1994 AIME 第 14 题

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14.

一束光射到 BC\overline{BC} 上的 CC 点,入射角为 α=19.94\alpha=19.94^\circ,并如图所示以相等的反射角反射。此后,光束继续传播,并在线段 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC} 上按照“入射角等于反射角”的规则反射。已知 β=α10=1.994\beta=\frac{\alpha}{10}=1.994^\circ,且 AB=BCAB=BC,求光束在这两条线段上反射的次数。计数时包括在 CC 点的第一次反射。

A beam of light strikes BC\overline{BC} at point CC with angle of incidence α=19.94\alpha=19.94^\circ and reflects with an equal angle of reflection as shown. The light beam continues its path, reflecting off line segments AB\overline{AB} and BC\overline{BC} according to the rule: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection. Given that β=α10=1.994\beta=\frac{\alpha}{10}=1.994^\circ and AB=BC,AB=BC, determine the number of times the light beam will bounce off the two line segments. Include the first reflection at CC in your count.

答案:71
知识点:反射(几何)导角取整函数
难度评级:2790
小提示:

每次反射时,不反射光束,而是反射两线段所成角的下一份副本,从而展开路径

Unfold each reflection by reflecting the next copy of the two-segment angle instead of reflecting the beam

大提示:

在第一次反射之后再发生 kk 次反射时,相应的边界射线已经转过 kβk\beta

After kk reflections beyond the first one, the relevant boundary ray has turned through kβk\beta

解答:

在每次反射处展开路径后,光束成为一条直线,依次穿过顶点为 BB 的角的各个反射副本。在初次反射之后再发生 kk 次反射时(初次反射位于 CC 点),下一条边界射线与原射线的夹角为 kβk\beta。利用 AB=BCAB=BC,交点恰好在满足 kβ1802αk\beta\leq180^\circ-2\alpha 时仍位于有限线段上。因此 k1802(19.94)1.99470.27k\leq\frac{180-2(19.94)}{1.994}\approx70.27\text{,}所以此后还会反射 7070 次。加上在 CC 点的第一次反射,共有 7171 次。

Unfold the path at each bounce, so the beam becomes one straight line crossing successive reflected copies of the angle at B.B. After kk reflections beyond the initial reflection at C,C, the next boundary ray makes angle kβk\beta with the original one. Using AB=BC,AB=BC, the crossing remains on the finite segments exactly while kβ1802α.k\beta\leq180^\circ-2\alpha. Therefore k1802(19.94)1.99470.27,k\leq\frac{180-2(19.94)}{1.994}\approx70.27, so there are 7070 further reflections. Including the first reflection at CC gives 71.71.

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