1991 AIME 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
求 ,其中 和 是满足下式的正整数:
Find if and are positive integers such that
小提示:
令 、,用 和 改写两个已知方程。
Let and , and rewrite both given equations using and
大提示:
两个方程分别给出了 和 ,因此 和 是同一个二次方程的两个根。
The two equations determine and , so and are roots of one quadratic
解答:
令 、。原方程组化为 和 ,所以 和 是下列二次方程的两个根: 因为 和 都是正整数,所以 、;事实上,、。因此
Let and The equations become and so and are the roots of Because and are positive integers, and ; indeed, and Therefore
2.
矩形 的边 长为 ,边 长为 。用点 、、、 将 等分成 段,并用点 、、、 将 等分成 段。对每个 ,作线段 。在边 和 上重复这一作法,再作对角线 。求所作的 条平行线段的长度之和。
Rectangle has sides of length and of length Divide into congruent segments with points and divide into congruent segments with points For draw the segments Repeat this construction on the sides and and then draw the diagonal Find the sum of the lengths of the parallel segments drawn.
小提示:
每条线段 都平行于构成 -- 直角三角形的矩形对角线,其长度是该对角线长度的一个固定比例。
Each segment is parallel to the -- diagonal and is a fixed fraction of its length
大提示:
两组边上的作图得到两个相同的等差和;别忘了计入 。
The two side constructions give two identical arithmetic sums; remember to include
解答:
设 、、。于是 由 -- 的边长比可得 因此一组作图中的线段总长为 另外两边上的作图所得总长相同,而 。所以所求的和为 。
Put and Then so the -- ratio gives Hence one construction has total length The construction on the other two sides has the same total, and Thus the requested sum is
3.
用二项式定理展开 ,且不再作任何化简,得到 其中,当 、、、、 时,。 等于多少时 最大?
Expanding by the binomial theorem and doing no further manipulation gives where for For which is the largest?
小提示:
不要估算二项式系数,直接比较 与 。
Compare directly with instead of estimating the binomial coefficients
大提示:
找出使 大于 的最后一个 。
Find the last for which is greater than
解答:
相邻两项满足 当且仅当 ,即 时,这个比值大于 。因此各项一直递增到 ,此后递减。所以最大项是 。
Consecutive terms satisfy This ratio exceeds exactly when or Thus the terms increase through and decrease afterward. Therefore the largest term is
4.
有多少个实数 满足方程
How many real numbers satisfy the equation
小提示:
由界限 ,可将 限制在一个有限区间内。
The bound restricts to a finite interval
大提示:
分别考察正、负的正弦半波,并在每个符合条件的完整半波上数出两个交点。
Separate the positive and negative half-waves of the sine function and count two crossings on each eligible full half-wave
解答:
令 。任何根都位于 内。
当 时,根只可能出现在正弦函数的负半波上。这样的半波有两个,即 和 。在每个半波的两个端点处, 都为正,而在中点处为负,因此各有两个根。在下降半段,单调性保证交点唯一;在上升半段,所以 从中点处的负值开始递增,并且恰好一次等于零。因此, 先下降,再从中点的负值上升到端点的正值,所以这一半段恰有一个根。因此在 以下共有 个根。
此外, 也是一个根。当 时,根只可能出现在正半波 上,其中 、、、。这样的半波共有 个。在每个半波的端点处, 为负,而在中点处为正。右半段严格递减。在左半段,所以 是严格凹函数。它在左端点为正、在中点为负,因此恰好改变一次符号。于是 先上升到唯一的极大值,再下降到仍为正的中点,所以左半段恰有一个交点。因此每个这样的半波恰好贡献两个根。故根的总数为
Let Any root lies in
For a root can occur only on a negative half-wave of the sine. There are two such half-waves, and On each, is positive at both endpoints and negative at the midpoint, so there are two roots. Uniqueness on the descending half follows from monotonicity; on the ascending half, so increases from a negative value at the midpoint and vanishes once. The function therefore first decreases and then increases from a negative midpoint value to a positive endpoint value, giving exactly one root on this half. Thus there are roots below
Also is a root. For roots can occur only on positive half-waves with There are of these. The value of is negative at each endpoint and positive at the midpoint. The right half is strictly decreasing. On the left half, so is strictly concave. It is positive at the left endpoint and negative at the midpoint, so it changes sign exactly once. Consequently, rises to one maximum and then falls to a still-positive midpoint, giving exactly one crossing on the left half. Hence every such half-wave contributes exactly two roots. Therefore the total number is
5.
对一个有理数,将它写成最简分数,并计算所得分子与分母的乘积。在 与 之间,有多少个有理数会使所得乘积为 ?
Given a rational number, write it as a fraction in lowest terms and calculate the product of the resulting numerator and denominator. For how many rational numbers between and will be the resulting product?
小提示:
若 是最简分数且 ,则 中每个质因数的完整幂次必须全部分配给 或 中的一个。
If is in lowest terms and , each full prime power of must go entirely to one of or
大提示:
先数不同质数幂因子的有序分配方法,再利用条件 。
Count ordered allocations of the distinct prime-power factors, then use the condition
解答:
能整除 的不同质数为 、、、、、、 和 。若 是最简分数且 ,则这八个质数中每一个的完整幂次都必须分配给 或 中的一个。因此, 有 个有序的互质分解。由于 ,其中恰有一半满足 。所求数目为 。
The distinct primes dividing are and If is in lowest terms and the entire power of each of these eight primes must be assigned to either or Thus there are ordered coprime factorizations Since exactly half have The number sought is
6.
设实数 满足 求 。(对实数 , 表示不大于 的最大整数。)
Suppose is a real number for which Find (For real is the greatest integer less than or equal to )
小提示:
写成 ,其中 是整数且 。
Write with integer and
大提示:
去掉各项共同的整数部分后,数一数这 个小数项中有多少个越过了 。
After removing the common integer part, count how many of the fractional terms cross
解答:
写成 ,其中 是整数且 。共有 个加数。因为 ,所以必有 ,并且数 、、 中恰有 个的下取整为 。它们必然是分子为 、、、 的那些项。因此 从而 。所以 。
Write where is an integer and There are summands. Since we must have and exactly of the numbers have floor These must be the terms with numerators Hence so Therefore
7.
设 为下列方程所有根的绝对值之和,求 :
Find where is the sum of the absolute values of all roots of the following equation:
小提示:
定义 ;原方程表示将 连续作用五次后仍得到 。
Define ; the equation says that applied five times returns
大提示:
利用 的两个不动点,并追踪比值 。
Use the two fixed points of and track the ratio
解答:
令 ,并设它的两个不动点为 。它们满足 利用 直接相减,可得 已知方程即 。若 既不是 也不是 ,将上述比值迭代五次就会迫使 ,但因为 ,这是不可能的。因此仅有的根是 和 。
它们的绝对值之和为 ,即该二次方程两根之差。因此 所以 。
Let and let be its fixed points. They satisfy A direct subtraction using gives The given equation is If were neither nor iterating the displayed ratio five times would force which is impossible because Thus the only roots are and
Their absolute values sum to the difference of the roots of the quadratic. Hence so
8.
有多少个实数 能使二次方程 关于 的所有根都是整数?
For how many real numbers does the quadratic equation have only integer roots for
小提示:
设两个整数根为 和 ,用韦达定理消去 。
Let the two integer roots be and , and eliminate using Vieta’s formulas
大提示:
得到 后,将它配成一个乘积。
Complete a product after obtaining
解答:
设整数根为 和 。由韦达定理, 且 ,所以 。因此 反过来, 的每个有序整数分解都会给出整数根 、,以及 。 的无序正因数对之和为 、、、、,相应的负因数对之和则分别为这些数的相反数。这十个和互不相同,因此给出 的 个不同取值。
Let the integer roots be and Vieta’s formulas give and so Therefore Conversely, every ordered integer factorization gives integer roots and Unordered positive factor pairs of have sums and the corresponding negative factor pairs have their negatives as sums. These ten sums are distinct, so they give distinct values of
9.
10.
两个由三个字母组成的字符串 和 通过电子方式传输,每个字符串逐字母发送。由于设备故障,六个字母中的每一个都有 的概率被错误接收:本应是 时被接收为 ,或本应是 时被接收为 。不过,每个字母接收正确与否都独立于其他字母的接收情况。
设发送 时接收到的三字母字符串为 ,发送 时接收到的三字母字符串为 。设 按字母顺序排在 之前的概率为 。将 写成最简分数后,其分子是多少?
Two three-letter strings, and are transmitted electronically. Each string is sent letter by letter. Due to faulty equipment, each of the six letters has a chance of being received incorrectly, as an when it should have been a or as a when it should be an However, whether a given letter is received correctly or incorrectly is independent of the reception of any other letter.
Let be the three-letter string received when is transmitted and let be the three-letter string received when is transmitted. Let be the probability that comes before in alphabetical order. When is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is its numerator?
小提示:
两个接收字符串第一次出现不同字母的位置决定了它们的先后顺序。
The ordering is decided at the first position where the two received strings differ
大提示:
对一个位置,分别计算两个字母相同的概率,以及 中收到 且 中收到 的概率。
At one position, compute the probabilities of equality and of receiving in and in
解答:
在任意一个位置,接收到的两个字母相同的概率为 对排序有利的第一次不同,即 收到 且 收到 ,其概率为 。它可以在零次、一次或两次相同之后,分别出现在第一个、第二个或第三个位置。因此 这个分数已经最简,所以其分子为 。
At any position, the received letters agree with probability The favorable first difference, receiving and receiving has probability It can occur in the first, second, or third position after zero, one, or two agreements. Hence This fraction is in lowest terms, so its numerator is
11.
在半径为 的圆 上放置十二个全等圆盘,使这十二个圆盘覆盖 ,任意两个圆盘的内部互不重叠,并且每个圆盘都与相邻的两个圆盘相切。所得排列如下图所示。十二个圆盘的面积之和可写成 的形式,其中 、、 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Twelve congruent disks are placed on a circle of radius in such a way that the twelve disks cover no two of the disks overlap, and so that each of the twelve disks is tangent to its two neighbors. The resulting arrangement of disks is shown in the figure below. The sum of the areas of the twelve disks can be written in the form where are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
将 的圆心分别连接到两个相邻圆盘的圆心及其切点。
Join the center of to the centers and tangency point of two neighboring disks
大提示:
所得直角三角形有一个角为 ,其邻边长为 ,对边长等于圆盘半径。
The resulting right triangle has angle , adjacent leg , and opposite leg equal to a disk radius
解答:
设 为 的圆心, 和 为两个相邻圆盘的圆心, 为它们的切点。由 重对称性,,且 平分这个角。另外, 是 的中点,所以三角形 在 处为直角。因为 位于 上,所以 ,而 是圆盘半径 。因此 总面积为 所以 。
Let be the center of let and be the centers of two neighboring disks, and let be their tangency point. By the -fold symmetry, and bisects that angle. Also is the midpoint of so triangle is right at Since lies on while is the disk radius Thus The total area is Therefore
12.
菱形 内接于矩形 ,使得顶点 、、、 分别是边 、、、 上的内点。已知 、、、。设矩形 的周长为最简分数 。求 。
Rhombus is inscribed in rectangle so that vertices and are interior points on sides and respectively. It is given that and Let in lowest terms, denote the perimeter of Find
小提示:
菱形的中心也是矩形的中心,而菱形两条对角线的一半分别长 和 。
The center of the rhombus is also the center of the rectangle, and its half-diagonals have lengths and
大提示:
为 和 建立坐标;从公共中心指向它们的向量互相垂直。
Use coordinates for and ; their vectors from the common center are perpendicular
解答:
设矩形的宽为 、高为 ,并取 、。于是 、。菱形的两条对角线在矩形中心 处互相平分。令 。因为 、,且菱形的两条对角线互相垂直,而 ,所以 解这两个方程,并注意到因为 ,第二个坐标为负,可得 。于是 周长为 ,所以 。
Let the rectangle have width and height with and Then and The diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other at the rectangle’s center Put Since and the rhombus diagonals are perpendicular, while we have Solving these two equations, with the second coordinate negative because gives Hence The perimeter is so
13.
一个抽屉中混有红袜子和蓝袜子,总数不超过 。从中随机不放回地抽取两只袜子,二者同为红色或同为蓝色的概率恰为 。在符合这些条件的情况下,抽屉中红袜子的最大可能数量是多少?
A drawer contains a mixture of red socks and blue socks, at most in all. It so happens that, when two socks are selected randomly without replacement, there is a probability of exactly that both are red or both are blue. What is the largest possible number of red socks in the drawer that is consistent with this data?
小提示:
若有 只红袜子和 只蓝袜子,则条件等价于抽到两种颜色各一只的概率为 。
If there are red and blue socks, it is equivalent to require probability of drawing one of each color
大提示:
利用 和 ,将概率方程化为一个完全平方条件。
Use and to turn the probability equation into a square condition
解答:
设两种颜色的袜子数分别为 和 ,并令 。抽到不同颜色袜子的概率也为 ,所以 因为 ,上式化为 。因此 。取红袜子为数量较多的一种颜色,则 不超过 的最大完全平方数是 ,由此 。
Let and be the two color counts and The probability of drawing different colors is also so Since this becomes Thus and, choosing red as the more numerous color, The largest square at most is giving
14.
一个六边形内接于圆。它的五条边长为 ,第六条边记为 ,长为 。求从 出发可作的三条对角线的长度之和。
A hexagon is inscribed in a circle. Five of the sides have length and the sixth, denoted by has length Find the sum of the lengths of the three diagonals that can be drawn from
小提示:
设每条长为 的边所对的圆心角为 ,并令 。
Let be the central angle subtended by each side of length , and set
大提示:
用 表示 以及三条对角线的长度比。
Express and the three diagonal ratios in terms of
解答:
设每条长为 的边所对的圆心角为 ,并令 。剩余弧的半角为 ,因此由弦长之比可得 由此得到 或 。因为 ,所以 ,从而 。
从 出发的三条对角线所对的较小圆心角分别与 、、 相同。以长为 的边为基准,它们的长度比分别为 因此它们的长度之和为
Let be the central angle subtended by each -side, and put The remaining arc has half-angle so the chord ratio gives This yields or Because we have so
The three diagonals from subtend the same minor angles as and Relative to an -side, their length ratios are Their sum is therefore
15.
对正整数 ,定义 为下列和的最小值:其中 、、、 是和为 的正实数。恰有一个正整数 能使 也是整数。求这个 。
For positive integer define to be the minimum value of the sum where are positive real numbers whose sum is There is a unique positive integer for which is also an integer. Find this
小提示:
将每个根式看作向量 的长度,并应用三角不等式。
Interpret each radical as the length of a vector and apply the triangle inequality
大提示:
求出 后,利用它必须为整数这一条件,将所得平方差分解因式。
After finding , factor the difference of two squares that results from requiring it to be an integer
解答:
两个分量之和分别为 和 。因此向量的三角不等式给出 令 与 成正比即可取到等号,所以 。
若它等于整数 ,则 因数对 给出 ,而因数对 给出 和 。因此唯一的正整数 为 。
The two component sums are and Therefore the triangle inequality for vectors gives Equality is attainable by taking proportional to so
If this is the integer then The factor pair gives while the pair gives and Thus the unique positive is