1995 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
正方形 的尺寸为 。对 ,正方形 的边长是正方形 边长的一半;正方形 的两条相邻边分别是正方形 两条相邻边的垂直平分线;而正方形 的另外两条边分别是正方形 两条相邻边的垂直平分线。至少被 、、、、 中一个正方形围住的区域总面积可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Square is For the lengths of the sides of square are half the lengths of the sides of square two adjacent sides of square are perpendicular bisectors of two adjacent sides of square and the other two sides of square are the perpendicular bisectors of two adjacent sides of square The total area enclosed by at least one of can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
每个正方形的面积都是前一个正方形面积的四分之一
Each square has one fourth the area of the preceding square
大提示:
相邻两个正方形的重叠部分是较小正方形的四分之一,而不相邻正方形的内部不重叠
Adjacent squares overlap in one fourth of the smaller square, and nonadjacent interiors do not overlap
解答:
五个正方形的面积之和为 垂直平分线的摆放方式使每对相邻正方形的重叠部分等于较小正方形面积的四分之一。这四个重叠部分互不相交,总面积为 因此并集面积为 ,所以 。
The sum of the five square areas is The perpendicular-bisector placement makes the overlap of each adjacent pair one fourth of the smaller square. These four overlaps are disjoint and have total area Thus the union has area and
2.
求下列方程所有正根之积的末三位数字:
Find the last three digits of the product of the positive roots of
小提示:
令 ,则
Set so
大提示:
比较 的指数,再利用两个 值的和
Compare exponents of , then use the sum of the two values of
解答:
令 ,则 。原方程化为 从而 。两个 值的和为 ,所以相应两个正根的乘积为 。由于 ,其末三位数字为 。所求的 AIME 答案为 。
Put so The equation becomes and hence The two values of have sum so the product of the corresponding positive roots is Since its last three digits are The requested AIME answer is
3.
一个物体从 出发,在坐标平面内连续移动,每一步的长度都是一。每一步都等概率地向左、向右、向上或向下。设 为该物体在六步以内到达 的概率。已知 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数,求 。
Starting at an object moves in the coordinate plane via a sequence of steps, each of length one. Each step is left, right, up, or down, all four equally likely. Let be the probability that the object reaches in six or fewer steps. Given that can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers, find
小提示:
目标点最早只能在第 步或第 步到达
The target can first be reached only after or steps
大提示:
从六步后终止于目标点的路径中,减去已经在第 步到达目标点的路径
From the six-step paths ending at the target, subtract those that already arrived at step
解答:
到达 的四步路径有 条。六步后终止于该点的路径共有 条:额外的一对相反方向步要么是向左、向右各一步,要么是向下、向上各一步。其中有 条路径先在第 步到达目标点,再用两步返回。因此 所以 。
There are four-step paths to There are six-step paths ending there: the extra opposite pair is either left-right or down-up. Of these, first reach the target at step and then make a two-step return. Therefore Thus
4.
半径分别为 和 的两个圆彼此外切,并且都与一个半径为 的圆内切。半径为 的圆有一条弦,它同时是另外两个圆的公外切线。求这条弦长的平方。
Circles of radius and are externally tangent to each other and are internally tangent to a circle of radius The circle of radius has a chord that is a common external tangent of the other two circles. Find the square of the length of this chord.
小提示:
三个圆心共线,因为它们两两之间的距离为 、 和
The three circle centers are collinear because their pairwise distances are and
大提示:
利用两个小圆圆心到公切线的有向距离,求出大圆圆心到该切线的距离
Use signed distances from the two smaller centers to the common tangent to find its distance from the large center
解答:
将半径为 的圆的圆心置于原点,并将两个小圆的圆心分别置于 和 。将公外切线写成 ,其中 是单位法向量。两个圆心到直线的有向距离之差为 ,所以 ,且 。再利用距离 (从 量起),得到 。因此这条弦到大圆圆心的距离为 ,弦长的平方为
Put the radius- circle at the origin and the smaller centers at and Write the common external tangent as where is a unit normal. Its signed distances from the two centers differ by so and Using the distance from gives Thus the chord lies units from the large center, and its squared length is
5.
对于某些实数 、、 和 ,方程 有四个非实根。其中两个根的乘积为 ,另外两个根的和为 ,这里 。求 。
For certain real values of and the equation has four non-real roots. The product of two of these roots is and the sum of the other two roots is where Find
小提示:
由于多项式的系数为实数,它的非实根成共轭对出现
Because the polynomial has real coefficients, its non-real roots occur in conjugate pairs
大提示:
将六个根的两两乘积分成两组内部的乘积和四个交叉乘积
Group the six pairwise products into the products within the two groups and the four cross-products
解答:
设前两个根为 和 。由于 不是实数,它们不是一对共轭根,所以另外两个根为 和 。因此 ,且 。由韦达定理,
Let the first two roots be and Since is not real, they are not conjugates, so the other roots are and Hence and By Vieta’s formulas,
6.
令 。 的正整数因数中,有多少个小于 但不能整除 ?
Let How many positive integer divisors of are less than but do not divide
小提示:
将每个因数 (它是 的因数)与 配对
Pair each divisor of with
大提示:
在小于 的因数中,减去那些已经能整除 的因数
Among the divisors below , subtract those that already divide
解答:
有 个因数。把 与 配对时,只有 没有配对,所以有 个因数小于 。数 有 个因数,其中 个小于 。因此所求数量为 。
The number has divisors. Pairing with leaves only unpaired, so divisors lie below The number has divisors, of which are below Therefore the requested count is
7.
已知 并且 其中 、 和 是正整数,且 与 互质。求 。
Given that and where and are positive integers with and relatively prime, find
8.
有多少个正整数有序对 满足 ,并且 与 都是整数?
For how many ordered pairs of positive integers with are both and integers?
小提示:
令 ,并将 模 化简
Write and reduce modulo
大提示:
商 必须形如 ;计算 的正整数取值数
The quotient must have the form ; count the possible positive values of
解答:
令 。模 时,,所以 能被 整除当且仅当 。由于 ,可令 ,其中 。条件 化为 只有 会有贡献,得到
Write Modulo we have so is divisible by exactly when Since write with The bound becomes Only contribute, giving
9.
三角形 是等腰三角形,满足 ,且高 。设一点 位于 上,满足 和 。那么, 的周长可写成 ,其中 和 是整数。求 。
Triangle is isosceles, with and altitude Suppose that there is a point on with and Then the perimeter of may be written in the form where and are integers. Find
小提示:
令 ,并令顶角的一半为
Let and let half the apex angle be
大提示:
使用 、 和正切的三倍角公式
Use and the triple-angle formula for tangent
解答:
令 ,并令 ,则 。由于 ,由对称性得 ,而 。因此 。令 。于是 所以 ,且 。因此 ,且 ,周长为 所以 。
Let and so Because symmetry gives while Hence Put Then so and Thus and making the perimeter Therefore
10.
不能表示为 的正整数倍与一个正合数之和的最大正整数是多少?
What is the largest positive integer that is not the sum of a positive integral multiple of and a positive composite integer?
小提示:
对模 的每个余数,找出该余数类中最小的正合数
For each residue modulo , find the smallest positive composite integer in that residue
大提示:
一个余数类中一旦有一个数可以表示,该余数类中比它大 的每个数都可以表示
Once one number in a residue class is representable, every number larger in that class is representable
解答:
余数类 中的数,只要比该类最小的正合数大 的正整数倍,就可以表示。若余数 本身是合数,它就给出第一个这样的数。对其余余数,可以选取如下第一个合数:其中最大的数是 ,而 、、、 和 都是素数。因此 不能表示,而每个更大的整数都可以表示。
A number in residue class is representable once it exceeds the first positive composite in that class by a positive multiple of Composite residues themselves supply that first value. For the remaining residues, suitable first composites are The largest entry is and and are all prime. Hence is not representable, while every larger integer is.
11.
直角长方体 (即矩形平行六面体)的三条边长是整数 、、,其中 。一个与 的某个面平行的平面把 切成两个棱柱,其中一个与 相似,并且两个棱柱的体积都不为零。已知 ,存在这样的平面的有序三元组 有多少个?
A right rectangular prism (i.e., a rectangular parallelepiped) has sides of integral length with A plane parallel to one of the faces of cuts into two prisms, one of which is similar to and both of which have nonzero volume. Given that for how many ordered triples does such a plane exist?
小提示:
将较小棱柱的三条边长排序,再依次与 、 和 比较
Sort the three side lengths of the smaller prism and compare them in order with and
大提示:
两个保持不变的尺寸迫使
The two unchanged dimensions force
解答:
设与原棱柱相似的较小棱柱按顺序排列的边长为 。它与 共有两条边长,而且排序后的三条边都小于 中对应的边。唯一可能的对应关系为 和 。由相似关系,所以 。反过来,每个满足 的因数对都给出一个非退化的切割。由于 ,它的平方有 个因数。排除中间的因数对 ,再从其余每对因数中取一个,得到 。
Let the similar smaller prism have sorted sides It shares two side lengths with and all three of its sorted sides are smaller than the corresponding sides of The only possible matching is and Similarity then gives so Conversely every factor pair gives a nondegenerate cut. Since its square has divisors. Excluding the central pair and taking one divisor from each remaining pair gives
12.
棱锥 的底面 是正方形,棱 、、、 全等,并且 。设 为面 和面 所成二面角的度数。已知 ,其中 和 是整数,求 。
Pyramid has square base congruent edges and and Let be the measure of the dihedral angle formed by faces and Given that where and are integers, find
小提示:
将正方形的顶点置于 ,并将棱锥顶点置于
Place the square’s vertices at and the apex at
大提示:
求 时利用 ,再取合适面法向量夹角的补角
Find from then take the supplement of the angle between suitable face normals
解答:
取相邻的底面顶点 、、,并令 。由 ,两个面的法向量可分别取为 和 。它们所成锐角的余弦为 。内部二面角是这个角的补角,所以 因此 。
Take adjacent base vertices and From Normals to the two faces may be taken as and Their acute angle has cosine The interior dihedral angle is its supplement, so Thus
13.
令 为与 最接近的整数。求
Let be the integer closest to Find
小提示:
计算整数 满足 的情形数
Count the integers for which
大提示:
使 成立的整数数量可化简为
The number of occurrences of simplifies to
解答:
对 ,正整数 中满足 的数量为 对 ,这些数共占 个值,它们对所求和的贡献为 剩余的 个值满足 ,贡献为 。总和为 。
For the number of positive integers for which is For these account for values, and their contribution to the requested sum is The remaining values have contributing The total is
14.
在一个半径为 的圆中,两条长度均为 的弦相交于一点,该点到圆心的距离为 。这两条弦把圆的内部分成四个区域。其中两个区域由长度不等的线段围成,每个区域的面积都能唯一地写成 ,其中 、、 是正整数,并且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
In a circle of radius two chords of length intersect at a point whose distance from the center is The two chords divide the interior of the circle into four regions. Two of these regions are bordered by segments of unequal lengths, and the area of either of them can be expressed uniquely in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
每条弦到圆心的距离都是 ,据此确定经过交点的直线的两个可能方向
Each chord is from the center, so determine the two possible line directions through the intersection point
大提示:
长度不等的弦段分别长 和 ,它们的端点在圆心所张的角为
The unequal chord segments have lengths and and their endpoints subtend at the center
解答:
将圆心置于 ,并将交点置于 。长度为 的弦到 的距离为 ,所以经过 且包含这样一条弦的直线与 所成的角为 或 。沿任一条直线求解,都得到弦段长为 和 。
对于任一个由不等长线段围成的区域,两个弧端点在 处所张的角为 。其面积等于扇形面积减去 的面积,再加上 的面积:因此 。
Put the center at and the intersection at A length- chord is from so a line through containing such a chord makes angle or with Solving along either line gives segment lengths and
For either region bordered by unequal segments, the two arc endpoints subtend at Its area is the sector minus plus Hence
15.
反复抛掷一枚公平硬币。设 为连续出现 个正面早于连续出现 个反面的概率。已知 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数,求 。
Let be the probability that, in the process of repeatedly flipping a fair coin, one will encounter a run of heads before one encounters a run of tails. Given that can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers, find
小提示:
为连续出现 、、、、 个正面分别设置状态,并为末尾恰有一个反面的情况另设一个状态
Use states for and consecutive heads and one separate state for a single trailing tail
大提示:
把每个连续正面状态的成功概率用末尾单个反面状态的概率表示
Express every head-run state’s success probability in terms of the trailing-tail state
解答:
令 表示已经连续出现 个正面且末尾没有反面时的成功概率,并令 表示出现一个反面后的成功概率。那么 从后向前计算得到 。由于 ,可得 和 。因此 所以 。
Let be the success probability with consecutive heads and no trailing tail, and let be the probability after one tail. Then Working backward gives Since we get and Therefore so