2020 AIME I 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
在满足 的 中,点 严格位于边 上 与 之间,点 严格位于边 上 与 之间,并且 。角 的度数为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
In with point lies strictly between and on side and point lies strictly between and on side such that The degree measure of is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
设 ,沿着等腰三角形 、 和 逐步追角。
Let and chase angles along the chain of isosceles triangles and
大提示:
外角给出 ;然后 点处沿 的三个角会迫使 。
The exterior angle gives then the three angles at along force
解答:
设 。因为 ,三角形 是等腰三角形,且 ,所以 点处的外角给出 。又因为 ,三角形 满足 ,从而 。
在 点处,位于线段 上的三个角之和为平角: ,所以 。因为 ,也有 。又 ,所以 ,对 求角和,得 ,因此 度。
因此 度,且 。
Let Since triangle is isosceles with so the exterior angle at gives Since triangle has hence
The three angles at on segment sum to a straight angle: so Since also But makes so the angle sum of gives hence degrees.
Then degrees, and
2.
存在唯一的正实数 ,使得 、 和 这三个数按此顺序构成一个公比为正的等比数列。数 可写成 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
There is a unique positive real number such that the three numbers and in that order, form a geometric progression with positive common ratio. The number can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
设 ;这三项变为 、 和 。
Set the three terms become and
大提示:
中项平方等于两端项乘积;解出 ,并舍去 。
The middle term squared equals the product of its neighbors; solve for discarding
解答:
设 。则 ,且 。在等比数列中,中项的平方等于两端项的乘积:
因为 不会给出有效公比,所以可除以 :,于是 ,得 。因此 ,此时数列为 、、,公比为 ,确实为正。
所以 。
Let Then and In a geometric progression the middle term squared equals the product of the outer terms:
Since gives no valid ratio, divide by so and Thus and the progression is with common ratio which is positive as required.
Therefore
3.
正整数 的十一进制表示为 ,八进制表示为 ,其中 、、 表示(不一定互不相同的)数字。求满足条件的最小 的十进制表示。
A positive integer has base-eleven representation and base-eight representation where and represent (not necessarily distinct) digits. Find the least such expressed in base ten.
小提示:
令两个十进制数值相等: 。
Set the base-ten values equal:
大提示:
化简为 ,其中数字 。右边迫使 ,而较小的 会给出较小的 。
Simplify to with digits The right side forces and smaller means smaller
解答:
把两种表示都写成十进制数值,得到 ,化简为 由于 、、 都是八进制数字,所以 ,并且 ,因为它是十一进制表示的首位。
右边至少为 ,所以 。由于 随 增大而增大,先试 :此时 。若 ,则 ,不可能;若 ,则已经超过。因此 ,并且 ,得到 。
因此 ,其八进制表示为 ,十一进制表示为 ,符合要求。最小的这样的 是 。
Equating the two representations in base ten gives which simplifies to All of are base-eight digits, so (and since it leads the base-eleven representation).
The right side is at least so Since increases with try then Here gives impossible, and overshoots, so and giving
Thus whose base-eight representation is and base-eleven representation is as required. The least such is
4.
设 为满足如下性质的正整数 的集合: 的最后四位数字是 ,且去掉最后四位后所得的数是 的一个因数。例如, 属于 ,因为 是 的因数。求 中所有数的所有数字之和。例如,数 对这个总和的贡献为 。
Let be the set of positive integers with the property that the last four digits of are and when the last four digits are removed, the result is a divisor of For example, is in because is a divisor of Find the sum of all the digits of all the numbers in For example, the number contributes to this total.
小提示:
写 ;那么 整除 恰好等价于 整除 。
Write then divides exactly when divides
大提示:
的这 个因数 中,每个都会贡献 的数字和再加上 。
Each of the divisors of contributes the digit sum of plus
解答:
若去掉最后四位后留下 ,则 , 整除 这一条件等价于 整除 。由于 , 共有 种选择:、、、、、、、、、、、。
中每个数的数字和等于 的数字和加上 。这十二个因数的数字和分别为 ,总和为 。
答案是 。
If removing the last four digits leaves then and the condition that divides is equivalent to dividing Since there are choices of
Each member of has digit sum equal to the digit sum of plus The digit sums of the twelve divisors are totaling
The answer is
5.
六张卡片分别标有 到 ,要排成一行。求满足如下条件的排列数:可以移走其中一张卡片,使剩下的五张卡片按升序或降序排列。
Six cards numbered through are to be lined up in a row. Find the number of arrangements of these six cards where one of the cards can be removed leaving the remaining five cards in either ascending or descending order.
小提示:
先数可以变成升序的排列:把一张卡片插入其余五张按递增顺序写出的卡片中。注意同一个排列可能被构造两次。
Count arrangements fixable to ascending order: insert one card into the other five written in increasing order. Beware of building the same arrangement twice.
大提示:
已排序的一行来自全部 种插入方式,每个相邻交换得到的排列来自两种方式。没有排列同时适用于升序和降序。
The sorted row arises from all insertions, and each adjacent swap arises twice. No arrangement works for both ascending and descending.
解答:
先数移走某张卡后其余卡片为升序的排列。任何这样的排列都可以通过选择要移走的卡片( 种方式),并把它插入其余五张卡片按递增顺序写成的一行的 个空位之一来得到,共有 种构造。但完全有序的一行 会由所有 种卡片选择得到,而由有序行中交换一对相邻卡片得到的 个排列各会出现两次(把这一对中的任意一张越过另一张)。其余每种构造都给出不同的排列。
因此升序的数量为 ,由对称性,降序排列也有 个。没有排列被两边同时计入:否则需要一个五张卡的升序子序列和一个五张卡的降序子序列,至少需要 张卡。
总数为 。
First count arrangements from which some card’s removal leaves the rest ascending. Any such arrangement arises by choosing the card to remove ( ways) and inserting it into one of the gaps of the other five cards written in increasing order, for constructions. But the fully sorted row arises from all card choices, and each of the arrangements obtained by swapping two adjacent cards of the sorted row arises twice (move either card of the pair past the other). Every other construction gives a distinct arrangement.
So the ascending count is and by symmetry there are descending arrangements. No arrangement is counted in both totals: that would require an ascending and a descending subsequence of five cards, needing at least cards.
The total is
6.
一块平板上有一个半径为 的圆孔和一个半径为 的圆孔,两个圆孔圆心之间的距离为 。两个半径相等的球分别放在这两个圆孔中,并且这两个球互相相切。球半径的平方为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
A flat board has a circular hole with radius and a circular hole with radius such that the distance between the centers of the two holes is Two spheres with equal radii sit in the two holes such that the spheres are tangent to each other. The square of the radius of the spheres is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
半径为 的球放在半径为 的孔中时,球心到平板平面的距离为 。
A sphere of radius sitting in a hole of radius has its center at distance from the plane of the board.
大提示:
两个球心相距 : 。分离根式后平方。
The centers are apart: Isolate the radical and square.
解答:
半径为 的球放在半径为 的圆孔中时,球心位于圆孔的轴线上;因为球心到孔边缘每一点的距离都是 ,所以它到平板平面的距离为 。因此两个球心位于平板同一侧,深度分别为 和 ,水平距离为 。
两球相切意味着球心距离为 :展开得 ,所以 。两边平方,得 ,因此 ,。
所以 。
A sphere of radius resting in a circular hole of radius has its center on the axis of the hole; since the center is at distance from every point of the hole’s rim, it sits at distance from the plane of the board. So the two centers lie at depths and on the same side of the board, with horizontal separation
Tangency of the spheres means the centers are apart: Expanding gives so Squaring, hence and
Thus
7.
一个由 名男性和 名女性组成的俱乐部,需要从成员中选出一个委员会,使委员会中的女性人数比男性人数多 。委员会最少可以有一名成员,最多可以有 名成员。设 为可组成的委员会数量。求所有整除 的质数之和。
A club consisting of men and women needs to choose a committee from among its members so that the number of women on the committee is one more than the number of men on the committee. The committee could have as few as member or as many as members. Let be the number of such committees that can be formed. Find the sum of the prime numbers that divide
小提示:
若有 名男性和 名女性,则数量为 。
With men and women the count is
大提示:
由于 ,范德蒙德恒等式把这个和化为 。把这个二项式系数分解为质因数。
Since Vandermonde’s identity collapses the sum to Factor that binomial coefficient into primes.
解答:
有 名男性的委员会有 名女性,所以 由范德蒙德恒等式得到(两边都在数从全部 人中选 人的方法数)。
现在分解 。质数 、、、 都出现在分子中而不出现在分母中。由勒让德公式, 的指数为 , 的指数为 , 的指数为 , 的指数为 , 的指数为 。因此 。
整除 的质数之和为 。
A committee with men has women, so by Vandermonde’s identity (both sides count ways to choose people from all ).
Now factor The primes each appear in the numerator but not the denominator. By Legendre’s formula the exponent of is of is of is of is and of is Hence
The sum of the primes dividing is
8.
一只虫子白天一直走路,夜里睡觉。第一天,它从点 出发,面向东方,向正东走了 个单位。每天夜里,虫子逆时针转 。每天白天,它沿新的方向走前一天一半的距离。虫子会任意接近点 。则 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
A bug walks all day and sleeps all night. On the first day, it starts at point faces east, and walks a distance of units due east. Each night the bug rotates counterclockwise. Each day it walks in this new direction half as far as it walked the previous day. The bug gets arbitrarily close to point Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
使用复数:总位移为 ,其中 。
Use complex numbers: the total displacement is with
大提示:
级数和为 ;由 计算 。
The series sums to compute from
解答:
在复平面中工作,令 为原点,正实轴表示东方。每天的位移都是前一天的位移乘以 ,所以
由于 ,有 ,其模长平方为 。因此 且 。
Work in the complex plane with at the origin and east along the positive real axis. Each day’s displacement is the previous one multiplied by so
Since we get whose squared magnitude is Therefore and
9.
设 为 的正整数因数的集合。从集合 中独立随机选取三个数,并按选取顺序记为 、、。同时满足 整除 且 整除 的概率为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Let be the set of positive integer divisors of Three numbers are chosen independently and at random from the set and labeled and in the order they are chosen. The probability that both divides and divides is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
因为 ,要求 整除 且 整除 ,就表示每个质数的指数都形成一个非递减三元组。
Since requiring to divide and to divide says each prime’s exponents form a non-decreasing triple.
大提示:
非递减三元组就是可重组合: 的指数有 种选择, 的指数有 种选择。
Non-decreasing triples are multisets: choices for the exponents of and for
解答:
写 ,所以每个 ,其中 、;共有 个因数,并且两个质数的指数是独立均匀选取的。 整除 且 整除 这两个条件成立,当且仅当 且 。
从 个值中选出的非递减三元组对应大小为 的可重组合,数量为 。因此概率为
因为 与 互质,所以分数已是最简形式,。
Write so each with and there are divisors, and the exponents of the two primes are chosen independently and uniformly. The conditions that divides and divides hold exactly when and
Non-decreasing triples from a set of values correspond to multisets of size counted by So the probability is
Since shares no factor with the fraction is in lowest terms and
10.
设 和 为满足以下条件的正整数:
• ,
• 是 的倍数,并且
• 不是 的倍数。
求 的最小可能值。
Let and be positive integers satisfying the conditions
•
• is a multiple of and
• is not a multiple of
Find the least possible value of
小提示:
每个整除 的质数都必须整除 ,因此也整除 ,所以 的所有质因数至少为 。
Every prime dividing must divide hence divides — so all prime factors of are at least
大提示:
试 ,并令 且 不是 的倍数;那么 整除 需要 。向上检查 ,再用得到的上界排除更大的不足指数和更大的 。
Try and with not divisible by then dividing needs Scan upward for then use the resulting upper bound to rule out larger deficient exponents and larger
解答:
若质数 整除 ,则 整除 ,而它又整除 ,所以 整除 ,从而 整除 。由于 , 的质因数不能是 、、 或 : 的每个质因数都至少为 。因为 不是 的倍数,某个质数 满足 ,其中 表示 的指数。由于 整除 ,比较 的指数,得 ,所以 。特别地 ,因此 整除 ,并且 。
取 ,对应 、、:此时 是 的倍数但不是 的倍数,并且 。候选 分别给出 、、,都与 有公因数;而 是 的倍数。但 可行: ,所以 整除 ,且 与 互质。
还需证明不存在更小的结果。假设 ,则 。对于上面的不足质数,若 ,就会有 ,所以 且 。于是 ,而 又推出 。在这个范围内,质因数均不小于 且能被某个不小于 的质数平方整除的整数只有 。上面的检查已经穷尽了这个 所对应的每个可能的 ,只要它小于 ,所以最小可能值为 。
If a prime divides then divides which in turn divides so divides and hence divides Since no prime factor of is or every prime factor of is at least Because is not a multiple of some prime has where denotes the exponent of Since divides comparing exponents of gives so In particular so divides and
Take with then is a multiple of but not of and The candidates give all sharing a factor with while is a multiple of But works: so divides and is coprime to
It remains to prove that nothing smaller works. Suppose Then For the deficient prime above, would imply so and Thus and implies The only integer in this range divisible by the square of a prime at least , with no prime factors below is The preceding check exhausts every possible for this below so the least possible value is
11.
对整数 、、、,设 ,。求有多少个整数有序三元组 满足各数绝对值不超过 ,并且存在整数 ,使得 。
For integers and let and Find the number of ordered triples of integers with absolute values not exceeding for which there is an integer such that
小提示:
和 都必须是 的根。分别处理 和 的情况。
and must both be roots of Treat and separately.
大提示:
迫使 ,此时 可任取;否则韦达定理确定 ,并且它必须落在 。
forces with free; otherwise Vieta pins which must lie in
解答:
条件表示整数 和 都是首一二次式 的根。这两个值相等恰好当 。
若 ,则任意 和任意 都可以通过选择 ,使 成为 的根,因此给出 个三元组。若 ,这两个不同的值必须是 的两个根,所以韦达定理迫使 ,此时 是整数。要求 等价于 。
对每个 ,统计满足 且 的整数:当 、、、、、、、 时,数量分别为 ,而其他所有 时为 ,总计 。答案是 。
The condition says the integers and are both roots of the monic quadratic These two values are equal exactly when
If then for any and any the choice makes a root of giving triples. If the two distinct values must be the two roots of so Vieta forces and then is an integer. The requirement becomes
For each count integers with the counts are for respectively, and for all other totaling The answer is
12.
设 为最小正整数,使得 能被 整除。求 的正因数个数。
Let be the least positive integer for which is divisible by Find the number of positive divisors of
小提示:
分别处理 、、。由于 ,提幂引理可直接用于 和 。
Handle separately. Since lifting the exponent applies directly at and
大提示:
对于 ,先由 得到 整除 。然后 ,所以提幂引理迫使 整除 。
At first requires to divide Then so lifting the exponent forces to divide
解答:
按质数分别考虑。因为 ,提幂引理给出 ,并且 对每个正整数 都成立。要求指数至少达到 和 ,迫使 能被 和 整除。
对于 ,首先需要 ,即 ,也就是 ,这要求 整除 。写 。在 中,只有最后一个因子可被 整除,且只整除一次,因为 。从底数 使用提幂引理,得 ,所以 整除 ,即 整除 。
最小的有效 为 ,它有 个正因数。
Work prime by prime. Since the lifting-the-exponent lemma gives and for every positive integer Requiring at least and forces to be divisible by and by
For we first need i.e. i.e. which requires to divide Write In only the last factor is divisible by and only once, since Lifting the exponent from the base gives so divides i.e. divides
The least valid is which has positive divisors.
13.
点 位于 的边 上,且 平分 。 的垂直平分线分别与 和 的角平分线交于点 和 。已知 、、, 的面积可写成 ,其中 与 是互质正整数,且 是不被任何质数平方整除的正整数。求 。
Point lies on side of so that bisects The perpendicular bisector of intersects the bisectors of and in points and respectively. Given that and the area of can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers, and is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
在三角形 中,从 出发的角平分线与 的垂直平分线交于弧 的中点,所以 ;类似地,。
In triangle the bisector from meets the perpendicular bisector of at the arc midpoint of so similarly
大提示:
设 为 的中点,面积为 ,并且 。
With the midpoint of the area is and
解答:
在三角形 中, 点的内角平分线再次交 的外接圆于不含 的弧 的中点,而这个弧中点位于 的垂直平分线上,所以 正是这个弧中点。圆周角 和 对同一段弧 ,所以 。同理 ,且 位于直线 的两侧。
设 为 的中点。在直角三角形 和 中,,,所以 ,而 到直线 的距离为 。因此 。
此处 、,所以 ,且 。余弦定理给出 和 ,所以 ,并且 ,二者之和为 。面积为 ,所以 。
In triangle the internal bisector of the angle at meets the circumcircle of again at the midpoint of arc not containing and that arc midpoint lies on the perpendicular bisector of — so is exactly that arc midpoint. The inscribed angles and subtend the same arc so Similarly and lie on opposite sides of line
Let be the midpoint of In right triangles and and so while the distance from to line is Hence
Here and so and The law of cosines gives and so and with sum The area is so
14.
设 是一个复系数二次多项式,且 的系数为 。已知方程 有四个不同的解 ,,,。求 的所有可能值之和。
Let be a quadratic polynomial with complex coefficients whose coefficient is Suppose the equation has four distinct solutions, Find the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
四个根分成方程 与 的两组解,其中 是 的根。每组两个解的和相同。
The four roots split into the solution pairs of and where are the roots of Each pair of solutions has the same sum.
大提示:
若 和 位于不同组,设 。此时 和 是 的两个根,因此它们的和为 ,乘积为常数项。
If and lie in different pairs, set Then and are the two roots of so their sum is and their product is the constant term.
解答:
写 ,其根为 和 。方程 的解分成 的两个解和 的两个解,而每一组的两根之和都为 。
若 和 构成同一组,则 ,所以 。这是可以达到的:取 ,其中 满足 ,该方程有(复数)解,并且四个根互不相同。
否则 和 位于不同组:,并且 。根的和给出 ,所以代入 后得到 ,进而 ,。根的乘积给出 ,解得 。于是 ,所以 ,且 、 都不同于 和 。所有可能值之和为 。
Write with roots and The solutions of split into the two solutions of and the two of and each pair sums to
If and form one pair, then so This is achievable: with satisfying which has (complex) solutions, and the four roots are distinct.
Otherwise and lie in different pairs: and The root sum gives so with we get and then and The root product gives whose solution is Then so with all distinct from and The sum of all possible values is
15.
设 为锐角三角形,外接圆为 ,垂心为 。设 的外接圆在 处的切线与 交于点 和 ,且 、、。 的面积可写成 ,其中 与 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Let be an acute triangle with circumcircle and orthocenter Suppose the tangent to the circumcircle of at intersects at points and with and The area of can be written as where and are positive integers, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
答案:58
小提示:
三角形 的外接圆是 关于 的反射。以外心 为原点时,它的圆心为 ,所以直线 垂直于 。
The circumcircle of is the reflection of over With circumcenter at the origin its center is so line is perpendicular to
大提示:
令 ,使 水平。此时半弦长为 , 距弦的中点为 ,并且 给出 ,从而确定 。
Put so is horizontal. Then the half-chord is is from the chord’s midpoint, and gives determining
解答:
将 关于直线 反射会落在 上,所以三角形 的外接圆是 关于 的反射。取外心 为原点,则向量满足 。若 是 的中点,则 ,所以反射后的圆心是 。在 处相切意味着 垂直于从 到 的半径,该半径就是向量 :弦 垂直于 。
放置 ,使 是高度为 的水平线,并令 。半弦长为 ,而 、 给出 ,且 。由 :,所以 。于是 得 。
现在 ,所以 ,且 ,于是 。点 到直线 (过 ,且垂直于 )的距离为 ,这里使用了 。因此 所以 。
Reflecting over line lands on so the circumcircle of is the reflection of over Take the circumcenter as the origin, so that as vectors. If is the midpoint of then so the reflected center is Tangency at means is perpendicular to the radius from to which is the vector the chord is perpendicular to
Place so that is horizontal at height with The half-chord length is and give with From so Then giving
Now so and whence The distance from to line (through perpendicular to ) is using Hence and