1994 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

递增数列 33151524244848\ldots 由所有比完全平方数小一的 33 的正倍数组成。该数列的第 19941994 项除以 10001000 的余数是多少?

The increasing sequence 3,3, 15,15, 24,24, 48,48, \ldots consists of those positive multiples of 33 that are one less than a perfect square. What is the remainder when the 19941994th term of the sequence is divided by 1000?1000?

知识点:模运算区间内整数计数完全平方数
难度评级:1640
小提示:

k21k^2-1 能被 33 整除,当且仅当 kk 不能被 33 整除

A number k21k^2-1 is divisible by 33 exactly when kk is not divisible by 33

大提示:

将符合条件的 kk 值每两个分为一组,再将所需的平方数模 10001000 化简

Index the eligible values of kk in pairs, then reduce the required square modulo 10001000

解答:

各项形如 k21k^2-1,其中整数 k2k\geq2 且不能被 33 整除。每三个连续的 kk 中有两个符合条件。由于 1994=29971994=2\cdot997,该项对应 k=3(997)+1=2992k=3(997)+1=2992。又因为 29929928(mod1000)2992\equiv992\equiv-8\pmod {1000},所以 k21(8)2163(mod1000)\begin{aligned}k^2-1&\equiv(-8)^2-1\\&\equiv63\pmod {1000}\end{aligned}\text{。}

The terms are k21k^2-1 for integers k2k\geq2 not divisible by 3.3. In each block of three consecutive kk’s there are two eligible values. The 1994=29971994=2\cdot997th corresponds to k=3(997)+1=2992.k=3(997)+1=2992. Since 29929928(mod1000),2992\equiv992\equiv-8\pmod {1000}, k21(8)2163(mod1000).\begin{aligned}k^2-1&\equiv(-8)^2-1\\&\equiv63\pmod {1000}.\end{aligned}

2.

一个以 PQ\overline{PQ} 为直径且直径长为 1010 的圆,在 PP 点与一个半径为 2020 的圆内切。作正方形 ABCDABCD,使 AABB 位于大圆上,CD\overline{CD}QQ 点与小圆相切,并且小圆位于 ABCDABCD 外部。AB\overline{AB} 的长度可写成 m+nm+\sqrt n,其中 mmnn 是整数。求 m+nm+n

A circle with diameter PQ\overline{PQ} of length 1010 is internally tangent at PP to a circle of radius 20.20. Square ABCDABCD is constructed with AA and BB on the larger circle, CD\overline{CD} tangent at QQ to the smaller circle, and the smaller circle outside ABCD.ABCD. The length of AB\overline{AB} can be written in the form m+n,m+\sqrt n, where mm and nn are integers. Find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2170
小提示:

将大圆的圆心置于原点,并使 PPQQ 位于同一条直径上

Place the large circle at the origin and put PP and QQ on a diameter

大提示:

若正方形的边长为 ss,则它的弦边 ABAB 到大圆圆心的距离为 10s|10-s|

If the square’s side is ss, its chord side ABAB lies at distance 10s|10-s| from the large circle’s center

解答:

将大圆的圆心置于原点,并令 P=(20,0)P=(20,0)Q=(10,0)Q=(10,0)。设正方形的边长为 ss。因为小圆位于正方形外部,所以 CD\overline{CD} 位于直线 x=10x=10 上,而与它平行的弦 AB\overline{AB} 位于直线 x=10sx=10-s 上。由半径为 2020 的圆中的弦长公式,s=2400(10s)2s=2\sqrt{400-(10-s)^2}\text{。}平方后得到 s216s240=0s^2-16s-240=0,所以 s=8+419=8+304s=8+4\sqrt{19}=8+\sqrt{304}。因此 m+n=8+304=312m+n=8+304=312

Put the large circle at the origin with P=(20,0)P=(20,0) and Q=(10,0).Q=(10,0). Let the square’s side be s.s. Because the smaller circle is outside the square, CD\overline{CD} lies on x=10x=10 and the parallel chord AB\overline{AB} lies on x=10s.x=10-s. A chord of the radius-2020 circle then gives s=2400(10s)2.s=2\sqrt{400-(10-s)^2}. Squaring yields s216s240=0,s^2-16s-240=0, so s=8+419=8+304.s=8+4\sqrt{19}=8+\sqrt{304}. Thus m+n=8+304=312.m+n=8+304=312.

3.

函数 ff 满足:对每个实数 xx,都有 f(x)+f(x1)=x2f(x)+f(x-1)=x^2\text{。}f(19)=94f(19)=94,那么 f(94)f(94) 除以 10001000 的余数是多少?

The function ff has the property that, for each real number x,x, f(x)+f(x1)=x2.f(x)+f(x-1)=x^2. If f(19)=94,f(19)=94, what is the remainder when f(94)f(94) is divided by 1000?1000?

难度评级:1900
小提示:

先代入 x=20x=20 求出 f(20)f(20)

First use x=20x=20 to find f(20)f(20)

大提示:

通过推导从 f(x)f(x)f(x2)f(x-2) 的递推关系来消去交替出现的项

Eliminate alternating terms by deriving a recurrence from f(x)f(x) to f(x2)f(x-2)

解答:

首先,f(20)=202f(19)=306f(20)=20^2-f(19)=306。连续代入两步可得 f(x)=x2(x1)2+f(x2)=2x1+f(x2)\begin{aligned}f(x)&=x^2-(x-1)^2+f(x-2)\\&=2x-1+f(x-2)\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 f(94)=306+j=1147(4j1)=306+4(1073)37=4561\begin{aligned}f(94)&=306+\sum_{j=11}^{47}(4j-1)\\&=306+4(1073)-37\\&=4561\end{aligned}\text{。}所求余数为 561561

First f(20)=202f(19)=306.f(20)=20^2-f(19)=306. Subtracting through two steps gives f(x)=x2(x1)2+f(x2)=2x1+f(x2).\begin{aligned}f(x)&=x^2-(x-1)^2+f(x-2)\\&=2x-1+f(x-2).\end{aligned} Therefore f(94)=306+j=1147(4j1)=306+4(1073)37=4561.\begin{aligned}f(94)&=306+\sum_{j=11}^{47}(4j-1)\\&=306+4(1073)-37\\&=4561.\end{aligned} The requested remainder is 561.561.

4.

求满足下式的正整数 nnlog21+log22+log23++log2n=1994\begin{aligned}&\lfloor\log_2 1\rfloor+\lfloor\log_2 2\rfloor+\lfloor\log_2 3\rfloor\\&\quad+\cdots+\lfloor\log_2 n\rfloor=1994\end{aligned}\text{。}(对实数 xxx\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。)

Find the positive integer nn for which log21+log22+log23++log2n=1994.\begin{aligned}&\lfloor\log_2 1\rfloor+\lfloor\log_2 2\rfloor+\lfloor\log_2 3\rfloor\\&\quad+\cdots+\lfloor\log_2 n\rfloor=1994.\end{aligned} (For real x,x, x\lfloor x\rfloor is the greatest integer not exceeding x.x.)

难度评级:1980
小提示:

log2k\lfloor\log_2 k\rfloor 取值相同的整数分为一组

Group integers having the same value of log2k\lfloor\log_2 k\rfloor

大提示:

先计算到 255255 为止的和;此后每个新增项起初都贡献 88

Compute the sum through 255255, after which every new term initially contributes 88

解答:

2jk<2j+12^j\leq k<2^{j+1} 时,相应的加数为 jj。因此,到 255=281255=2^8-1 为止的和为 j=07j2j=(82)28+2=1538\sum_{j=0}^7j2^j=(8-2)2^8+2=1538\text{。}剩余的 19941538=4561994-1538=456 等于 57857\cdot8,所以还要加入 5757 个从 256256 开始的整数。因此 n=255+57=312n=255+57=312

For 2jk<2j+1,2^j\leq k<2^{j+1}, the summand is j.j. Thus the sum through 255=281255=2^8-1 is j=07j2j=(82)28+2=1538.\sum_{j=0}^7j2^j=(8-2)2^8+2=1538. The remaining 19941538=4561994-1538=456 is 578,57\cdot8, so we include 5757 more integers beginning with 256.256. Hence n=255+57=312.n=255+57=312.

5.

给定正整数 nn,令 p(n)p(n) 表示 nn 的所有非零数位之积。(若 nn 只有一位数,则 p(n)p(n) 就等于该数位。)令 S=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)++p(999)\begin{aligned}S&=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)\\&\quad+\cdots+p(999)\end{aligned}\text{。}SS 的最大素因数是多少?

Given a positive integer n,n, let p(n)p(n) be the product of the nonzero digits of n.n. (If nn has only one digit, then p(n)p(n) is equal to that digit.) Let S=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)++p(999).\begin{aligned}S&=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)\\&\quad+\cdots+p(999).\end{aligned} What is the largest prime factor of S?S?

难度评级:2110
小提示:

把从 000000999999 的每个数都写成三位数,并让数位零贡献因子 11

Write every number from 000000 through 999999 using three digits and let a zero digit contribute a factor of 11

大提示:

这个和可按数位分解;记得去掉 000000 的贡献

The sum factors by digit position; remember to remove the contribution of 000000

解答:

对一个数位而言,各个有效因子之和为 1+1+2++9=461+1+2+\cdots+9=46,其中第一个 11 代表数位 00。因此,从 000000999999 的总和为 46346^3。去掉人为产生的贡献 11(它来自 000000),得到 S=4631=45(462+46+1)=452163\begin{aligned}S&=46^3-1\\&=45(46^2+46+1)\\&=45\cdot2163\end{aligned}\text{。}由于 2163=3721=371032163=3\cdot721=3\cdot7\cdot103,最大素因数为 103103

For one digit position, the sum of its effective factors is 1+1+2++9=46,1+1+2+\cdots+9=46, where the first 11 represents digit 0.0. Thus the sum over 000000 through 999999 is 463.46^3. Removing the artificial contribution 11 from 000000 gives S=4631=45(462+46+1)=452163.\begin{aligned}S&=46^3-1\\&=45(46^2+46+1)\\&=45\cdot2163.\end{aligned} Since 2163=3721=37103,2163=3\cdot721=3\cdot7\cdot103, the largest prime factor is 103.103.

6.

在坐标平面内,对 k=10k=-109-98-8\ldots991010,画出方程 y=k,y=3x+2k,y=3x+2k\begin{aligned}y&=k,\\y&=\sqrt3x+2k,\\y&=-\sqrt3x+2k\end{aligned} 的图像。这 6363 条直线把平面的一部分分割成边长为 23\frac{2}{\sqrt3} 的等边三角形。共形成多少个这样的三角形?

The graphs of the equations y=k,y=3x+2k,y=3x+2k,\begin{aligned}y&=k,\\y&=\sqrt3x+2k,\\y&=-\sqrt3x+2k,\end{aligned} are drawn in the coordinate plane for k=10,k=-10, 9,-9, 8,-8, ,\ldots, 9,9, 10.10. These 6363 lines cut part of the plane into equilateral triangles of side 23.\frac{2}{\sqrt3}. How many such triangles are formed?

难度评级:2350
小提示:

分别用 i,j,ki,j,k(它们取自 [10,10][-10,10])标记三个直线族中的一条直线

Index one line from each family by i,j,ki,j,k in [10,10][-10,10]

大提示:

当且仅当 i=j+k+1i=j+k+1i=j+k1i=j+k-1 时,才会出现一个最小三角形区域

A smallest triangular cell occurs precisely when i=j+k+1i=j+k+1 or i=j+k1i=j+k-1

解答:

一个单位三角形区域由指标 i,j,k[10,10]i,j,k\in[-10,10] 决定,这些指标满足 i=j+k±1i=j+k\pm1。对加号情形,有 11j+k9-11\leq j+k\leq9。共有 21s21-|s| 个有序数对 (j,k)(j,k) 的和为 ss,因此这个朝向贡献 s=119(21s)=330\sum_{s=-11}^{9}(21-|s|)=330 个三角形。由对称性,另一个朝向也贡献 330330 个,所以总数为 660660

A unit triangular cell is determined by indices i,j,k[10,10]i,j,k\in[-10,10] satisfying i=j+k±1.i=j+k\pm1. For the plus sign, 11j+k9.-11\leq j+k\leq9. There are 21s21-|s| ordered pairs (j,k)(j,k) with sum s,s, so this orientation contributes s=119(21s)=330.\sum_{s=-11}^{9}(21-|s|)=330. By symmetry the other orientation also contributes 330,330, for a total of 660.660.

7.

对于某些实数有序对 (a,b)(a,b),方程组 ax+by=1,x2+y2=50\begin{aligned}ax+by&=1,\\x^2+y^2&=50\end{aligned} 至少有一个解,并且每个解都是整数有序对 (x,y)(x,y)。这样的有序对 (a,b)(a,b) 有多少个?

For certain ordered pairs (a,b)(a,b) of real numbers, the system of equations ax+by=1,x2+y2=50\begin{aligned}ax+by&=1,\\x^2+y^2&=50\end{aligned} has at least one solution, and each solution is an ordered pair (x,y)(x,y) of integers. How many such ordered pairs (a,b)(a,b) are there?

知识点:格点切线
难度评级:2350
小提示:

列出圆 x2+y2=50x^2+y^2=50 上的所有整点

List all integer points on x2+y2=50x^2+y^2=50

大提示:

既要计算经过两个非对径整点的弦,也要计算每个整点处的切线

Count both chords through two non-antipodal lattice points and tangents at one lattice point

解答:

圆上共有 1212 个整点,它们来自 (±1,±7)(\pm1,\pm7)(±5,±5)(\pm5,\pm5)(±7,±1)(\pm7,\pm1)。一条符合条件的割线由任意两个非对径整点确定,因此共有 (122)6=60\binom{12}{2}-6=60 条;要排除这些对径点对,因为它们所在的直线经过原点,不能写成 ax+by=1ax+by=1。此外,每个整点处还有一条切线,共 1212 条。每条直线都能唯一地规范化为 ax+by=1ax+by=1,所以总数为 60+12=7260+12=72

The circle has the 1212 lattice points obtained from (±1,±7),(\pm1,\pm7), (±5,±5),(\pm5,\pm5), and (±7,±1).(\pm7,\pm1). A secant satisfying the condition is determined by any two non-antipodal lattice points. This gives (122)6=60\binom{12}{2}-6=60 lines; antipodal pairs are excluded because their line passes through the origin and cannot have equation ax+by=1.ax+by=1. There are also 1212 tangents, one at each lattice point. Each line has a unique normalization ax+by=1,ax+by=1, so the total is 60+12=72.60+12=72.

8.

(0,0)(0,0)(a,11)(a,11)(b,37)(b,37) 是一个等边三角形的三个顶点。求 abab 的值。

The points (0,0),(0,0), (a,11),(a,11), and (b,37)(b,37) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Find the value of ab.ab.

难度评级:1940
小提示:

向量 (b,37)(b,37) 是向量 (a,11)(a,11) 旋转 6060^\circ60-60^\circ 后得到的

The vector (b,37)(b,37) is a rotation of (a,11)(a,11) through 6060^\circ or 60-60^\circ

大提示:

先利用旋转后的第二个坐标,再计算第一个坐标

Use the second coordinate of the rotation first, then compute the first coordinate

解答:

若旋转角为 6060^\circ,则 37=32a+11237=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}a+\frac{11}{2}\text{,}所以 a=213a=21\sqrt3。于是第一个坐标为 b=a21132=53b=\frac a2-\frac{11\sqrt3}{2}=5\sqrt3\text{。}反向旋转会使两个数同时变号,乘积不变。因此 ab=(213)(53)=315ab=(21\sqrt3)(5\sqrt3)=315

For a 6060^\circ rotation, 37=32a+112,37=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}a+\frac{11}{2}, so a=213.a=21\sqrt3. The first coordinate is then b=a21132=53.b=\frac a2-\frac{11\sqrt3}{2}=5\sqrt3. The opposite orientation changes both signs and leaves the product unchanged. Hence ab=(213)(53)=315.ab=(21\sqrt3)(5\sqrt3)=315.

9.

有一种单人游戏,规则如下。袋中放有六组各不相同的配对牌。玩家每次从袋中随机抽出一张牌并保留;但只要手中出现一对相配的牌,就立即将这一对放到一旁。如果玩家在任何时刻手中有三张互不相配的牌,游戏就结束;否则继续抽牌,直到袋子为空。袋子最终被抽空的概率为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp+q

A solitaire game is played as follows. Six distinct pairs of matched tiles are placed in a bag. The player randomly draws tiles one at a time from the bag and retains them, except that matching tiles are put aside as soon as they appear in the player’s hand. The game ends if the player ever holds three tiles, no two of which match; otherwise the drawing continues until the bag is empty. The probability that the bag will be emptied is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p+q.

难度评级:2460
小提示:

记录尚未出现的牌对数 rr 和当前手中未配对的牌数 hh

Track the number rr of unseen pairs and the number hh of unmatched tiles currently held

大提示:

从状态 (r,h)(r,h) 出发,下一张牌要么与手中 hh 张牌中的一张配对,要么开启尚未出现的 rr 对牌中的一对

From state (r,h)(r,h), the next tile either matches one of the hh held tiles or opens one of the rr unseen pairs

解答:

F(r,h)F(r,h) 为还有 rr 对牌尚未出现、手中有 h2h\leq2 张未配对牌时成功的概率。在剩余的 2r+h2r+h 张牌中,有 hh 张会闭合一个已开启的牌对,有 2r2r 张会开启一个新牌对;当 h=2h=2 时,后一种情况会导致失败。因此 F(r,h)=hF(r,h1)2r+h+2rF(r1,h+1)2r+h\begin{aligned}F(r,h)&=\frac{hF(r,h-1)}{2r+h}\\&\quad+\frac{2rF(r-1,h+1)}{2r+h}\end{aligned}\text{,}其中当 h=2h=2 时省略第二项,并取 F(0,h)=1F(0,h)=1。计算这个三状态递推可得,对于 r=1,2,,6r=1,2,\ldots,6F(r,0):1, 1, 35, 935,335, 9385\begin{aligned}F(r,0):\quad&1,\ 1,\ \frac35,\ \frac9{35},\\&\frac3{35},\ \frac9{385}\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 pq=9385\frac{p}{q}=\frac{9}{385},所以 p+q=394p+q=394

Let F(r,h)F(r,h) be the chance of success with rr unseen pairs and h2h\leq2 unmatched tiles held. Among 2r+h2r+h remaining tiles, hh close an open pair and 2r2r open a new pair; the latter move fails when h=2.h=2. Thus F(r,h)=hF(r,h1)2r+h+2rF(r1,h+1)2r+h,\begin{aligned}F(r,h)&=\frac{hF(r,h-1)}{2r+h}\\&\quad+\frac{2rF(r-1,h+1)}{2r+h},\end{aligned} omitting the second term when h=2,h=2, with F(0,h)=1.F(0,h)=1. Evaluating this three-state recursion gives F(r,0):1, 1, 35, 935,335, 9385\begin{aligned}F(r,0):\quad&1,\ 1,\ \frac35,\ \frac9{35},\\&\frac3{35},\ \frac9{385}\end{aligned} for r=1,2,,6.r=1,2,\ldots,6. Hence pq=9385\frac{p}{q}=\frac{9}{385} and p+q=394.p+q=394.

10.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,角 CC 为直角,从 CC 作出的高与 AB\overline{AB} 交于 DDABC\triangle ABC 的三条边长均为整数,BD=293BD=29^3,且 cosB=mn\cos B=\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm+n

In triangle ABC,ABC, angle CC is a right angle and the altitude from CC meets AB\overline{AB} at D.D. The lengths of the sides of ABC\triangle ABC are integers, BD=293,BD=29^3, and cosB=mn,\cos B=\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2270
小提示:

利用相似关系写出 BD=BC2ABBD=\frac{BC^2}{AB}

Use similarity to write BD=BC2ABBD=\frac{BC^2}{AB}

大提示:

BCAB=mn\frac{BC}{AB}=\frac{m}{n} 写成最简分数,并利用 29329^3 的素因数分解

Express BCAB=mn\frac{BC}{AB}=\frac{m}{n} in lowest terms and use the prime factorization of 29329^3

解答:

BCAB=mn\frac{BC}{AB}=\frac{m}{n} 写成最简分数,并令 BC=kmBC=kmAB=knAB=kn。由相似关系,293=BD=BC2AB=km2n29^3=BD=\frac{BC^2}{AB}=\frac{km^2}{n}\text{。}因此 kk 能被 nn 整除;令 k=ntk=nt,则 tm2=293tm^2=29^3。若 m=1m=1,它不可能是非退化整数直角三角形的一条直角边,所以 m=29m=29。令本原勾股三角形的另一条直角边为 uu,则 (nu)(n+u)=292(n-u)(n+u)=29^2,由此得到 n=421n=421u=420u=420。因此 m+n=29+421=450m+n=29+421=450

Write BCAB=mn\frac{BC}{AB}=\frac{m}{n} in lowest terms, with BC=kmBC=km and AB=kn.AB=kn. Similarity gives 293=BD=BC2AB=km2n.29^3=BD=\frac{BC^2}{AB}=\frac{km^2}{n}. Hence kk is divisible by n;n; writing k=ntk=nt gives tm2=293.tm^2=29^3. The possibility m=1m=1 cannot be a leg of a nondegenerate integer right triangle, so m=29.m=29. Writing the other leg of the primitive triple as u,u, we have (nu)(n+u)=292,(n-u)(n+u)=29^2, giving n=421n=421 and u=420.u=420. Therefore m+n=29+421=450.m+n=29+421=450.

11.

九十四块尺寸均为 4×10×194''\times10''\times19'' 的砖要一块叠在另一块上,形成一座高为 9494 块砖的塔。每块砖可以选择不同的朝向,使它为塔的总高度贡献 44''1010''1919''。使用全部 9494 块砖,可以得到多少种不同的塔高?

Ninety-four bricks, each measuring 4×10×19,4''\times10''\times19'', are to be stacked one on top of another to form a tower 9494 bricks tall. Each brick can be oriented so it contributes 4,4'', 10,10'', or 1919'' to the total height of the tower. How many different tower heights can be achieved using all 9494 of the bricks?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

先让所有砖都贡献 44 英寸,再计算可能的高度增量

Start with all bricks contributing 44 inches and count possible increments

大提示:

若有 cc 块砖贡献 1919 英寸,则随着贡献 1010 英寸的砖块数变化,其余增量形成一个固定奇偶性的区间

If cc bricks contribute 1919 inches, the remaining increments form a parity interval as the number of 1010-inch bricks varies

解答:

若有 bb 块砖采用高度 1010,有 cc 块砖采用高度 1919,则总高度为 376+3(2b+5c)376+3(2b+5c),其中 b,c0b,c\geq0b+c94b+c\leq94。固定 cc 后,v=2b+5cv=2b+5c 的取值从 5c5c188+3c188+3c,每次增加二。cc 为偶数时的区间覆盖 vv00464464 的所有偶数值,以及 470470,只缺少 466466468468cc 为奇数时的区间覆盖 vv55461461 的所有奇数值,以及 465465467467,只缺少 1133463463469469。因此,不同的高度共有 4716=465471-6=465 种。

If bb bricks use height 1010 and cc use height 19,19, the total is 376+3(2b+5c),376+3(2b+5c), where b,c0b,c\geq0 and b+c94.b+c\leq94. For fixed c,c, the value v=2b+5cv=2b+5c runs by twos from 5c5c to 188+3c.188+3c. The even-cc intervals cover every even vv from 00 through 464,464, as well as 470,470, missing only 466466 and 468.468. The odd-cc intervals cover every odd vv from 55 through 461,461, as well as 465465 and 467,467, missing only 1,1, 3,3, 463,463, and 469.469. Thus there are 4716=465471-6=465 distinct heights.

12.

一块有围栏的长方形田地宽 2424 米、长 5252 米。一名农业研究人员有 19941994 米围栏,可用作内部围栏,把田地分割成全等的正方形试验地块。整块田地必须全部分割,而且正方形的边必须与田地边缘平行。使用这 19941994 米围栏中的全部或一部分,最多可以把田地分成多少块正方形试验地?

A fenced, rectangular field measures 2424 meters by 5252 meters. An agricultural researcher has 19941994 meters of fence that can be used for internal fencing to partition the field into congruent, square test plots. The entire field must be partitioned, and the sides of the squares must be parallel to the edges of the field. What is the largest number of square test plots into which the field can be partitioned using all or some of the 19941994 meters of fence?

难度评级:1900
小提示:

若有 mm 行和 nn 列,则正方形边长相等迫使 m:n=6:13m:n=6:13

If there are mm rows and nn columns, equality of square side lengths forces m:n=6:13m:n=6:13

大提示:

m=6km=6kn=13kn=13k,然后只计算内部围栏的长度

Write m=6km=6k and n=13kn=13k, then calculate only the internal fence length

解答:

设网格有 6k6k 行和 13k13k 列,则每个正方形的边长为 4k\frac{4}{k}。内部的竖直和水平围栏总长为 52(6k1)+24(13k1)=624k76\begin{aligned}&52(6k-1)+24(13k-1)\\&\quad=624k-76\end{aligned}\text{。}要求该长度不超过 19941994,得到 k3k\leq3。当 k=3k=3 时,地块数为 (6k)(13k)=78k2=702(6k)(13k)=78k^2=702

Let the grid have 6k6k rows and 13k13k columns, so each square has side 4k.\frac{4}{k}. The internal vertical and horizontal fences have total length 52(6k1)+24(13k1)=624k76.\begin{aligned}&52(6k-1)+24(13k-1)\\&\quad=624k-76.\end{aligned} Requiring this to be at most 19941994 gives k3.k\leq3. With k=3,k=3, the number of plots is (6k)(13k)=78k2=702.(6k)(13k)=78k^2=702.

13.

方程 x10+(13x1)10=0x^{10}+(13x-1)^{10}=01010 个复根 r1r_1r1\overline{r_1}r2r_2r2\overline{r_2}r3r_3r3\overline{r_3}r4r_4r4\overline{r_4}r5r_5r5\overline{r_5},其中上横线表示复共轭。求下式的值:1r1r1+1r2r2+1r3r3+1r4r4+1r5r5\begin{aligned}&\frac1{r_1\overline{r_1}}+\frac1{r_2\overline{r_2}}+\frac1{r_3\overline{r_3}}\\&\quad+\frac1{r_4\overline{r_4}}+\frac1{r_5\overline{r_5}}\end{aligned}\text{。}

The equation x10+(13x1)10=0x^{10}+(13x-1)^{10}=0 has 1010 complex roots r1,r_1, r1,\overline{r_1}, r2,r_2, r2,\overline{r_2}, r3,r_3, r3,\overline{r_3}, r4,r_4, r4,\overline{r_4}, r5,r_5, r5,\overline{r_5}, where the bar denotes complex conjugation. Find the value of 1r1r1+1r2r2+1r3r3+1r4r4+1r5r5.\begin{aligned}&\frac1{r_1\overline{r_1}}+\frac1{r_2\overline{r_2}}+\frac1{r_3\overline{r_3}}\\&\quad+\frac1{r_4\overline{r_4}}+\frac1{r_5\overline{r_5}}.\end{aligned}

难度评级:2650
小提示:

x13x1=ζ\frac{x}{13x-1}=\zeta,其中 ζ10=1\zeta^{10}=-1

Set x13x1=ζ,\frac{x}{13x-1}=\zeta, where ζ10=1\zeta^{10}=-1

大提示:

1x2\frac{1}{|x|^2}ζ+ζ\zeta+\overline\zeta 表示,再对五对共轭根求和

Express 1x2\frac{1}{|x|^2} in terms of ζ+ζ\zeta+\overline\zeta and sum over the five conjugate pairs

解答:

ζ=x13x1\zeta=\frac{x}{13x-1},则 ζ10=1\zeta^{10}=-1,并且 x=ζ13ζ1,1x=13ζ1\begin{aligned}x&=\frac{\zeta}{13\zeta-1},\\\frac1x&=13-\zeta^{-1}\end{aligned}\text{。}由于 ζ=1|\zeta|=11x2=13ζ12=17013(ζ+ζ)\begin{aligned}\frac1{|x|^2}&=|13-\zeta^{-1}|^2\\&=170-13(\zeta+\overline\zeta)\end{aligned}\text{。}从每对共轭根中取一个值求和,得到 51705\cdot170,再减去 1313 乘以 z10+1z^{10}+1 的全部十个根之和;这个根之和为 00。所求值为 850850

Let ζ=x13x1,\zeta=\frac{x}{13x-1}, so ζ10=1\zeta^{10}=-1 and x=ζ13ζ1,1x=13ζ1.\begin{aligned}x&=\frac{\zeta}{13\zeta-1},\\\frac1x&=13-\zeta^{-1}.\end{aligned} Since ζ=1,|\zeta|=1, 1x2=13ζ12=17013(ζ+ζ).\begin{aligned}\frac1{|x|^2}&=|13-\zeta^{-1}|^2\\&=170-13(\zeta+\overline\zeta).\end{aligned} Summing one value for each of the five conjugate pairs gives 51705\cdot170 minus 1313 times the sum of all ten roots of z10+1,z^{10}+1, which is 0.0. The requested value is 850.850.

14.

一束光射到 BC\overline{BC} 上的 CC 点,入射角为 α=19.94\alpha=19.94^\circ,并如图所示以相等的反射角反射。此后,光束继续传播,并在线段 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC} 上按照“入射角等于反射角”的规则反射。已知 β=α10=1.994\beta=\frac{\alpha}{10}=1.994^\circ,且 AB=BCAB=BC,求光束在这两条线段上反射的次数。计数时包括在 CC 点的第一次反射。

A beam of light strikes BC\overline{BC} at point CC with angle of incidence α=19.94\alpha=19.94^\circ and reflects with an equal angle of reflection as shown. The light beam continues its path, reflecting off line segments AB\overline{AB} and BC\overline{BC} according to the rule: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection. Given that β=α10=1.994\beta=\frac{\alpha}{10}=1.994^\circ and AB=BC,AB=BC, determine the number of times the light beam will bounce off the two line segments. Include the first reflection at CC in your count.

难度评级:2790
小提示:

每次反射时,不反射光束,而是反射两线段所成角的下一份副本,从而展开路径

Unfold each reflection by reflecting the next copy of the two-segment angle instead of reflecting the beam

大提示:

在第一次反射之后再发生 kk 次反射时,相应的边界射线已经转过 kβk\beta

After kk reflections beyond the first one, the relevant boundary ray has turned through kβk\beta

解答:

在每次反射处展开路径后,光束成为一条直线,依次穿过顶点为 BB 的角的各个反射副本。在初次反射之后再发生 kk 次反射时(初次反射位于 CC 点),下一条边界射线与原射线的夹角为 kβk\beta。利用 AB=BCAB=BC,交点恰好在满足 kβ1802αk\beta\leq180^\circ-2\alpha 时仍位于有限线段上。因此 k1802(19.94)1.99470.27k\leq\frac{180-2(19.94)}{1.994}\approx70.27\text{,}所以此后还会反射 7070 次。加上在 CC 点的第一次反射,共有 7171 次。

Unfold the path at each bounce, so the beam becomes one straight line crossing successive reflected copies of the angle at B.B. After kk reflections beyond the initial reflection at C,C, the next boundary ray makes angle kβk\beta with the original one. Using AB=BC,AB=BC, the crossing remains on the finite segments exactly while kβ1802α.k\beta\leq180^\circ-2\alpha. Therefore k1802(19.94)1.99470.27,k\leq\frac{180-2(19.94)}{1.994}\approx70.27, so there are 7070 further reflections. Including the first reflection at CC gives 71.71.

15.

给定一点 PP,它位于三角形纸片 ABCABC 上。考虑把 AABBCC 分别折到 PP 上时形成的折痕。若这些折痕互不相交,就称 PPABC\triangle ABC 的折叠点;除非 PP 是某个顶点,否则共有三条折痕。已知 AB=36AB=36AC=72AC=72,且 B=90\angle B=90^\circ。那么,ABC\triangle ABC 的所有折叠点所成区域的面积可写成 qπrsq\pi-r\sqrt s,其中 qqrrss 是正整数,并且 ss 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 q+r+sq+r+s

Given a point PP on a triangular piece of paper ABC,ABC, consider the creases that are formed in the paper when A,A, B,B, and CC are folded onto P.P. Let us call PP a fold point of ABC\triangle ABC if these creases, which number three unless PP is one of the vertices, do not intersect. Suppose that AB=36,AB=36, AC=72,AC=72, and B=90.\angle B=90^\circ. Then the area of the set of all fold points of ABC\triangle ABC can be written in the form qπrs,q\pi-r\sqrt s, where q,q, r,r, and ss are positive integers and ss is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is q+r+s?q+r+s?

难度评级:2840
小提示:

两条折痕相交于由 PP 和对应两个顶点组成的三角形的外心

Two fold creases meet at the circumcenter of the triangle formed by PP and the corresponding two vertices

大提示:

折叠点轨迹是以 ABABBCBC 为直径的两个圆盘的交集

The fold-point locus is the intersection of the disks with diameters ABAB and BCBC

解答:

对应两个顶点的折痕相交于它们与 PP 所成三角形的外心。当且仅当 PP 点处的角为钝角时,这个交点位于纸片外。因此,折叠点轨迹是分别以 ABABBCBCCACA 为直径的三个圆盘的交集。以 CACA 为直径的圆盘包含整个直角三角形,所以只需保留以 ABABBCBC 为直径的两个圆盘的交集。

这里 BC=722362=363BC=\sqrt{72^2-36^2}=36\sqrt3。两个相关圆的半径分别为 181818318\sqrt3,它们的透镜形交集由圆心角分别为 120120^\circ6060^\circ 的两个弓形组成。其面积为 (π318212182sin120)+(π6(183)212(183)2sin60)=270π3243\begin{aligned}&\left(\frac\pi3\cdot18^2\right.\\&\qquad\left.-\frac12\cdot18^2\sin120^\circ\right)\\&+\left(\frac\pi6(18\sqrt3)^2\right.\\&\qquad\left.-\frac12(18\sqrt3)^2\sin60^\circ\right)\\&=270\pi-324\sqrt3\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 q+r+sq+r+s 等于 270+324+3=597270+324+3=597

The creases for two vertices meet at the circumcenter of the triangle formed with P.P. This intersection lies off the paper exactly when the angle at PP is obtuse, so the fold-point locus is the intersection of the three diameter disks for AB,AB, BC,BC, and CA.CA. The CACA disk contains the entire right triangle, leaving the intersection of the ABAB and BCBC disks.

Here BC=722362=363.BC=\sqrt{72^2-36^2}=36\sqrt3. The two relevant radii are 1818 and 183,18\sqrt3, and their lens consists of circular segments with central angles 120120^\circ and 60.60^\circ. Its area is (π318212182sin120)+(π6(183)212(183)2sin60)=270π3243.\begin{aligned}&\left(\frac\pi3\cdot18^2\right.\\&\qquad\left.-\frac12\cdot18^2\sin120^\circ\right)\\&+\left(\frac\pi6(18\sqrt3)^2\right.\\&\qquad\left.-\frac12(18\sqrt3)^2\sin60^\circ\right)\\&=270\pi-324\sqrt3.\end{aligned} Thus q+r+sq+r+s equals 270+324+3=597.270+324+3=597.