1991 AIME 第 3 题

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3.

用二项式定理展开 (1+0.2)1000(1+0.2)^{1000},且不再作任何化简,得到 (10000)(0.2)0+(10001)(0.2)1+(10002)(0.2)2++(10001000)(0.2)1000=A0+A1++A1000\begin{aligned}&\binom{1000}{0}(0.2)^0+\binom{1000}{1}(0.2)^1\\&+\binom{1000}{2}(0.2)^2+\cdots\\&+\binom{1000}{1000}(0.2)^{1000}\\&=A_0+A_1+\cdots+A_{1000}\end{aligned}\text{,}其中,当 k=0k=01122\ldots10001000 时,Ak=(1000k)(0.2)kA_k=\binom{1000}{k}(0.2)^kkk 等于多少时 AkA_k 最大?

Expanding (1+0.2)1000(1+0.2)^{1000} by the binomial theorem and doing no further manipulation gives (10000)(0.2)0+(10001)(0.2)1+(10002)(0.2)2++(10001000)(0.2)1000=A0+A1++A1000,\begin{aligned}&\binom{1000}{0}(0.2)^0+\binom{1000}{1}(0.2)^1\\&+\binom{1000}{2}(0.2)^2+\cdots\\&+\binom{1000}{1000}(0.2)^{1000}\\&=A_0+A_1+\cdots+A_{1000},\end{aligned} where Ak=(1000k)(0.2)kA_k=\binom{1000}{k}(0.2)^k for k=0,k=0, 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 1000.1000. For which kk is AkA_k the largest?

答案:166
知识点:二项式定理不等式最优化
难度评级:2060
小提示:

不要估算二项式系数,直接比较 Ak+1A_{k+1}AkA_k

Compare Ak+1A_{k+1} directly with AkA_k instead of estimating the binomial coefficients

大提示:

找出使 Ak+1Ak\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k} 大于 11 的最后一个 kk

Find the last kk for which Ak+1Ak\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k} is greater than 11

解答:

相邻两项满足 Ak+1Ak=1000kk+115\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k}=\frac{1000-k}{k+1}\cdot\frac15\text{。}当且仅当 1000k>5k+51000-k>5k+5,即 k<9956k<\frac{995}{6} 时,这个比值大于 11。因此各项一直递增到 A166A_{166},此后递减。所以最大项是 A166A_{166}

Consecutive terms satisfy Ak+1Ak=1000kk+115.\frac{A_{k+1}}{A_k}=\frac{1000-k}{k+1}\cdot\frac15. This ratio exceeds 11 exactly when 1000k>5k+5,1000-k>5k+5, or k<9956.k<\frac{995}{6}. Thus the terms increase through A166A_{166} and decrease afterward. Therefore the largest term is A166.A_{166}.

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