1995 AIME 第 3 题

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3.

一个物体从 (0,0)(0,0) 出发,在坐标平面内连续移动,每一步的长度都是一。每一步都等概率地向左、向右、向上或向下。设 pp 为该物体在六步以内到达 (2,2)(2,2) 的概率。已知 pp 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 m+nm+n

Starting at (0,0),(0,0), an object moves in the coordinate plane via a sequence of steps, each of length one. Each step is left, right, up, or down, all four equally likely. Let pp be the probability that the object reaches (2,2)(2,2) in six or fewer steps. Given that pp can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m+n.

答案:67
知识点:随机游走基本计数对立事件概率
难度评级:1850
小提示:

目标点最早只能在第 44 步或第 66 步到达

The target can first be reached only after 44 or 66 steps

大提示:

从六步后终止于目标点的路径中,减去已经在第 44 步到达目标点的路径

From the six-step paths ending at the target, subtract those that already arrived at step 44

解答:

到达 (2,2)(2,2) 的四步路径有 (42)=6\binom42=6 条。六步后终止于该点的路径共有 60+60=12060+60=120 条:额外的一对相反方向步要么是向左、向右各一步,要么是向下、向上各一步。其中有 64=246\cdot4=24 条路径先在第 44 步到达目标点,再用两步返回。因此 p=644+1202446=364p=\frac6{4^4}+\frac{120-24}{4^6}=\frac3{64}\text{。}所以 m+n=3+64=67m+n=3+64=67

There are (42)=6\binom42=6 four-step paths to (2,2).(2,2). There are 60+60=12060+60=120 six-step paths ending there: the extra opposite pair is either left-right or down-up. Of these, 64=246\cdot4=24 first reach the target at step 44 and then make a two-step return. Therefore p=644+1202446=364.p=\frac6{4^4}+\frac{120-24}{4^6}=\frac3{64}. Thus m+n=3+64=67.m+n=3+64=67.

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