1994 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
递增数列 、、、、 由所有比完全平方数小一的 的正倍数组成。该数列的第 项除以 的余数是多少?
The increasing sequence consists of those positive multiples of that are one less than a perfect square. What is the remainder when the th term of the sequence is divided by
小提示:
数 能被 整除,当且仅当 不能被 整除
A number is divisible by exactly when is not divisible by
大提示:
将符合条件的 值每两个分为一组,再将所需的平方数模 化简
Index the eligible values of in pairs, then reduce the required square modulo
解答:
各项形如 ,其中整数 且不能被 整除。每三个连续的 中有两个符合条件。由于 ,该项对应 。又因为 ,所以
The terms are for integers not divisible by In each block of three consecutive ’s there are two eligible values. The th corresponds to Since
2.
一个以 为直径且直径长为 的圆,在 点与一个半径为 的圆内切。作正方形 ,使 和 位于大圆上, 在 点与小圆相切,并且小圆位于 外部。 的长度可写成 ,其中 和 是整数。求 。
A circle with diameter of length is internally tangent at to a circle of radius Square is constructed with and on the larger circle, tangent at to the smaller circle, and the smaller circle outside The length of can be written in the form where and are integers. Find
小提示:
将大圆的圆心置于原点,并使 和 位于同一条直径上
Place the large circle at the origin and put and on a diameter
大提示:
若正方形的边长为 ,则它的弦边 到大圆圆心的距离为
If the square’s side is , its chord side lies at distance from the large circle’s center
解答:
将大圆的圆心置于原点,并令 、。设正方形的边长为 。因为小圆位于正方形外部,所以 位于直线 上,而与它平行的弦 位于直线 上。由半径为 的圆中的弦长公式,平方后得到 ,所以 。因此 。
Put the large circle at the origin with and Let the square’s side be Because the smaller circle is outside the square, lies on and the parallel chord lies on A chord of the radius- circle then gives Squaring yields so Thus
3.
函数 满足:对每个实数 ,都有 若 ,那么 除以 的余数是多少?
The function has the property that, for each real number If what is the remainder when is divided by
4.
求满足下式的正整数 :(对实数 , 表示不超过 的最大整数。)
Find the positive integer for which (For real is the greatest integer not exceeding )
小提示:
将 取值相同的整数分为一组
Group integers having the same value of
大提示:
先计算到 为止的和;此后每个新增项起初都贡献
Compute the sum through , after which every new term initially contributes
解答:
当 时,相应的加数为 。因此,到 为止的和为 剩余的 等于 ,所以还要加入 个从 开始的整数。因此 。
For the summand is Thus the sum through is The remaining is so we include more integers beginning with Hence
5.
给定正整数 ,令 表示 的所有非零数位之积。(若 只有一位数,则 就等于该数位。)令 的最大素因数是多少?
Given a positive integer let be the product of the nonzero digits of (If has only one digit, then is equal to that digit.) Let What is the largest prime factor of
小提示:
把从 到 的每个数都写成三位数,并让数位零贡献因子
Write every number from through using three digits and let a zero digit contribute a factor of
大提示:
这个和可按数位分解;记得去掉 的贡献
The sum factors by digit position; remember to remove the contribution of
解答:
对一个数位而言,各个有效因子之和为 ,其中第一个 代表数位 。因此,从 到 的总和为 。去掉人为产生的贡献 (它来自 ),得到 由于 ,最大素因数为 。
For one digit position, the sum of its effective factors is where the first represents digit Thus the sum over through is Removing the artificial contribution from gives Since the largest prime factor is
6.
在坐标平面内,对 、、、、、,画出方程 的图像。这 条直线把平面的一部分分割成边长为 的等边三角形。共形成多少个这样的三角形?
The graphs of the equations are drawn in the coordinate plane for These lines cut part of the plane into equilateral triangles of side How many such triangles are formed?
小提示:
分别用 (它们取自 )标记三个直线族中的一条直线
Index one line from each family by in
大提示:
当且仅当 或 时,才会出现一个最小三角形区域
A smallest triangular cell occurs precisely when or
解答:
一个单位三角形区域由指标 决定,这些指标满足 。对加号情形,有 。共有 个有序数对 的和为 ,因此这个朝向贡献 个三角形。由对称性,另一个朝向也贡献 个,所以总数为 。
A unit triangular cell is determined by indices satisfying For the plus sign, There are ordered pairs with sum so this orientation contributes By symmetry the other orientation also contributes for a total of
7.
对于某些实数有序对 ,方程组 至少有一个解,并且每个解都是整数有序对 。这样的有序对 有多少个?
For certain ordered pairs of real numbers, the system of equations has at least one solution, and each solution is an ordered pair of integers. How many such ordered pairs are there?
小提示:
列出圆 上的所有整点
List all integer points on
大提示:
既要计算经过两个非对径整点的弦,也要计算每个整点处的切线
Count both chords through two non-antipodal lattice points and tangents at one lattice point
解答:
圆上共有 个整点,它们来自 、 和 。一条符合条件的割线由任意两个非对径整点确定,因此共有 条;要排除这些对径点对,因为它们所在的直线经过原点,不能写成 。此外,每个整点处还有一条切线,共 条。每条直线都能唯一地规范化为 ,所以总数为 。
The circle has the lattice points obtained from and A secant satisfying the condition is determined by any two non-antipodal lattice points. This gives lines; antipodal pairs are excluded because their line passes through the origin and cannot have equation There are also tangents, one at each lattice point. Each line has a unique normalization so the total is
8.
点 、 和 是一个等边三角形的三个顶点。求 的值。
The points and are the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Find the value of
小提示:
向量 是向量 旋转 或 后得到的
The vector is a rotation of through or
大提示:
先利用旋转后的第二个坐标,再计算第一个坐标
Use the second coordinate of the rotation first, then compute the first coordinate
解答:
若旋转角为 ,则 所以 。于是第一个坐标为 反向旋转会使两个数同时变号,乘积不变。因此 。
For a rotation, so The first coordinate is then The opposite orientation changes both signs and leaves the product unchanged. Hence
9.
有一种单人游戏,规则如下。袋中放有六组各不相同的配对牌。玩家每次从袋中随机抽出一张牌并保留;但只要手中出现一对相配的牌,就立即将这一对放到一旁。如果玩家在任何时刻手中有三张互不相配的牌,游戏就结束;否则继续抽牌,直到袋子为空。袋子最终被抽空的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
A solitaire game is played as follows. Six distinct pairs of matched tiles are placed in a bag. The player randomly draws tiles one at a time from the bag and retains them, except that matching tiles are put aside as soon as they appear in the player’s hand. The game ends if the player ever holds three tiles, no two of which match; otherwise the drawing continues until the bag is empty. The probability that the bag will be emptied is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
记录尚未出现的牌对数 和当前手中未配对的牌数
Track the number of unseen pairs and the number of unmatched tiles currently held
大提示:
从状态 出发,下一张牌要么与手中 张牌中的一张配对,要么开启尚未出现的 对牌中的一对
From state , the next tile either matches one of the held tiles or opens one of the unseen pairs
解答:
设 为还有 对牌尚未出现、手中有 张未配对牌时成功的概率。在剩余的 张牌中,有 张会闭合一个已开启的牌对,有 张会开启一个新牌对;当 时,后一种情况会导致失败。因此 其中当 时省略第二项,并取 。计算这个三状态递推可得,对于 ,因此 ,所以 。
Let be the chance of success with unseen pairs and unmatched tiles held. Among remaining tiles, close an open pair and open a new pair; the latter move fails when Thus omitting the second term when with Evaluating this three-state recursion gives for Hence and
10.
在三角形 中,角 为直角,从 作出的高与 交于 。 的三条边长均为整数,,且 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In triangle angle is a right angle and the altitude from meets at The lengths of the sides of are integers, and where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
利用相似关系写出
Use similarity to write
大提示:
将 写成最简分数,并利用 的素因数分解
Express in lowest terms and use the prime factorization of
解答:
将 写成最简分数,并令 、。由相似关系,因此 能被 整除;令 ,则 。若 ,它不可能是非退化整数直角三角形的一条直角边,所以 。令本原勾股三角形的另一条直角边为 ,则 ,由此得到 和 。因此 。
Write in lowest terms, with and Similarity gives Hence is divisible by writing gives The possibility cannot be a leg of a nondegenerate integer right triangle, so Writing the other leg of the primitive triple as we have giving and Therefore
11.
九十四块尺寸均为 的砖要一块叠在另一块上,形成一座高为 块砖的塔。每块砖可以选择不同的朝向,使它为塔的总高度贡献 、 或 。使用全部 块砖,可以得到多少种不同的塔高?
Ninety-four bricks, each measuring are to be stacked one on top of another to form a tower bricks tall. Each brick can be oriented so it contributes or to the total height of the tower. How many different tower heights can be achieved using all of the bricks?
小提示:
先让所有砖都贡献 英寸,再计算可能的高度增量
Start with all bricks contributing inches and count possible increments
大提示:
若有 块砖贡献 英寸,则随着贡献 英寸的砖块数变化,其余增量形成一个固定奇偶性的区间
If bricks contribute inches, the remaining increments form a parity interval as the number of -inch bricks varies
解答:
若有 块砖采用高度 ,有 块砖采用高度 ,则总高度为 ,其中 且 。固定 后, 的取值从 到 ,每次增加二。 为偶数时的区间覆盖 从 到 的所有偶数值,以及 ,只缺少 和 。 为奇数时的区间覆盖 从 到 的所有奇数值,以及 和 ,只缺少 、、 和 。因此,不同的高度共有 种。
If bricks use height and use height the total is where and For fixed the value runs by twos from to The even- intervals cover every even from through as well as missing only and The odd- intervals cover every odd from through as well as and missing only and Thus there are distinct heights.
12.
一块有围栏的长方形田地宽 米、长 米。一名农业研究人员有 米围栏,可用作内部围栏,把田地分割成全等的正方形试验地块。整块田地必须全部分割,而且正方形的边必须与田地边缘平行。使用这 米围栏中的全部或一部分,最多可以把田地分成多少块正方形试验地?
A fenced, rectangular field measures meters by meters. An agricultural researcher has meters of fence that can be used for internal fencing to partition the field into congruent, square test plots. The entire field must be partitioned, and the sides of the squares must be parallel to the edges of the field. What is the largest number of square test plots into which the field can be partitioned using all or some of the meters of fence?
小提示:
若有 行和 列,则正方形边长相等迫使
If there are rows and columns, equality of square side lengths forces
大提示:
令 且 ,然后只计算内部围栏的长度
Write and , then calculate only the internal fence length
解答:
设网格有 行和 列,则每个正方形的边长为 。内部的竖直和水平围栏总长为 要求该长度不超过 ,得到 。当 时,地块数为 。
Let the grid have rows and columns, so each square has side The internal vertical and horizontal fences have total length Requiring this to be at most gives With the number of plots is
13.
方程 有 个复根 、、、、、、、、、,其中上横线表示复共轭。求下式的值:
The equation has complex roots where the bar denotes complex conjugation. Find the value of
小提示:
令 ,其中
Set where
大提示:
将 用 表示,再对五对共轭根求和
Express in terms of and sum over the five conjugate pairs
解答:
令 ,则 ,并且 由于 ,从每对共轭根中取一个值求和,得到 ,再减去 乘以 的全部十个根之和;这个根之和为 。所求值为 。
Let so and Since Summing one value for each of the five conjugate pairs gives minus times the sum of all ten roots of which is The requested value is
14.
一束光射到 上的 点,入射角为 ,并如图所示以相等的反射角反射。此后,光束继续传播,并在线段 和 上按照“入射角等于反射角”的规则反射。已知 ,且 ,求光束在这两条线段上反射的次数。计数时包括在 点的第一次反射。
A beam of light strikes at point with angle of incidence and reflects with an equal angle of reflection as shown. The light beam continues its path, reflecting off line segments and according to the rule: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection. Given that and determine the number of times the light beam will bounce off the two line segments. Include the first reflection at in your count.
小提示:
每次反射时,不反射光束,而是反射两线段所成角的下一份副本,从而展开路径
Unfold each reflection by reflecting the next copy of the two-segment angle instead of reflecting the beam
大提示:
在第一次反射之后再发生 次反射时,相应的边界射线已经转过
After reflections beyond the first one, the relevant boundary ray has turned through
解答:
在每次反射处展开路径后,光束成为一条直线,依次穿过顶点为 的角的各个反射副本。在初次反射之后再发生 次反射时(初次反射位于 点),下一条边界射线与原射线的夹角为 。利用 ,交点恰好在满足 时仍位于有限线段上。因此 所以此后还会反射 次。加上在 点的第一次反射,共有 次。
Unfold the path at each bounce, so the beam becomes one straight line crossing successive reflected copies of the angle at After reflections beyond the initial reflection at the next boundary ray makes angle with the original one. Using the crossing remains on the finite segments exactly while Therefore so there are further reflections. Including the first reflection at gives
15.
给定一点 ,它位于三角形纸片 上。考虑把 、 和 分别折到 上时形成的折痕。若这些折痕互不相交,就称 为 的折叠点;除非 是某个顶点,否则共有三条折痕。已知 、,且 。那么, 的所有折叠点所成区域的面积可写成 ,其中 、 和 是正整数,并且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
Given a point on a triangular piece of paper consider the creases that are formed in the paper when and are folded onto Let us call a fold point of if these creases, which number three unless is one of the vertices, do not intersect. Suppose that and Then the area of the set of all fold points of can be written in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is
小提示:
两条折痕相交于由 和对应两个顶点组成的三角形的外心
Two fold creases meet at the circumcenter of the triangle formed by and the corresponding two vertices
大提示:
折叠点轨迹是以 和 为直径的两个圆盘的交集
The fold-point locus is the intersection of the disks with diameters and
解答:
对应两个顶点的折痕相交于它们与 所成三角形的外心。当且仅当 点处的角为钝角时,这个交点位于纸片外。因此,折叠点轨迹是分别以 、 和 为直径的三个圆盘的交集。以 为直径的圆盘包含整个直角三角形,所以只需保留以 和 为直径的两个圆盘的交集。
这里 。两个相关圆的半径分别为 和 ,它们的透镜形交集由圆心角分别为 和 的两个弓形组成。其面积为 因此 等于 。
The creases for two vertices meet at the circumcenter of the triangle formed with This intersection lies off the paper exactly when the angle at is obtuse, so the fold-point locus is the intersection of the three diameter disks for and The disk contains the entire right triangle, leaving the intersection of the and disks.
Here The two relevant radii are and and their lens consists of circular segments with central angles and Its area is Thus equals