1995 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

正方形 S1S_1 的尺寸为 1×11\times1。对 i1i\geq1,正方形 Si+1S_{i+1} 的边长是正方形 SiS_i 边长的一半;正方形 SiS_i 的两条相邻边分别是正方形 Si+1S_{i+1} 两条相邻边的垂直平分线;而正方形 Si+1S_{i+1} 的另外两条边分别是正方形 Si+2S_{i+2} 两条相邻边的垂直平分线。至少被 S1S_1S2S_2S3S_3S4S_4S5S_5 中一个正方形围住的区域总面积可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 mnm-n

Square S1S_1 is 1×1.1\times1. For i1,i\geq1, the lengths of the sides of square Si+1S_{i+1} are half the lengths of the sides of square Si,S_i, two adjacent sides of square SiS_i are perpendicular bisectors of two adjacent sides of square Si+1,S_{i+1}, and the other two sides of square Si+1S_{i+1} are the perpendicular bisectors of two adjacent sides of square Si+2.S_{i+2}. The total area enclosed by at least one of S1,S_1, S2,S_2, S3,S_3, S4,S_4, S5S_5 can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find mn.m-n.

知识点:等比数列面积容斥原理
难度评级:1900
小提示:

每个正方形的面积都是前一个正方形面积的四分之一

Each square has one fourth the area of the preceding square

大提示:

相邻两个正方形的重叠部分是较小正方形的四分之一,而不相邻正方形的内部不重叠

Adjacent squares overlap in one fourth of the smaller square, and nonadjacent interiors do not overlap

解答:

五个正方形的面积之和为 1+14+116+164+1256=13641024\begin{aligned}1+\frac14+\frac1{16}&+\frac1{64}+\frac1{256}\\&=\frac{1364}{1024}\end{aligned}\text{。}垂直平分线的摆放方式使每对相邻正方形的重叠部分等于较小正方形面积的四分之一。这四个重叠部分互不相交,总面积为 116+164+1256+11024=851024\begin{aligned}\frac1{16}+\frac1{64}&+\frac1{256}+\frac1{1024}\\&=\frac{85}{1024}\end{aligned}\text{。}因此并集面积为 1364851024=12791024\frac{1364-85}{1024}=\frac{1279}{1024},所以 mn=12791024=255m-n=1279-1024=255

The sum of the five square areas is 1+14+116+164+1256=13641024.\begin{aligned}1+\frac14+\frac1{16}&+\frac1{64}+\frac1{256}\\&=\frac{1364}{1024}.\end{aligned} The perpendicular-bisector placement makes the overlap of each adjacent pair one fourth of the smaller square. These four overlaps are disjoint and have total area 116+164+1256+11024=851024.\begin{aligned}\frac1{16}+\frac1{64}&+\frac1{256}+\frac1{1024}\\&=\frac{85}{1024}.\end{aligned} Thus the union has area 1364851024=12791024,\frac{1364-85}{1024}=\frac{1279}{1024}, and mn=12791024=255.m-n=1279-1024=255.

2.

求下列方程所有正根之积的末三位数字:1995xlog1995x=x2\sqrt{1995}\,x^{\log_{1995}x}=x^2\text{。}

Find the last three digits of the product of the positive roots of 1995xlog1995x=x2.\sqrt{1995}\,x^{\log_{1995}x}=x^2.

难度评级:1780
小提示:

y=log1995xy=\log_{1995}x,则 x=1995yx=1995^y

Set y=log1995x,y=\log_{1995}x, so x=1995yx=1995^y

大提示:

比较 19951995 的指数,再利用两个 yy 值的和

Compare exponents of 19951995, then use the sum of the two values of yy

解答:

y=log1995xy=\log_{1995}x,则 x=1995yx=1995^y。原方程化为 199512+y2=19952y1995^{\frac{1}{2}+y^2}=1995^{2y}\text{,}从而 (y1)2=12(y-1)^2=\frac{1}{2}。两个 yy 值的和为 22,所以相应两个正根的乘积为 199521995^2。由于 19955(mod1000)1995\equiv-5\pmod {1000},其末三位数字为 025025。所求的 AIME 答案为 2525

Put y=log1995x,y=\log_{1995}x, so x=1995y.x=1995^y. The equation becomes 199512+y2=19952y,1995^{\frac{1}{2}+y^2}=1995^{2y}, and hence (y1)2=12.(y-1)^2=\frac{1}{2}. The two values of yy have sum 2,2, so the product of the corresponding positive roots is 19952.1995^2. Since 19955(mod1000),1995\equiv-5\pmod {1000}, its last three digits are 025.025. The requested AIME answer is 25.25.

3.

一个物体从 (0,0)(0,0) 出发,在坐标平面内连续移动,每一步的长度都是一。每一步都等概率地向左、向右、向上或向下。设 pp 为该物体在六步以内到达 (2,2)(2,2) 的概率。已知 pp 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 m+nm+n

Starting at (0,0),(0,0), an object moves in the coordinate plane via a sequence of steps, each of length one. Each step is left, right, up, or down, all four equally likely. Let pp be the probability that the object reaches (2,2)(2,2) in six or fewer steps. Given that pp can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:1850
小提示:

目标点最早只能在第 44 步或第 66 步到达

The target can first be reached only after 44 or 66 steps

大提示:

从六步后终止于目标点的路径中,减去已经在第 44 步到达目标点的路径

From the six-step paths ending at the target, subtract those that already arrived at step 44

解答:

到达 (2,2)(2,2) 的四步路径有 (42)=6\binom42=6 条。六步后终止于该点的路径共有 60+60=12060+60=120 条:额外的一对相反方向步要么是向左、向右各一步,要么是向下、向上各一步。其中有 64=246\cdot4=24 条路径先在第 44 步到达目标点,再用两步返回。因此 p=644+1202446=364p=\frac6{4^4}+\frac{120-24}{4^6}=\frac3{64}\text{。}所以 m+n=3+64=67m+n=3+64=67

There are (42)=6\binom42=6 four-step paths to (2,2).(2,2). There are 60+60=12060+60=120 six-step paths ending there: the extra opposite pair is either left-right or down-up. Of these, 64=246\cdot4=24 first reach the target at step 44 and then make a two-step return. Therefore p=644+1202446=364.p=\frac6{4^4}+\frac{120-24}{4^6}=\frac3{64}. Thus m+n=3+64=67.m+n=3+64=67.

4.

半径分别为 3366 的两个圆彼此外切,并且都与一个半径为 99 的圆内切。半径为 99 的圆有一条弦,它同时是另外两个圆的公外切线。求这条弦长的平方。

Circles of radius 33 and 66 are externally tangent to each other and are internally tangent to a circle of radius 9.9. The circle of radius 99 has a chord that is a common external tangent of the other two circles. Find the square of the length of this chord.

难度评级:1940
小提示:

三个圆心共线,因为它们两两之间的距离为 663399

The three circle centers are collinear because their pairwise distances are 6,6, 3,3, and 99

大提示:

利用两个小圆圆心到公切线的有向距离,求出大圆圆心到该切线的距离

Use signed distances from the two smaller centers to the common tangent to find its distance from the large center

解答:

将半径为 99 的圆的圆心置于原点,并将两个小圆的圆心分别置于 (6,0)(-6,0)(3,0)(3,0)。将公外切线写成 n(x,y)=c\mathbf n\cdot(x,y)=c,其中 n\mathbf n 是单位法向量。两个圆心到直线的有向距离之差为 63=36-3=3,所以 9nx=39n_x=3,且 nx=13n_x=\frac{1}{3}。再利用距离 33(从 (6,0)(-6,0) 量起),得到 c=5|c|=5。因此这条弦到大圆圆心的距离为 55,弦长的平方为 4(9252)=456=2244(9^2-5^2)=4\cdot56=224\text{。}

Put the radius-99 circle at the origin and the smaller centers at (6,0)(-6,0) and (3,0).(3,0). Write the common external tangent as n(x,y)=c,\mathbf n\cdot(x,y)=c, where n\mathbf n is a unit normal. Its signed distances from the two centers differ by 63=3,6-3=3, so 9nx=39n_x=3 and nx=13.n_x=\frac{1}{3}. Using the distance 33 from (6,0)(-6,0) gives c=5.|c|=5. Thus the chord lies 55 units from the large center, and its squared length is 4(9252)=456=224.4(9^2-5^2)=4\cdot56=224.

5.

对于某些实数 aabbccdd,方程 x4+ax3+bx2+cx+d=0x^4+ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0 有四个非实根。其中两个根的乘积为 13+i13+i,另外两个根的和为 3+4i3+4i,这里 i=1i=\sqrt{-1}。求 bb

For certain real values of a,a, b,b, c,c, and d,d, the equation x4+ax3+bx2+cx+d=0x^4+ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0 has four non-real roots. The product of two of these roots is 13+i13+i and the sum of the other two roots is 3+4i,3+4i, where i=1.i=\sqrt{-1}. Find b.b.

难度评级:2110
小提示:

由于多项式的系数为实数,它的非实根成共轭对出现

Because the polynomial has real coefficients, its non-real roots occur in conjugate pairs

大提示:

将六个根的两两乘积分成两组内部的乘积和四个交叉乘积

Group the six pairwise products into the products within the two groups and the four cross-products

解答:

设前两个根为 α\alphaβ\beta。由于 αβ=13+i\alpha\beta=13+i 不是实数,它们不是一对共轭根,所以另外两个根为 α\overline\alphaβ\overline\beta。因此 α+β=34i\alpha+\beta=3-4i,且 αβ=13i\overline\alpha\,\overline\beta=13-i。由韦达定理,b=αβ+αβ+(34i)(3+4i)=26+25=51\begin{aligned}b&=\alpha\beta+\overline\alpha\,\overline\beta\\&\quad+(3-4i)(3+4i)\\&=26+25=51\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let the first two roots be α\alpha and β.\beta. Since αβ=13+i\alpha\beta=13+i is not real, they are not conjugates, so the other roots are α\overline\alpha and β.\overline\beta. Hence α+β=34i\alpha+\beta=3-4i and αβ=13i.\overline\alpha\,\overline\beta=13-i. By Vieta’s formulas, b=αβ+αβ+(34i)(3+4i)=26+25=51.\begin{aligned}b&=\alpha\beta+\overline\alpha\,\overline\beta\\&\quad+(3-4i)(3+4i)\\&=26+25=51.\end{aligned}

6.

n=231319n=2^{31}3^{19}n2n^2 的正整数因数中,有多少个小于 nn 但不能整除 nn

Let n=231319.n=2^{31}3^{19}. How many positive integer divisors of n2n^2 are less than nn but do not divide n?n?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

将每个因数 dd(它是 n2n^2 的因数)与 n2d\frac{n^2}{d} 配对

Pair each divisor dd of n2n^2 with n2d\frac{n^2}{d}

大提示:

在小于 nn 的因数中,减去那些已经能整除 nn 的因数

Among the divisors below nn, subtract those that already divide nn

解答:

n2=262338n^2=2^{62}3^{38}6339=245763\cdot39=2457 个因数。把 ddn2d\frac{n^2}{d} 配对时,只有 nn 没有配对,所以有 245712=1228\frac{2457-1}{2}=1228 个因数小于 nn。数 nn3220=64032\cdot20=640 个因数,其中 639639 个小于 nn。因此所求数量为 1228639=5891228-639=589

The number n2=262338n^2=2^{62}3^{38} has 6339=245763\cdot39=2457 divisors. Pairing dd with n2d\frac{n^2}{d} leaves only nn unpaired, so 245712=1228\frac{2457-1}{2}=1228 divisors lie below n.n. The number nn has 3220=64032\cdot20=640 divisors, of which 639639 are below n.n. Therefore the requested count is 1228639=589.1228-639=589.

7.

已知 (1+sint)(1+cost)=54(1+\sin t)(1+\cos t)=\frac54\text{,}并且 (1sint)(1cost)=mnk\begin{aligned}(1-\sin t)&(1-\cos t)\\&=\frac mn-\sqrt k\end{aligned}\text{,}其中 kkmmnn 是正整数,且 mmnn 互质。求 k+m+nk+m+n

Given that (1+sint)(1+cost)=54(1+\sin t)(1+\cos t)=\frac54 and (1sint)(1cost)=mnk,\begin{aligned}(1-\sin t)&(1-\cos t)\\&=\frac mn-\sqrt k,\end{aligned} where k,k, m,m, and nn are positive integers with mm and nn relatively prime, find k+m+n.k+m+n.

难度评级:1900
小提示:

u=sint+costu=\sin t+\cos t,并将 sintcost\sin t\cos tuu 表示

Set u=sint+costu=\sin t+\cos t and express sintcost\sin t\cos t in terms of uu

大提示:

两个给定的乘积都可写成关于 uu 的一个完全平方的一半

Both given products become half of a perfect square in uu

解答:

u=sint+costu=\sin t+\cos t。由于 sintcost=u212\sin t\cos t=\frac{u^2-1}{2}(1+sint)(1+cost)=(u+1)22=54\begin{aligned}(1+\sin t)&(1+\cos t)\\&=\frac{(u+1)^2}{2}=\frac54\end{aligned}\text{。}符合条件的符号选择给出 u+1=52u+1=\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}。因此 (1sint)(1cost)=(1u)22=13410\begin{aligned}(1-\sin t)&(1-\cos t)\\&=\frac{(1-u)^2}{2}\\&=\frac{13}{4}-\sqrt{10}\end{aligned}\text{。}所以 k+m+n=10+13+4=27k+m+n=10+13+4=27

Let u=sint+cost.u=\sin t+\cos t. Since sintcost=u212,\sin t\cos t=\frac{u^2-1}{2}, (1+sint)(1+cost)=(u+1)22=54.\begin{aligned}(1+\sin t)&(1+\cos t)\\&=\frac{(u+1)^2}{2}=\frac54.\end{aligned} The feasible sign gives u+1=52.u+1=\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}. Therefore (1sint)(1cost)=(1u)22=13410.\begin{aligned}(1-\sin t)&(1-\cos t)\\&=\frac{(1-u)^2}{2}\\&=\frac{13}{4}-\sqrt{10}.\end{aligned} Thus k+m+n=10+13+4=27.k+m+n=10+13+4=27.

8.

有多少个正整数有序对 (x,y)(x,y) 满足 y<x100y<x\leq100,并且 xy\frac{x}{y}x+1y+1\frac{x+1}{y+1} 都是整数?

For how many ordered pairs of positive integers (x,y),(x,y), with y<x100,y<x\leq100, are both xy\frac{x}{y} and x+1y+1\frac{x+1}{y+1} integers?

难度评级:2060
小提示:

x=ayx=ay,并将 x+1x+1y+1y+1 化简

Write x=ayx=ay and reduce x+1x+1 modulo y+1y+1

大提示:

aa 必须形如 1+t(y+1)1+t(y+1);计算 tt 的正整数取值数

The quotient aa must have the form 1+t(y+1)1+t(y+1); count the possible positive values of tt

解答:

x=ayx=ay。模 y+1y+1 时,y1y\equiv-1,所以 x+1x+1 能被 y+1y+1 整除当且仅当 a1(mody+1)a\equiv1\pmod {y+1}。由于 x>yx>y,可令 a=1+t(y+1)a=1+t(y+1),其中 t1t\geq1。条件 x100x\leq100 化为 t100yy(y+1)t\leq\left\lfloor\frac{100-y}{y(y+1)}\right\rfloor\text{。}只有 1y91\leq y\leq9 会有贡献,得到 49+16+8+4+3+2+1+1+1=85\begin{aligned}49+16+8&+4+3\\&+2+1+1+1\\&=85\end{aligned}\text{。}

Write x=ay.x=ay. Modulo y+1,y+1, we have y1,y\equiv-1, so x+1x+1 is divisible by y+1y+1 exactly when a1(mody+1).a\equiv1\pmod {y+1}. Since x>y,x>y, write a=1+t(y+1)a=1+t(y+1) with t1.t\geq1. The bound x100x\leq100 becomes t100yy(y+1).t\leq\left\lfloor\frac{100-y}{y(y+1)}\right\rfloor. Only 1y91\leq y\leq9 contribute, giving 49+16+8+4+3+2+1+1+1=85.\begin{aligned}49+16+8&+4+3\\&+2+1+1+1\\&=85.\end{aligned}

9.

三角形 ABCABC 是等腰三角形,满足 AB=ACAB=AC,且高 AM=11AM=11。设一点 DD 位于 AM\overline{AM} 上,满足 AD=10AD=10BDC=3BAC\angle BDC=3\angle BAC。那么,ABC\triangle ABC 的周长可写成 a+ba+\sqrt b,其中 aabb 是整数。求 a+ba+b

Triangle ABCABC is isosceles, with AB=ACAB=AC and altitude AM=11.AM=11. Suppose that there is a point DD on AM\overline{AM} with AD=10AD=10 and BDC=3BAC.\angle BDC=3\angle BAC. Then the perimeter of ABC\triangle ABC may be written in the form a+b,a+\sqrt b, where aa and bb are integers. Find a+b.a+b.

难度评级:2170
小提示:

BM=xBM=x,并令顶角的一半为 α\alpha

Let BM=xBM=x and let half the apex angle be α\alpha

大提示:

使用 tanα=x11\tan\alpha=\frac{x}{11}DM=1DM=1 和正切的三倍角公式

Use tanα=x11,\tan\alpha=\frac{x}{11}, DM=1,DM=1, and the triple-angle formula for tangent

解答:

BM=xBM=x,并令 α=BAM\alpha=\angle BAM,则 tanα=x11\tan\alpha=\frac{x}{11}。由于 DM=AMAD=1DM=AM-AD=1,由对称性得 BDC=2arctanx\angle BDC=2\arctan x,而 BAC=2α\angle BAC=2\alpha。因此 arctanx=3α\arctan x=3\alpha。令 t=tanα=x11t=\tan\alpha=\frac{x}{11}。于是 3tt313t2=11t\frac{3t-t^3}{1-3t^2}=11t\text{,}所以 t2=14t^2=\frac{1}{4},且 x=112x=\frac{11}{2}。因此 BC=11BC=11,且 AB=1152AB=\frac{11\sqrt5}{2},周长为 11+115=11+60511+11\sqrt5=11+\sqrt{605}\text{。}所以 a+b=11+605=616a+b=11+605=616

Let BM=xBM=x and α=BAM,\alpha=\angle BAM, so tanα=x11.\tan\alpha=\frac{x}{11}. Because DM=AMAD=1,DM=AM-AD=1, symmetry gives BDC=2arctanx,\angle BDC=2\arctan x, while BAC=2α.\angle BAC=2\alpha. Hence arctanx=3α.\arctan x=3\alpha. Put t=tanα=x11.t=\tan\alpha=\frac{x}{11}. Then 3tt313t2=11t,\frac{3t-t^3}{1-3t^2}=11t, so t2=14t^2=\frac{1}{4} and x=112.x=\frac{11}{2}. Thus BC=11BC=11 and AB=1152,AB=\frac{11\sqrt5}{2}, making the perimeter 11+115=11+605.11+11\sqrt5=11+\sqrt{605}. Therefore a+b=11+605=616.a+b=11+605=616.

10.

不能表示为 4242 的正整数倍与一个正合数之和的最大正整数是多少?

What is the largest positive integer that is not the sum of a positive integral multiple of 4242 and a positive composite integer?

难度评级:2110
小提示:

对模 4242 的每个余数,找出该余数类中最小的正合数

For each residue modulo 4242, find the smallest positive composite integer in that residue

大提示:

一个余数类中一旦有一个数可以表示,该余数类中比它大 4242 的每个数都可以表示

Once one number in a residue class is representable, every number 4242 larger in that class is representable

解答:

余数类 r(mod42)r\pmod {42} 中的数,只要比该类最小的正合数大 4242 的正整数倍,就可以表示。若余数 rr 本身是合数,它就给出第一个这样的数。对其余余数,可以选取如下第一个合数:0:42, 1:85, 2:44,3:45, 5:215, 7:49,11:95, 13:55, 17:143,19:145, 23:65, 29:155,31:115, 37:121, 41:125\begin{aligned}&0:42,\ 1:85,\ 2:44,\\&3:45,\ 5:215,\ 7:49,\\&11:95,\ 13:55,\ 17:143,\\&19:145,\ 23:65,\ 29:155,\\&31:115,\ 37:121,\ 41:125\end{aligned}\text{。}其中最大的数是 215215,而 21542215-4221584215-84215126215-126215168215-168215210215-210 都是素数。因此 215215 不能表示,而每个更大的整数都可以表示。

A number in residue class r(mod42)r\pmod {42} is representable once it exceeds the first positive composite in that class by a positive multiple of 42.42. Composite residues rr themselves supply that first value. For the remaining residues, suitable first composites are 0:42, 1:85, 2:44,3:45, 5:215, 7:49,11:95, 13:55, 17:143,19:145, 23:65, 29:155,31:115, 37:121, 41:125.\begin{aligned}&0:42,\ 1:85,\ 2:44,\\&3:45,\ 5:215,\ 7:49,\\&11:95,\ 13:55,\ 17:143,\\&19:145,\ 23:65,\ 29:155,\\&31:115,\ 37:121,\ 41:125.\end{aligned} The largest entry is 215,215, and 21542,215-42, 21584,215-84, 215126,215-126, 215168,215-168, and 215210215-210 are all prime. Hence 215215 is not representable, while every larger integer is.

11.

直角长方体 PP(即矩形平行六面体)的三条边长是整数 aabbcc,其中 abca\leq b\leq c。一个与 PP 的某个面平行的平面把 PP 切成两个棱柱,其中一个与 PP 相似,并且两个棱柱的体积都不为零。已知 b=1995b=1995,存在这样的平面的有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a,b,c) 有多少个?

A right rectangular prism PP (i.e., a rectangular parallelepiped) has sides of integral length a,a, b,b, c,c, with abc.a\leq b\leq c. A plane parallel to one of the faces of PP cuts PP into two prisms, one of which is similar to P,P, and both of which have nonzero volume. Given that b=1995,b=1995, for how many ordered triples (a,b,c)(a,b,c) does such a plane exist?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

将较小棱柱的三条边长排序,再依次与 aabbcc 比较

Sort the three side lengths of the smaller prism and compare them in order with a,a, b,b, and cc

大提示:

两个保持不变的尺寸迫使 a1995=1995c\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}

The two unchanged dimensions force a1995=1995c\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}

解答:

设与原棱柱相似的较小棱柱按顺序排列的边长为 xyzx\leq y\leq z。它与 PP 共有两条边长,而且排序后的三条边都小于 PP 中对应的边。唯一可能的对应关系为 y=ay=az=b=1995z=b=1995。由相似关系,xa=a1995=1995c\frac{x}{a}=\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}\text{,}所以 ac=19952ac=1995^2。反过来,每个满足 a<ca<c 的因数对都给出一个非退化的切割。由于 1995=357191995=3\cdot5\cdot7\cdot19,它的平方有 34=813^4=81 个因数。排除中间的因数对 a=c=1995a=c=1995,再从其余每对因数中取一个,得到 8112=40\frac{81-1}{2}=40

Let the similar smaller prism have sorted sides xyz.x\leq y\leq z. It shares two side lengths with P,P, and all three of its sorted sides are smaller than the corresponding sides of P.P. The only possible matching is y=ay=a and z=b=1995.z=b=1995. Similarity then gives xa=a1995=1995c,\frac{x}{a}=\frac{a}{1995}=\frac{1995}{c}, so ac=19952.ac=1995^2. Conversely every factor pair a<ca<c gives a nondegenerate cut. Since 1995=35719,1995=3\cdot5\cdot7\cdot19, its square has 34=813^4=81 divisors. Excluding the central pair a=c=1995a=c=1995 and taking one divisor from each remaining pair gives 8112=40.\frac{81-1}{2}=40.

12.

棱锥 OABCDOABCD 的底面 ABCDABCD 是正方形,棱 OA\overline{OA}OB\overline{OB}OC\overline{OC}OD\overline{OD} 全等,并且 AOB=45\angle AOB=45^\circ。设 θ\theta 为面 OABOAB 和面 OBCOBC 所成二面角的度数。已知 cosθ=m+n\cos\theta=m+\sqrt n,其中 mmnn 是整数,求 m+nm+n

Pyramid OABCDOABCD has square base ABCD,ABCD, congruent edges OA,\overline{OA}, OB,\overline{OB}, OC,\overline{OC}, and OD,\overline{OD}, and AOB=45.\angle AOB=45^\circ. Let θ\theta be the measure of the dihedral angle formed by faces OABOAB and OBC.OBC. Given that cosθ=m+n,\cos\theta=m+\sqrt n, where mm and nn are integers, find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

将正方形的顶点置于 (±1,±1,0)(\pm1,\pm1,0),并将棱锥顶点置于 (0,0,h)(0,0,h)

Place the square’s vertices at (±1,±1,0)(\pm1,\pm1,0) and the apex at (0,0,h)(0,0,h)

大提示:

h2h^2 时利用 AOB\angle AOB,再取合适面法向量夹角的补角

Find h2h^2 from AOB,\angle AOB, then take the supplement of the angle between suitable face normals

解答:

取相邻的底面顶点 A=(1,1,0)A=(1,1,0)B=(1,1,0)B=(-1,1,0)C=(1,1,0)C=(-1,-1,0),并令 O=(0,0,h)O=(0,0,h)。由 AOB=45\angle AOB=45^\circh2h2+2=12,h2=2+22\begin{aligned}\frac{h^2}{h^2+2}&=\frac1{\sqrt2},\\h^2&=2+2\sqrt2\end{aligned}\text{。}两个面的法向量可分别取为 (0,2h,2)(0,2h,2)(2h,0,2)(-2h,0,2)。它们所成锐角的余弦为 1h2+1=322\frac{1}{h^2+1}=3-2\sqrt2。内部二面角是这个角的补角,所以 cosθ=223=3+8\cos\theta=2\sqrt2-3=-3+\sqrt8\text{。}因此 m+n=3+8=5m+n=-3+8=5

Take adjacent base vertices A=(1,1,0),A=(1,1,0), B=(1,1,0),B=(-1,1,0), C=(1,1,0)C=(-1,-1,0) and O=(0,0,h).O=(0,0,h). From AOB=45,\angle AOB=45^\circ, h2h2+2=12,h2=2+22.\begin{aligned}\frac{h^2}{h^2+2}&=\frac1{\sqrt2},\\h^2&=2+2\sqrt2.\end{aligned} Normals to the two faces may be taken as (0,2h,2)(0,2h,2) and (2h,0,2).(-2h,0,2). Their acute angle has cosine 1h2+1=322.\frac{1}{h^2+1}=3-2\sqrt2. The interior dihedral angle is its supplement, so cosθ=223=3+8.\cos\theta=2\sqrt2-3=-3+\sqrt8. Thus m+n=3+8=5.m+n=-3+8=5.

13.

f(n)f(n) 为与 n4\sqrt[4]{n} 最接近的整数。求 k=119951f(k)\sum_{k=1}^{1995}\frac1{f(k)}\text{。}

Let f(n)f(n) be the integer closest to n4.\sqrt[4]{n}. Find k=119951f(k).\sum_{k=1}^{1995}\frac1{f(k)}.

难度评级:1940
小提示:

计算整数 nn 满足 j12<n4<j+12j-\tfrac12<\sqrt[4]n<j+\tfrac12 的情形数

Count the integers nn for which j12<n4<j+12j-\tfrac12<\sqrt[4]n<j+\tfrac12

大提示:

使 f(n)=jf(n)=j 成立的整数数量可化简为 4j3+j4j^3+j

The number of occurrences of f(n)=jf(n)=j simplifies to 4j3+j4j^3+j

解答:

j1j\geq1,正整数 nn 中满足 f(n)=jf(n)=j 的数量为 (j+12)4(j12)4=4j3+j\begin{aligned}\left(j+\frac12\right)^4&-\left(j-\frac12\right)^4\\&=4j^3+j\end{aligned}\text{。}j=1,,6j=1,\ldots,6,这些数共占 j=16(4j3+j)=1785\sum_{j=1}^6(4j^3+j)=1785 个值,它们对所求和的贡献为 j=164j3+jj=4j=16j2+6=370\begin{aligned}\sum_{j=1}^6\frac{4j^3+j}{j}&=4\sum_{j=1}^6j^2+6\\&=370\end{aligned}\text{。}剩余的 19951785=2101995-1785=210 个值满足 f(n)=7f(n)=7,贡献为 3030。总和为 400400

For j1,j\geq1, the number of positive integers nn for which f(n)=jf(n)=j is (j+12)4(j12)4=4j3+j.\begin{aligned}\left(j+\frac12\right)^4&-\left(j-\frac12\right)^4\\&=4j^3+j.\end{aligned} For j=1,,6,j=1,\ldots,6, these account for j=16(4j3+j)=1785\sum_{j=1}^6(4j^3+j)=1785 values, and their contribution to the requested sum is j=164j3+jj=4j=16j2+6=370.\begin{aligned}\sum_{j=1}^6\frac{4j^3+j}{j}&=4\sum_{j=1}^6j^2+6\\&=370.\end{aligned} The remaining 19951785=2101995-1785=210 values have f(n)=7,f(n)=7, contributing 30.30. The total is 400.400.

14.

在一个半径为 4242 的圆中,两条长度均为 7878 的弦相交于一点,该点到圆心的距离为 1818。这两条弦把圆的内部分成四个区域。其中两个区域由长度不等的线段围成,每个区域的面积都能唯一地写成 mπndm\pi-n\sqrt d,其中 mmnndd 是正整数,并且 dd 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 m+n+dm+n+d

In a circle of radius 42,42, two chords of length 7878 intersect at a point whose distance from the center is 18.18. The two chords divide the interior of the circle into four regions. Two of these regions are bordered by segments of unequal lengths, and the area of either of them can be expressed uniquely in the form mπnd,m\pi-n\sqrt d, where m,m, n,n, and dd are positive integers and dd is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+d.m+n+d.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

每条弦到圆心的距离都是 939\sqrt3,据此确定经过交点的直线的两个可能方向

Each chord is 939\sqrt3 from the center, so determine the two possible line directions through the intersection point

大提示:

长度不等的弦段分别长 30304848,它们的端点在圆心所张的角为 6060^\circ

The unequal chord segments have lengths 3030 and 48,48, and their endpoints subtend 6060^\circ at the center

解答:

将圆心置于 O=(0,0)O=(0,0),并将交点置于 P=(18,0)P=(18,0)。长度为 7878 的弦到 OO 的距离为 939\sqrt3,所以经过 PP 且包含这样一条弦的直线与 OPOP 所成的角为 6060^\circ120120^\circ。沿任一条直线求解,都得到弦段长为 30304848

对于任一个由不等长线段围成的区域,两个弧端点在 OO 处所张的角为 6060^\circ。其面积等于扇形面积减去 OAB\triangle OAB 的面积,再加上 PAB\triangle PAB 的面积:60360π(42)212(42)2sin60+12(30)(48)sin60=294π813\begin{aligned}\frac{60}{360}\pi(42)^2&-\frac12(42)^2\sin60^\circ\\&+\frac12(30)(48)\sin60^\circ\\&=294\pi-81\sqrt3\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 m+n+d=378m+n+d=378

Put the center at O=(0,0)O=(0,0) and the intersection at P=(18,0).P=(18,0). A length-7878 chord is 939\sqrt3 from O,O, so a line through PP containing such a chord makes angle 6060^\circ or 120120^\circ with OP.OP. Solving along either line gives segment lengths 3030 and 48.48.

For either region bordered by unequal segments, the two arc endpoints subtend 6060^\circ at O.O. Its area is the sector minus OAB\triangle OAB plus PAB:\triangle PAB: 60360π(42)212(42)2sin60+12(30)(48)sin60=294π813.\begin{aligned}\frac{60}{360}\pi(42)^2&-\frac12(42)^2\sin60^\circ\\&+\frac12(30)(48)\sin60^\circ\\&=294\pi-81\sqrt3.\end{aligned} Hence m+n+d=378.m+n+d=378.

15.

反复抛掷一枚公平硬币。设 pp 为连续出现 55 个正面早于连续出现 22 个反面的概率。已知 pp 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 m+nm+n

Let pp be the probability that, in the process of repeatedly flipping a fair coin, one will encounter a run of 55 heads before one encounters a run of 22 tails. Given that pp can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2210
小提示:

为连续出现 0011223344 个正面分别设置状态,并为末尾恰有一个反面的情况另设一个状态

Use states for 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and 44 consecutive heads and one separate state for a single trailing tail

大提示:

把每个连续正面状态的成功概率用末尾单个反面状态的概率表示

Express every head-run state’s success probability in terms of the trailing-tail state

解答:

qiq_i 表示已经连续出现 ii 个正面且末尾没有反面时的成功概率,并令 tt 表示出现一个反面后的成功概率。那么 qi=qi+1+t2(0i<4),q4=1+t2,t=q12\begin{aligned}q_i&=\frac{q_{i+1}+t}{2}\quad(0\leq i<4),\\q_4&=\frac{1+t}{2},\\t&=\frac{q_1}{2}\end{aligned}\text{。}从后向前计算得到 q1=1+15t16q_1=\frac{1+15t}{16}。由于 q1=2tq_1=2t,可得 t=117t=\frac{1}{17}q1=217q_1=\frac{2}{17}。因此 p=q0=q1+t2=334p=q_0=\frac{q_1+t}{2}=\frac3{34}\text{,}所以 m+n=3+34=37m+n=3+34=37

Let qiq_i be the success probability with ii consecutive heads and no trailing tail, and let tt be the probability after one tail. Then qi=qi+1+t2(0i<4),q4=1+t2,t=q12.\begin{aligned}q_i&=\frac{q_{i+1}+t}{2}\quad(0\leq i<4),\\q_4&=\frac{1+t}{2},\\t&=\frac{q_1}{2}.\end{aligned} Working backward gives q1=1+15t16.q_1=\frac{1+15t}{16}. Since q1=2t,q_1=2t, we get t=117t=\frac{1}{17} and q1=217.q_1=\frac{2}{17}. Therefore p=q0=q1+t2=334,p=q_0=\frac{q_1+t}{2}=\frac3{34}, so m+n=3+34=37.m+n=3+34=37.