \sum_{k=0}^{11} \binom{11}{k}\binom{12}{11-k} \\ &= \binom{23}{11} \end{aligned} by Vandermonde’s identity (both sides count ways to choose 1111 people from all 2323).

Now factor (2311)=23!11!12!.\binom{23}{11} = \frac{23!}{11!\,12!}. The primes 13,13, 17,17, 19,19, 2323 each appear in the numerator but not the denominator. By Legendre’s formula the exponent of 22 is 19810=1,19 - 8 - 10 = 1, of 33 is 945=0,9 - 4 - 5 = 0, of 55 is 422=0,4 - 2 - 2 = 0, of 77 is 311=1,3 - 1 - 1 = 1, and of 1111 is 211=0.2 - 1 - 1 = 0. Hence N=2713171923.N = 2 \cdot 7 \cdot 13 \cdot 17 \cdot 19 \cdot 23.

The sum of the primes dividing NN is 2+7+13+17+19+23=81.2 + 7 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 = 81.

8.

一只虫子白天一直走路,夜里睡觉。第一天,它从点 OO 出发,面向东方,向正东走了 55 个单位。每天夜里,虫子逆时针转 6060^\circ。每天白天,它沿新的方向走前一天一半的距离。虫子会任意接近点 PP。则 OP2=mnOP^2 = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A bug walks all day and sleeps all night. On the first day, it starts at point O,O, faces east, and walks a distance of 55 units due east. Each night the bug rotates 6060^\circ counterclockwise. Each day it walks in this new direction half as far as it walked the previous day. The bug gets arbitrarily close to point P.P. Then OP2=mn,OP^2 = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:复数等比数列
难度评级:2560
小提示:

使用复数:总位移为 5(1+z+z2+)5\left(1 + z + z^2 + \cdots\right),其中 z=12eiπ3z = \frac{1}{2}e^{\frac{i\pi}{3}}

Use complex numbers: the total displacement is 5(1+z+z2+)5\left(1 + z + z^2 + \cdots\right) with z=12eiπ3.z = \frac{1}{2}e^{\frac{i\pi}{3}}.

大提示:

级数和为 51z\frac{5}{1 - z};由 z=14+34iz = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}i 计算 1z2|1 - z|^2

The series sums to 51z;\frac{5}{1 - z}; compute 1z2|1 - z|^2 from z=14+34i.z = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}i.

解答:

在复平面中工作,令 OO 为原点,正实轴表示东方。每天的位移都是前一天的位移乘以 z=12eiπ3z = \frac{1}{2}e^{\frac{i\pi}{3}},所以 P=5(1+z+z2+)=51z \begin{aligned} P &= 5\left(1 + z + z^2 + \cdots\right) \\ &= \frac{5}{1 - z} \end{aligned}\text{。}

由于 z=14+34iz = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}i,有 1z=3434i1 - z = \frac{3}{4} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}i,其模长平方为 916+316=34\frac{9}{16} + \frac{3}{16} = \frac{3}{4}。因此 OP2=2534=1003OP^2 = \frac{25}{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{100}{3}\text{,}m+n=100+3=103m + n = 100 + 3 = 103

Work in the complex plane with OO at the origin and east along the positive real axis. Each day’s displacement is the previous one multiplied by z=12eiπ3,z = \frac{1}{2}e^{\frac{i\pi}{3}}, so P=5(1+z+z2+)=51z. \begin{aligned} P &= 5\left(1 + z + z^2 + \cdots\right) \\ &= \frac{5}{1 - z}. \end{aligned}

Since z=14+34i,z = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}i, we get 1z=3434i,1 - z = \frac{3}{4} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}i, whose squared magnitude is 916+316=34.\frac{9}{16} + \frac{3}{16} = \frac{3}{4}. Therefore OP2=2534=1003,OP^2 = \frac{25}{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{100}{3}, and m+n=100+3=103.m + n = 100 + 3 = 103.

9.

SS20920^9 的正整数因数的集合。从集合 SS 中独立随机选取三个数,并按选取顺序记为 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3。同时满足 a1a_1 整除 a2a_2a2a_2 整除 a3a_3 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 mm

Let SS be the set of positive integer divisors of 209.20^9. Three numbers are chosen independently and at random from the set SS and labeled a1,a_1, a2,a_2, and a3a_3 in the order they are chosen. The probability that both a1a_1 divides a2a_2 and a2a_2 divides a3a_3 is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m.m.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

因为 209=2185920^9 = 2^{18} \cdot 5^9,要求 a1a_1 整除 a2a_2a2a_2 整除 a3a_3,就表示每个质数的指数都形成一个非递减三元组。

Since 209=21859,20^9 = 2^{18} \cdot 5^9, requiring a1a_1 to divide a2a_2 and a2a_2 to divide a3a_3 says each prime’s exponents form a non-decreasing triple.

大提示:

非递减三元组就是可重组合:22 的指数有 (213)\binom{21}{3} 种选择,55 的指数有 (123)\binom{12}{3} 种选择。

Non-decreasing triples are multisets: (213)\binom{21}{3} choices for the exponents of 22 and (123)\binom{12}{3} for 5.5.

解答:

209=2185920^9 = 2^{18} \cdot 5^9,所以每个 ai=2xi5yia_i = 2^{x_i} 5^{y_i},其中 0xi180 \le x_i \le 180yi90 \le y_i \le 9;共有 1910=19019 \cdot 10 = 190 个因数,并且两个质数的指数是独立均匀选取的。a1a_1 整除 a2a_2a2a_2 整除 a3a_3 这两个条件成立,当且仅当 x1x2x3x_1 \le x_2 \le x_3y1y2y3y_1 \le y_2 \le y_3

kk 个值中选出的非递减三元组对应大小为 33 的可重组合,数量为 (k+23)\binom{k+2}{3}。因此概率为 (213)193(123)103=133068592201000=703611150=771805 \begin{aligned} \frac{\binom{21}{3}}{19^3} \cdot \frac{\binom{12}{3}}{10^3} &= \frac{1330}{6859} \cdot \frac{220}{1000} \\ &= \frac{70}{361} \cdot \frac{11}{50} \\ &= \frac{77}{1805} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 1805=51921805 = 5 \cdot 19^277=71177 = 7 \cdot 11 互质,所以分数已是最简形式,m=77m = 77

Write 209=21859,20^9 = 2^{18} \cdot 5^9, so each ai=2xi5yia_i = 2^{x_i} 5^{y_i} with 0xi180 \le x_i \le 18 and 0yi9;0 \le y_i \le 9; there are 1910=19019 \cdot 10 = 190 divisors, and the exponents of the two primes are chosen independently and uniformly. The conditions that a1a_1 divides a2a_2 and a2a_2 divides a3a_3 hold exactly when x1x2x3x_1 \le x_2 \le x_3 and y1y2y3.y_1 \le y_2 \le y_3.

Non-decreasing triples from a set of kk values correspond to multisets of size 3,3, counted by (k+23).\binom{k+2}{3}. So the probability is (213)193(123)103=133068592201000=703611150=771805. \begin{aligned} \frac{\binom{21}{3}}{19^3} \cdot \frac{\binom{12}{3}}{10^3} &= \frac{1330}{6859} \cdot \frac{220}{1000} \\ &= \frac{70}{361} \cdot \frac{11}{50} \\ &= \frac{77}{1805}. \end{aligned}

Since 1805=51921805 = 5 \cdot 19^2 shares no factor with 77=711,77 = 7 \cdot 11, the fraction is in lowest terms and m=77.m = 77.

10.

mmnn 为满足以下条件的正整数:

gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1

mmm^mnnn^n 的倍数,并且

mm 不是 nn 的倍数。

m+nm + n 的最小可能值。

Let mm and nn be positive integers satisfying the conditions

gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1,

mmm^m is a multiple of nn,n^n, and

mm is not a multiple of n.n.

Find the least possible value of m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

每个整除 nn 的质数都必须整除 mm,因此也整除 m+nm + n,所以 nn 的所有质因数至少为 1111

Every prime dividing nn must divide m,m, hence divides m+nm + n — so all prime factors of nn are at least 11.11.

大提示:

n=112n = 11^2,并令 m=11tm = 11ttt 不是 1111 的倍数;那么 nnn^n 整除 mmm^m 需要 m242m \ge 242。向上检查 gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1,再用得到的上界排除更大的不足指数和更大的 nn

Try n=112n = 11^2 and m=11tm = 11t with tt not divisible by 11;11; then nnn^n dividing mmm^m needs m242.m \ge 242. Scan upward for gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1, then use the resulting upper bound to rule out larger deficient exponents and larger n.n.

解答:

若质数 pp 整除 nn,则 pp 整除 nnn^n,而它又整除 mmm^m,所以 pp 整除 mm,从而 pp 整除 m+nm + n。由于 gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1nn 的质因数不能是 22335577nn 的每个质因数都至少为 1111。因为 mm 不是 nn 的倍数,某个质数 pp 满足 b=vp(m)<a=vp(n)b = v_p(m) \lt a = v_p(n),其中 vpv_p 表示 pp 的指数。由于 nnn^n 整除 mmm^m,比较 pp 的指数,得 bmanbm \ge an,所以 mabnm \ge \frac{a}{b}n。特别地 a2a \ge 2,因此 p2p^2 整除 nn,并且 n112=121n \ge 11^2 = 121

n=121n = 121,对应 p=11p = 11a=2a = 2b=1b = 1:此时 mm1111 的倍数但不是 121121 的倍数,并且 m2121=242m \ge 2 \cdot 121 = 242。候选 m=253,264,275m = 253, 264, 275 分别给出 m+n=374=21117m + n = 374 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 17385=5711385 = 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11396=223211396 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 11,都与 210210 有公因数;而 m=242=2112m = 242 = 2 \cdot 11^2121121 的倍数。但 m=286=21113m = 286 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 可行:v11(mm)=286v_{11}(m^m) = 286 242=v11(nn)\ge 242 = v_{11}(n^n),所以 nnn^n 整除 mmm^m,且 m+n=407=1137m + n = 407 = 11 \cdot 37210210 互质。

还需证明不存在更小的结果。假设 m+n<407m + n \lt 407,则 n<407n \lt 407。对于上面的不足质数,若 a3a \ge 3,就会有 n113>407n \ge 11^3 \gt 407,所以 a=2a = 2b=1b = 1。于是 m2nm \ge 2n,而 m+n<407m + n \lt 407 又推出 n135n \le 135。在这个范围内,质因数均不小于 1111 且能被某个不小于 1111 的质数平方整除的整数只有 n=121n = 121。上面的检查已经穷尽了这个 nn 所对应的每个可能的 mm,只要它小于 286286,所以最小可能值为 407407

If a prime pp divides n,n, then pp divides nn,n^n, which in turn divides mm,m^m, so pp divides mm and hence pp divides m+n.m + n. Since gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1, no prime factor of nn is 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, or 7:7: every prime factor of nn is at least 11.11. Because mm is not a multiple of n,n, some prime pp has b=vp(m)<a=vp(n),b = v_p(m) \lt a = v_p(n), where vpv_p denotes the exponent of p.p. Since nnn^n divides mm,m^m, comparing exponents of pp gives bman,bm \ge an, so mabn.m \ge \frac{a}{b}n. In particular a2,a \ge 2, so p2p^2 divides nn and n112=121.n \ge 11^2 = 121.

Take n=121n = 121 with p=11,p = 11, a=2,a = 2, b=1:b = 1: then mm is a multiple of 1111 but not of 121,121, and m2121=242.m \ge 2 \cdot 121 = 242. The candidates m=253,264,275m = 253, 264, 275 give m+n=374=21117,m + n = 374 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 17, 385=5711,385 = 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11, 396=223211,396 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 11, all sharing a factor with 210,210, while m=242=2112m = 242 = 2 \cdot 11^2 is a multiple of 121.121. But m=286=21113m = 286 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 works: v11(mm)=286v_{11}(m^m) = 286 242=v11(nn),\ge 242 = v_{11}(n^n), so nnn^n divides mm,m^m, and m+n=407=1137m + n = 407 = 11 \cdot 37 is coprime to 210.210.

It remains to prove that nothing smaller works. Suppose m+n<407.m + n \lt 407. Then n<407.n \lt 407. For the deficient prime above, a3a \ge 3 would imply n113>407,n \ge 11^3 \gt 407, so a=2a = 2 and b=1.b = 1. Thus m2n,m \ge 2n, and m+n<407m + n \lt 407 implies n135.n \le 135. The only integer in this range divisible by the square of a prime at least 1111, with no prime factors below 11,11, is n=121.n = 121. The preceding check exhausts every possible mm for this nn below 286,286, so the least possible value is 407.407.

11.

对整数 aabbccdd,设 f(x)=x2+ax+bf(x) = x^2 + ax + bg(x)=x2+cx+dg(x) = x^2 + cx + d。求有多少个整数有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c) 满足各数绝对值不超过 1010,并且存在整数 dd,使得 g(f(2))=g(f(4))=0g(f(2)) = g(f(4)) = 0

For integers a,a, b,b, c,c, and d,d, let f(x)=x2+ax+bf(x) = x^2 + ax + b and g(x)=x2+cx+d.g(x) = x^2 + cx + d. Find the number of ordered triples (a,b,c)(a, b, c) of integers with absolute values not exceeding 1010 for which there is an integer dd such that g(f(2))=g(f(4))=0.g(f(2)) = g(f(4)) = 0.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

f(2)f(2)f(4)f(4) 都必须是 gg 的根。分别处理 f(2)=f(4)f(2) = f(4)f(2)f(4)f(2) \ne f(4) 的情况。

f(2)f(2) and f(4)f(4) must both be roots of g.g. Treat f(2)=f(4)f(2) = f(4) and f(2)f(4)f(2) \ne f(4) separately.

大提示:

f(2)=f(4)f(2) = f(4) 迫使 a=6a = -6,此时 b,cb, c 可任取;否则韦达定理确定 c=(20+6a+2b)c = -(20 + 6a + 2b),并且它必须落在 [10,10][-10, 10]

f(2)=f(4)f(2) = f(4) forces a=6a = -6 with b,cb, c free; otherwise Vieta pins c=(20+6a+2b),c = -(20 + 6a + 2b), which must lie in [10,10].[-10, 10].

解答:

条件表示整数 f(2)=4+2a+bf(2) = 4 + 2a + bf(4)=16+4a+bf(4) = 16 + 4a + b 都是首一二次式 gg 的根。这两个值相等恰好当 a=6a = -6

a=6a = -6,则任意 bb 和任意 cc 都可以通过选择 d=f(2)2cf(2)d = -f(2)^2 - c\,f(2),使 f(2)=f(4)f(2) = f(4) 成为 gg 的根,因此给出 2121=44121 \cdot 21 = 441 个三元组。若 a6a \ne -6,这两个不同的值必须是 gg 的两个根,所以韦达定理迫使 c=(f(2)+f(4))c = -(f(2) + f(4)) =(20+6a+2b)= -(20 + 6a + 2b),此时 d=f(2)f(4)d = f(2)f(4) 是整数。要求 c10|c| \le 10 等价于 153a+b5-15 \le 3a + b \le -5

对每个 aa,统计满足 153ab53a-15 - 3a \le b \le -5 - 3ab[10,10]b \in [-10, 10] 的整数:当 a=8a = -87-75-54-43-32-21-10,10, 1 时,数量分别为 2,5,11,11,11,11,9,6,32, 5, 11, 11, 11, 11, 9, 6, 3,而其他所有 a6a \ne -6 时为 00,总计 6969。答案是 441+69=510441 + 69 = 510

The condition says the integers f(2)=4+2a+bf(2) = 4 + 2a + b and f(4)=16+4a+bf(4) = 16 + 4a + b are both roots of the monic quadratic g.g. These two values are equal exactly when a=6.a = -6.

If a=6,a = -6, then for any bb and any cc the choice d=f(2)2cf(2)d = -f(2)^2 - c\,f(2) makes f(2)=f(4)f(2) = f(4) a root of g,g, giving 2121=44121 \cdot 21 = 441 triples. If a6,a \ne -6, the two distinct values must be the two roots of g,g, so Vieta forces c=(f(2)+f(4))c = -(f(2) + f(4)) =(20+6a+2b),= -(20 + 6a + 2b), and then d=f(2)f(4)d = f(2)f(4) is an integer. The requirement c10|c| \le 10 becomes 153a+b5.-15 \le 3a + b \le -5.

For each a,a, count integers b[10,10]b \in [-10, 10] with 153ab53a:-15 - 3a \le b \le -5 - 3a: the counts are 2,5,11,11,11,11,9,6,32, 5, 11, 11, 11, 11, 9, 6, 3 for a=8,a = -8, 7,-7, 5,-5, 4,-4, 3,-3, 2,-2, 1,-1, 0,10, 1 respectively, and 00 for all other a6,a \ne -6, totaling 69.69. The answer is 441+69=510.441 + 69 = 510.

12.

nn 为最小正整数,使得 149n2n149^n - 2^n 能被 3355773^3 \cdot 5^5 \cdot 7^7 整除。求 nn 的正因数个数。

Let nn be the least positive integer for which 149n2n149^n - 2^n is divisible by 335577.3^3 \cdot 5^5 \cdot 7^7. Find the number of positive divisors of n.n.

难度评级:2920
小提示:

分别处理 333^3555^5777^7。由于 1492=147=372149 - 2 = 147 = 3 \cdot 7^2,提幂引理可直接用于 3377

Handle 33,3^3, 55,5^5, 777^7 separately. Since 1492=147=372,149 - 2 = 147 = 3 \cdot 7^2, lifting the exponent applies directly at 33 and 7.7.

大提示:

对于 55,先由 4n2n(mod5)4^n \equiv 2^n \pmod 5 得到 44 整除 nn。然后 v5(149424)=1v_5(149^4 - 2^4) = 1,所以提幂引理迫使 545^4 整除 n4\frac{n}{4}

At 5,5, first 4n2n(mod5)4^n \equiv 2^n \pmod 5 requires 44 to divide n.n. Then v5(149424)=1,v_5(149^4 - 2^4) = 1, so lifting the exponent forces 545^4 to divide n4.\frac{n}{4}.

解答:

按质数分别考虑。因为 1492=147=372149 - 2 = 147 = 3 \cdot 7^2,提幂引理给出 v3(149n2n)v_3(149^n - 2^n) =v3(147)+v3(n)= v_3(147) + v_3(n) =1+v3(n)= 1 + v_3(n),并且 v7(149n2n)=2+v7(n)v_7(149^n - 2^n) = 2 + v_7(n) 对每个正整数 nn 都成立。要求指数至少达到 3377,迫使 nn 能被 323^2757^5 整除。

对于 55,首先需要 149n2n(mod5)149^n \equiv 2^n \pmod 5,即 4n2n4^n \equiv 2^n,也就是 2n1(mod5)2^n \equiv 1 \pmod 5,这要求 44 整除 nn。写 n=4kn = 4k。在 149424149^4 - 2^4 =(1492)(149+2)(1492+4)= (149 - 2)(149 + 2)(149^2 + 4) 中,只有最后一个因子可被 55 整除,且只整除一次,因为 1492+4=22205=54441149^2 + 4 = 22205 = 5 \cdot 4441。从底数 1494,24149^4, 2^4 使用提幂引理,得 v5(149n2n)=1+v5(k)v_5(149^n - 2^n) = 1 + v_5(k),所以 545^4 整除 kk,即 4544 \cdot 5^4 整除 nn

最小的有效 nn223254752^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^4 \cdot 7^5,它有 (2+1)(2+1)(4+1)(5+1)(2+1)(2+1)(4+1)(5+1) =270= 270 个正因数。

Work prime by prime. Since 1492=147=372,149 - 2 = 147 = 3 \cdot 7^2, the lifting-the-exponent lemma gives v3(149n2n)v_3(149^n - 2^n) =v3(147)+v3(n)= v_3(147) + v_3(n) =1+v3(n)= 1 + v_3(n) and v7(149n2n)=2+v7(n)v_7(149^n - 2^n) = 2 + v_7(n) for every positive integer n.n. Requiring at least 33 and 77 forces nn to be divisible by 323^2 and by 75.7^5.

For 55 we first need 149n2n(mod5),149^n \equiv 2^n \pmod 5, i.e. 4n2n,4^n \equiv 2^n, i.e. 2n1(mod5),2^n \equiv 1 \pmod 5, which requires 44 to divide n.n. Write n=4k.n = 4k. In 149424149^4 - 2^4 =(1492)(149+2)(1492+4),= (149 - 2)(149 + 2)(149^2 + 4), only the last factor is divisible by 5,5, and only once, since 1492+4=22205=54441.149^2 + 4 = 22205 = 5 \cdot 4441. Lifting the exponent from the base 1494,24149^4, 2^4 gives v5(149n2n)=1+v5(k),v_5(149^n - 2^n) = 1 + v_5(k), so 545^4 divides k,k, i.e. 4544 \cdot 5^4 divides n.n.

The least valid nn is 22325475,2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^4 \cdot 7^5, which has (2+1)(2+1)(4+1)(5+1)(2+1)(2+1)(4+1)(5+1) =270= 270 positive divisors.

13.

DD 位于 ABC\triangle ABC 的边 BC\overline{BC} 上,且 AD\overline{AD} 平分 BAC\angle BACAD\overline{AD} 的垂直平分线分别与 ABC\angle ABCACB\angle ACB 的角平分线交于点 EEFF。已知 AB=4AB = 4BC=5BC = 5CA=6CA = 6AEF\triangle AEF 的面积可写成 mnp\frac{m\sqrt{n}}{p},其中 mmpp 是互质正整数,且 nn 是不被任何质数平方整除的正整数。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Point DD lies on side BC\overline{BC} of ABC\triangle ABC so that AD\overline{AD} bisects BAC.\angle BAC. The perpendicular bisector of AD\overline{AD} intersects the bisectors of ABC\angle ABC and ACB\angle ACB in points EE and F,F, respectively. Given that AB=4,AB = 4, BC=5,BC = 5, and CA=6,CA = 6, the area of AEF\triangle AEF can be written as mnp,\frac{m\sqrt{n}}{p}, where mm and pp are relatively prime positive integers, and nn is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

在三角形 ABDABD 中,从 BB 出发的角平分线与 ADAD 的垂直平分线交于弧 ADAD 的中点,所以 EAD=B2\angle EAD = \frac{B}{2};类似地,FAD=C2\angle FAD = \frac{C}{2}

In triangle ABD,ABD, the bisector from BB meets the perpendicular bisector of ADAD at the arc midpoint of AD,AD, so EAD=B2;\angle EAD = \frac{B}{2}; similarly FAD=C2.\angle FAD = \frac{C}{2}.

大提示:

MMAD\overline{AD} 的中点,面积为 12AM2(tanB2+tanC2)\frac{1}{2}AM^2\left(\tan\frac{B}{2} + \tan\frac{C}{2}\right),并且 AD2=ABACBDDCAD^2 = AB \cdot AC - BD \cdot DC

With MM the midpoint of AD,\overline{AD}, the area is 12AM2(tanB2+tanC2),\frac{1}{2}AM^2\left(\tan\frac{B}{2} + \tan\frac{C}{2}\right), and AD2=ABACBDDC.AD^2 = AB \cdot AC - BD \cdot DC.

解答:

在三角形 ABDABD 中,BB 点的内角平分线再次交 ABDABD 的外接圆于不含 BB 的弧 ADAD 的中点,而这个弧中点位于 AD\overline{AD} 的垂直平分线上,所以 EE 正是这个弧中点。圆周角 EAD\angle EADEBD\angle EBD 对同一段弧 EDED,所以 EAD=B2\angle EAD = \frac{B}{2}。同理 FAD=C2\angle FAD = \frac{C}{2},且 E,FE, F 位于直线 ADAD 的两侧。

MMAD\overline{AD} 的中点。在直角三角形 AMEAMEAMFAMF 中,ME=AMtanB2ME = AM\tan\frac{B}{2}MF=AMtanC2MF = AM\tan\frac{C}{2},所以 EF=AM(tanB2+tanC2)EF = AM\left(\tan\frac{B}{2} + \tan\frac{C}{2}\right),而 AA 到直线 EFEF 的距离为 AMAM。因此 [AEF][AEF] =12AM2(tanB2+tanC2)= \frac{1}{2}AM^2\left(\tan\frac{B}{2} + \tan\frac{C}{2}\right)

此处 BD=2BD = 2DC=3DC = 3,所以 AD2=ABACBDDCAD^2 = AB \cdot AC - BD \cdot DC =246= 24 - 6 =18= 18,且 AM2=92AM^2 = \frac{9}{2}。余弦定理给出 cosB=18\cos B = \frac{1}{8}cosC=34\cos C = \frac{3}{4},所以 tanB2=1181+18=73\tan\frac{B}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - \frac{1}{8}}{1 + \frac{1}{8}}} = \frac{\sqrt{7}}{3},并且 tanC2=17\tan\frac{C}{2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{7}},二者之和为 10721\frac{10\sqrt{7}}{21}。面积为 129210721=15714\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{9}{2} \cdot \frac{10\sqrt{7}}{21} = \frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14},所以 m+n+p=15+7+14=36m + n + p = 15 + 7 + 14 = 36

In triangle ABD,ABD, the internal bisector of the angle at BB meets the circumcircle of ABDABD again at the midpoint of arc ADAD not containing B,B, and that arc midpoint lies on the perpendicular bisector of AD\overline{AD} — so EE is exactly that arc midpoint. The inscribed angles EAD\angle EAD and EBD\angle EBD subtend the same arc ED,ED, so EAD=B2.\angle EAD = \frac{B}{2}. Similarly FAD=C2,\angle FAD = \frac{C}{2}, and E,FE, F lie on opposite sides of line AD.AD.

Let MM be the midpoint of AD.\overline{AD}. In right triangles AMEAME and AMF,AMF, ME=AMtanB2ME = AM\tan\frac{B}{2} and MF=AMtanC2,MF = AM\tan\frac{C}{2}, so EF=AM(tanB2+tanC2),EF = AM\left(\tan\frac{B}{2} + \tan\frac{C}{2}\right), while the distance from AA to line EFEF is AM.AM. Hence [AEF][AEF] =12AM2(tanB2+tanC2).= \frac{1}{2}AM^2\left(\tan\frac{B}{2} + \tan\frac{C}{2}\right).

Here BD=2BD = 2 and DC=3,DC = 3, so AD2=ABACBDDCAD^2 = AB \cdot AC - BD \cdot DC =246= 24 - 6 =18= 18 and AM2=92.AM^2 = \frac{9}{2}. The law of cosines gives cosB=18\cos B = \frac{1}{8} and cosC=34,\cos C = \frac{3}{4}, so tanB2=1181+18=73\tan\frac{B}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - \frac{1}{8}}{1 + \frac{1}{8}}} = \frac{\sqrt{7}}{3} and tanC2=17,\tan\frac{C}{2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{7}}, with sum 10721.\frac{10\sqrt{7}}{21}. The area is 129210721=15714,\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{9}{2} \cdot \frac{10\sqrt{7}}{21} = \frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14}, so m+n+p=15+7+14=36.m + n + p = 15 + 7 + 14 = 36.

14.

P(x)P(x) 是一个复系数二次多项式,且 x2x^2 的系数为 11。已知方程 P(P(x))=0P(P(x)) = 0 有四个不同的解 x=3x = 344aabb。求 (a+b)2(a + b)^2 的所有可能值之和。

Let P(x)P(x) be a quadratic polynomial with complex coefficients whose x2x^2 coefficient is 1.1. Suppose the equation P(P(x))=0P(P(x)) = 0 has four distinct solutions, x=3,x = 3, 4,4, a,a, b.b. Find the sum of all possible values of (a+b)2.(a + b)^2.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

四个根分成方程 P(x)=r1P(x) = r_1P(x)=r2P(x) = r_2 的两组解,其中 r1,r2r_1, r_2PP 的根。每组两个解的和相同。

The four roots split into the solution pairs of P(x)=r1P(x) = r_1 and P(x)=r2,P(x) = r_2, where r1,r2r_1, r_2 are the roots of P.P. Each pair of solutions has the same sum.

大提示:

3344 位于不同组,设 3+a=4+b=s3 + a = 4 + b = s。此时 P(3)P(3)P(4)P(4)PP 的两个根,因此它们的和为 ss,乘积为常数项。

If 33 and 44 lie in different pairs, set 3+a=4+b=s.3 + a = 4 + b = s. Then P(3)P(3) and P(4)P(4) are the two roots of P,P, so their sum is ss and their product is the constant term.

解答:

P(x)=x2+px+qP(x) = x^2 + px + q,其根为 r1r_1r2r_2。方程 P(P(x))=0P(P(x)) = 0 的解分成 P(x)=r1P(x) = r_1 的两个解和 P(x)=r2P(x) = r_2 的两个解,而每一组的两根之和都为 p-p

3344 构成同一组,则 a+b=p=3+4=7a + b = -p = 3 + 4 = 7,所以 (a+b)2=49(a + b)^2 = 49。这是可以达到的:取 P(x)=(x3)(x4)+r1P(x) = (x - 3)(x - 4) + r_1,其中 r1r_1 满足 r126r1+12=0r_1^2 - 6r_1 + 12 = 0,该方程有(复数)解,并且四个根互不相同。

否则 3344 位于不同组:3+a=4+b=p=s3 + a = 4 + b = -p = s,并且 {P(3),P(4)}={r1,r2}\{P(3), P(4)\} = \{r_1, r_2\}。根的和给出 P(3)+P(4)=25+7p+2qP(3) + P(4) = 25 + 7p + 2q =s= s,所以代入 p=sp = -s 后得到 q=4s252q = 4s - \frac{25}{2},进而 P(3)=s72P(3) = s - \frac{7}{2}P(4)=72P(4) = \frac{7}{2}。根的乘积给出 72(s72)=q=4s252\frac{7}{2}\left(s - \frac{7}{2}\right) = q = 4s - \frac{25}{2},解得 s=12s = \frac{1}{2}。于是 a+b=(s3)+(s4)=6a + b = (s - 3) + (s - 4) = -6,所以 (a+b)2=36(a + b)^2 = 36,且 a=52a = -\frac{5}{2}b=72b = -\frac{7}{2} 都不同于 3344。所有可能值之和为 49+36=8549 + 36 = 85

Write P(x)=x2+px+qP(x) = x^2 + px + q with roots r1r_1 and r2.r_2. The solutions of P(P(x))=0P(P(x)) = 0 split into the two solutions of P(x)=r1P(x) = r_1 and the two of P(x)=r2,P(x) = r_2, and each pair sums to p.-p.

If 33 and 44 form one pair, then a+b=p=3+4=7,a + b = -p = 3 + 4 = 7, so (a+b)2=49.(a + b)^2 = 49. This is achievable: P(x)=(x3)(x4)+r1P(x) = (x - 3)(x - 4) + r_1 with r1r_1 satisfying r126r1+12=0,r_1^2 - 6r_1 + 12 = 0, which has (complex) solutions, and the four roots are distinct.

Otherwise 33 and 44 lie in different pairs: 3+a=4+b=p=s,3 + a = 4 + b = -p = s, and {P(3),P(4)}={r1,r2}.\{P(3), P(4)\} = \{r_1, r_2\}. The root sum gives P(3)+P(4)=25+7p+2qP(3) + P(4) = 25 + 7p + 2q =s,= s, so with p=sp = -s we get q=4s252,q = 4s - \frac{25}{2}, and then P(3)=s72P(3) = s - \frac{7}{2} and P(4)=72.P(4) = \frac{7}{2}. The root product gives 72(s72)=q=4s252,\frac{7}{2}\left(s - \frac{7}{2}\right) = q = 4s - \frac{25}{2}, whose solution is s=12.s = \frac{1}{2}. Then a+b=(s3)+(s4)=6,a + b = (s - 3) + (s - 4) = -6, so (a+b)2=36,(a + b)^2 = 36, with a=52,a = -\frac{5}{2}, b=72b = -\frac{7}{2} all distinct from 33 and 4.4. The sum of all possible values is 49+36=85.49 + 36 = 85.

15.

ABC\triangle ABC 为锐角三角形,外接圆为 ω\omega,垂心为 HH。设 HBC\triangle HBC 的外接圆在 HH 处的切线与 ω\omega 交于点 XXYY,且 HA=3HA = 3HX=2HX = 2HY=6HY = 6ABC\triangle ABC 的面积可写成 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Let ABC\triangle ABC be an acute triangle with circumcircle ω\omega and orthocenter H.H. Suppose the tangent to the circumcircle of HBC\triangle HBC at HH intersects ω\omega at points XX and YY with HA=3,HA = 3, HX=2,HX = 2, and HY=6.HY = 6. The area of ABC\triangle ABC can be written as mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

三角形 HBCHBC 的外接圆是 ω\omega 关于 BCBC 的反射。以外心 OO 为原点时,它的圆心为 B+C=HAB + C = H - A,所以直线 XYXY 垂直于 OAOA

The circumcircle of HBCHBC is the reflection of ω\omega over BC.BC. With circumcenter OO at the origin its center is B+C=HA,B + C = H - A, so line XYXY is perpendicular to OA.OA.

大提示:

A=(0,R)A = (0, R),使 XYXY 水平。此时半弦长为 44HH 距弦的中点为 22,并且 HA=3HA = 3 给出 Rh=5R - h = \sqrt{5},从而确定 RR

Put A=(0,R)A = (0, R) so XYXY is horizontal. Then the half-chord is 4,4, HH is 22 from the chord’s midpoint, and HA=3HA = 3 gives Rh=5,R - h = \sqrt{5}, determining R.R.

解答:

HH 关于直线 BCBC 反射会落在 ω\omega 上,所以三角形 HBCHBC 的外接圆是 ω\omega 关于 BCBC 的反射。取外心 OO 为原点,则向量满足 H=A+B+CH = A + B + C。若 MMBC\overline{BC} 的中点,则 OMBCOM \perp BC,所以反射后的圆心是 2MO=B+C=HA2M - O = B + C = H - A。在 HH 处相切意味着 XYXY 垂直于从 B+CB + CHH 的半径,该半径就是向量 AA:弦 XYXY 垂直于 OAOA

放置 A=(0,R)A = (0, R),使 XYXY 是高度为 hh 的水平线,并令 H=(x0,h)H = (x_0, h)。半弦长为 R2h2\sqrt{R^2 - h^2},而 HX=2HX = 2HY=6HY = 6 给出 R2h2=4\sqrt{R^2 - h^2} = 4,且 x0=2|x_0| = 2。由 HA=3HA = 34+(Rh)2=94 + (R - h)^2 = 9,所以 Rh=5R - h = \sqrt{5}。于是 16=R2h2=(Rh)(R+h)=5(2R5) \begin{aligned} 16 &= R^2 - h^2 \\ &= (R - h)(R + h) \\ &= \sqrt{5}\left(2R - \sqrt{5}\right) \end{aligned}\text{,}R=2125R = \frac{21}{2\sqrt{5}}

现在 B+C=HA=(±2,5)B + C = H - A = (\pm 2, -\sqrt{5}),所以 M=(±1,52)M = \left(\pm 1, -\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right),且 OM=32OM = \frac{3}{2},于是 BC=2R294=2995BC = 2\sqrt{R^2 - \frac{9}{4}} = 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}}。点 AA 到直线 BCBC(过 MM,且垂直于 OMOM)的距离为 AMOM2OM=214+9432=5\frac{|A \cdot M - OM^2|}{OM} = \frac{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{9}{4}}{\frac{3}{2}} = 5,这里使用了 AM=5R2=214A \cdot M = -\frac{\sqrt{5}R}{2} = -\frac{21}{4}。因此 [ABC]=1229955=495=355 \begin{aligned} [ABC] &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}} \cdot 5 \\ &= \sqrt{495} \\ &= 3\sqrt{55} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=3+55=58m + n = 3 + 55 = 58

Reflecting HH over line BCBC lands on ω,\omega, so the circumcircle of HBCHBC is the reflection of ω\omega over BC.BC. Take the circumcenter OO as the origin, so that H=A+B+CH = A + B + C as vectors. If MM is the midpoint of BC,\overline{BC}, then OMBC,OM \perp BC, so the reflected center is 2MO=B+C=HA.2M - O = B + C = H - A. Tangency at HH means XYXY is perpendicular to the radius from B+CB + C to H,H, which is the vector A:A: the chord XYXY is perpendicular to OA.OA.

Place A=(0,R)A = (0, R) so that XYXY is horizontal at height h,h, with H=(x0,h).H = (x_0, h). The half-chord length is R2h2,\sqrt{R^2 - h^2}, and HX=2,HX = 2, HY=6HY = 6 give R2h2=4\sqrt{R^2 - h^2} = 4 with x0=2.|x_0| = 2. From HA=3:HA = 3: 4+(Rh)2=9,4 + (R - h)^2 = 9, so Rh=5.R - h = \sqrt{5}. Then 16=R2h2=(Rh)(R+h)=5(2R5), \begin{aligned} 16 &= R^2 - h^2 \\ &= (R - h)(R + h) \\ &= \sqrt{5}\left(2R - \sqrt{5}\right), \end{aligned} giving R=2125.R = \frac{21}{2\sqrt{5}}.

Now B+C=HA=(±2,5),B + C = H - A = (\pm 2, -\sqrt{5}), so M=(±1,52)M = \left(\pm 1, -\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right) and OM=32,OM = \frac{3}{2}, whence BC=2R294=2995.BC = 2\sqrt{R^2 - \frac{9}{4}} = 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}}. The distance from AA to line BCBC (through M,M, perpendicular to OMOM) is AMOM2OM=214+9432=5,\frac{|A \cdot M - OM^2|}{OM} = \frac{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{9}{4}}{\frac{3}{2}} = 5, using AM=5R2=214.A \cdot M = -\frac{\sqrt{5}R}{2} = -\frac{21}{4}. Hence [ABC]=1229955=495=355, \begin{aligned} [ABC] &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}} \cdot 5 \\ &= \sqrt{495} \\ &= 3\sqrt{55}, \end{aligned} and m+n=3+55=58.m + n = 3 + 55 = 58.