2017 AIME I 真题

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1.

ABC\triangle ABC 上标出十五个互不相同的点:33 个顶点 AABBCC;边 AB\overline{AB} 上另有 33 个点;边 BC\overline{BC} 上另有 44 个点;边 CA\overline{CA} 上另有 55 个点。求以这 1515 个点中的点为顶点、面积为正的三角形个数。

Fifteen distinct points are designated on ABC:\triangle ABC: the 33 vertices A,A, B,B, and C;C; 33 other points on side AB;\overline{AB}; 44 other points on side BC;\overline{BC}; and 55 other points on side CA.\overline{CA}. Find the number of triangles with positive area whose vertices are among these 1515 points.

答案:390
知识点:组合补集计数
难度评级:1950
小提示:

先数出从 1515 个点中任选 33 个点的所有方法,再去掉不能形成真正三角形的选法

Count all ways to choose 33 of the 1515 points, then throw away the choices that fail to make a real triangle

大提示:

选法失败当且仅当 33 个点全在同一条边上;三条边上分别有 556677 个点

A choice fails exactly when all 33 points lie on one side; the sides contain 5,5, 6,6, and 77 of the points

解答:

从这些点中选 33 个点共有 (153)=455\binom{15}{3} = 455 种方法。某种选法不能得到面积为正的三角形,当且仅当这 33 个点共线;这只会在三点全落在三角形的一条边上时发生。连同端点在内,边 AB\overline{AB} 上有 55 个点,BC\overline{BC} 上有 66 个点,CA\overline{CA} 上有 77 个点,所以共线三点组共有 (53)+(63)+(73)\binom{5}{3} + \binom{6}{3} + \binom{7}{3} =10+20+35=65= 10 + 20 + 35 = 65 组。

因此三角形的个数为 45565=390455 - 65 = 390

There are (153)=455\binom{15}{3} = 455 ways to choose 33 of the points. A choice fails to give a triangle of positive area exactly when the 33 points are collinear, which happens only when all three lie on one side of the triangle. Including its endpoints, side AB\overline{AB} contains 55 points, BC\overline{BC} contains 6,6, and CA\overline{CA} contains 7,7, giving (53)+(63)+(73)\binom{5}{3} + \binom{6}{3} + \binom{7}{3} =10+20+35=65= 10 + 20 + 35 = 65 collinear triples.

The number of triangles is 45565=390.455 - 65 = 390.

2.

702702787787855855 分别除以正整数 mm 时,余数总是同一个正整数 rr。将 412412722722815815 分别除以正整数 nn 时,余数总是同一个正整数 srs \neq r。求 m+n+r+sm + n + r + s

When each of 702,702, 787,787, and 855855 is divided by the positive integer m,m, the remainder is always the positive integer r.r. When each of 412,412, 722,722, and 815815 is divided by the positive integer n,n, the remainder is always the positive integer sr.s \neq r. Find m+n+r+s.m + n + r + s.

答案:62
难度评级:2070
小提示:

如果两个数除以 mm 的余数相同,那么 mm 整除它们的差

If two numbers leave the same remainder when divided by m,m, then mm divides their difference

大提示:

因此 mm85856868 的公因数,而 nn3103109393 的公因数

So mm is a common factor of 8585 and 68,68, and nn is a common factor of 310310 and 9393

解答:

除以 mm 余数相同的两个数之差是 mm 的倍数,所以 mm 同时整除 787702=85787 - 702 = 85855787=68855 - 787 = 68。因为 gcd(85,68)=17\gcd(85, 68) = 17,且 mm 必须大于正余数 rr,所以 m=17m = 17,并且 r=7024117=5r = 702 - 41 \cdot 17 = 5

同理,nn 同时整除 722412=310722 - 412 = 310815722=93815 - 722 = 93,且 gcd(310,93)=31\gcd(310, 93) = 31,所以 n=31n = 31,并且 s=4121331=9s = 412 - 13 \cdot 31 = 9,它确实不同于 rr

所求和为 17+31+5+9=6217 + 31 + 5 + 9 = 62

Numbers leaving equal remainders upon division by mm differ by multiples of m,m, so mm divides both 787702=85787 - 702 = 85 and 855787=68.855 - 787 = 68. Since gcd(85,68)=17\gcd(85, 68) = 17 and mm must exceed the positive remainder r,r, we get m=17,m = 17, and r=7024117=5.r = 702 - 41 \cdot 17 = 5.

Similarly nn divides both 722412=310722 - 412 = 310 and 815722=93,815 - 722 = 93, and gcd(310,93)=31,\gcd(310, 93) = 31, so n=31n = 31 and s=4121331=9,s = 412 - 13 \cdot 31 = 9, which indeed differs from r.r.

The requested sum is 17+31+5+9=62.17 + 31 + 5 + 9 = 62.

3.

对正整数 nn,令 dnd_n1+2+3++n1 + 2 + 3 + \cdots + n 的个位数字。求 n=12017dn\sum_{n=1}^{2017} d_n 除以 10001000 的余数。

For a positive integer n,n, let dnd_n be the units digit of 1+2+3++n.1 + 2 + 3 + \cdots + n. Find the remainder when n=12017dn\sum_{n=1}^{2017} d_n is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:69
难度评级:2300
小提示:

dnd_nn(n+1)2\frac{n(n+1)}{2} 的个位数字;寻找这些数字的循环规律

dnd_n is the units digit of n(n+1)2;\frac{n(n+1)}{2}; look for a repeating pattern in these digits

大提示:

这些数字以 2020 为周期重复,一个完整的 2020 项周期之和为 7070

The digits repeat with period 20,20, and one full period of 2020 values sums to 7070

解答:

这里 dnd_n 是三角数 n(n+1)2\frac{n(n+1)}{2} 的个位数字。因为 (n+20)(n+21)2\frac{(n+20)(n+21)}{2} n(n+1)2=20n+210- \frac{n(n+1)}{2} = 20n + 2101010 的倍数,所以序列 dnd_n2020 为周期。计算一个周期:(d1,d2,,d20)=(1,3,6,0,5,1,8,6,5,5,6,8,1,5,0,6,3,1,0,0) \begin{aligned} &(d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_{20}) \\ &\quad \tiny = (1, 3, 6, 0, 5, 1, 8, 6, 5, 5, 6, 8, 1, 5, 0, 6, 3, 1, 0, 0) \end{aligned}\text{,}它们的和为 7070

因为 2017=10020+172017 = 100 \cdot 20 + 17,总和等于 10070100 \cdot 70 加上周期前 1717 项的和,而前十七项之和为 70(1+0+0)=6970 - (1 + 0 + 0) = 69。总和为 70697069,所以余数为 6969

Here dnd_n is the units digit of the triangular number n(n+1)2.\frac{n(n+1)}{2}. Since (n+20)(n+21)2\frac{(n+20)(n+21)}{2} n(n+1)2=20n+210- \frac{n(n+1)}{2} = 20n + 210 is a multiple of 10,10, the sequence dnd_n is periodic with period 20.20. Computing one period, (d1,d2,,d20)=(1,3,6,0,5,1,8,6,5,5,6,8,1,5,0,6,3,1,0,0), \begin{aligned} &(d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_{20}) \\ &\quad \tiny = (1, 3, 6, 0, 5, 1, 8, 6, 5, 5, 6, 8, 1, 5, 0, 6, 3, 1, 0, 0), \end{aligned} which sums to 70.70.

Since 2017=10020+17,2017 = 100 \cdot 20 + 17, the total is 10070100 \cdot 70 plus the first 1717 terms of the period, which sum to 70(1+0+0)=69.70 - (1 + 0 + 0) = 69. The sum is 7069,7069, so the remainder is 69.69.

4.

一个棱锥的底面是边长为 202020202424 的三角形。从底面三个顶点到棱锥第四个顶点的三条棱长都为 2525。该棱锥的体积为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

A pyramid has a triangular base with side lengths 20,20, 20,20, and 24.24. The three edges of the pyramid from the three corners of the base to the fourth vertex of the pyramid all have length 25.25. The volume of the pyramid is mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:803
难度评级:2390
小提示:

因为三条侧棱都等于 2525,顶点位于底面三角形外心的正上方

Because all three lateral edges equal 25,25, the apex lies directly above the circumcenter of the base triangle

大提示:

底面积为 192192;用 R=abc4KR = \frac{abc}{4K} 求它的外接圆半径,再用勾股定理求高

The base has area 192;192; compute its circumradius from R=abc4K,R = \frac{abc}{4K}, then get the height by the Pythagorean theorem

解答:

由于棱锥顶点到底面三个顶点等距,它在底面上的垂足是底面三角形的外心。底面是边长为 202020202424 的等腰三角形,到底边 2424 的高为 202122=16\sqrt{20^2 - 12^2} = 16,所以面积为 K=122416=192K = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 24 \cdot 16 = 192,外接圆半径为 R=abc4K=2020244192=252R = \frac{abc}{4K} = \frac{20 \cdot 20 \cdot 24}{4 \cdot 192} = \frac{25}{2}\text{。}

棱锥的高为 252(252)2=2532\sqrt{25^2 - \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2} = \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{2},所以体积为 131922532=8003\frac{1}{3} \cdot 192 \cdot \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{2} = 800\sqrt{3}。因此 m+n=800+3=803m + n = 800 + 3 = 803

Since the apex is equidistant from all three base vertices, its foot is the circumcenter of the base. The base is isosceles with sides 20,20, 20,20, and 24:24: its altitude to the side of length 2424 is 202122=16,\sqrt{20^2 - 12^2} = 16, so its area is K=122416=192,K = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 24 \cdot 16 = 192, and its circumradius is R=abc4K=2020244192=252.R = \frac{abc}{4K} = \frac{20 \cdot 20 \cdot 24}{4 \cdot 192} = \frac{25}{2}.

The height of the pyramid is 252(252)2=2532,\sqrt{25^2 - \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2} = \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{2}, so the volume is 131922532=8003.\frac{1}{3} \cdot 192 \cdot \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{2} = 800\sqrt{3}. Then m+n=800+3=803.m + n = 800 + 3 = 803.

5.

一个以八为底写出的有理数为 ab.cd\underline{a}\,\underline{b}.\underline{c}\,\underline{d},其中所有数字都非零。同一个数以十二为底表示为 bb.ba\underline{b}\,\underline{b}.\underline{b}\,\underline{a}。求按通常十进制写法得到的数 abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c}

A rational number written in base eight is ab.cd,\underline{a}\,\underline{b}.\underline{c}\,\underline{d}, where all digits are nonzero. The same number in base twelve is bb.ba.\underline{b}\,\underline{b}.\underline{b}\,\underline{a}. Find the base-ten number abc.\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c}.

答案:321
难度评级:2400
小提示:

整数部分必须相等:8a+b=13b8a + b = 13b,所以 2a=3b2a = 3b

The integer parts must match: 8a+b=13b,8a + b = 13b, so 2a=3b2a = 3b

大提示:

只有 (a,b)=(3,2)(a, b) = (3, 2)(6,4)(6, 4) 可行;把每种情况代入 c8+d64=b12+a144\frac{c}{8} + \frac{d}{64} = \frac{b}{12} + \frac{a}{144},并记住数字非零且小于 88

Only (a,b)=(3,2)(a, b) = (3, 2) or (6,4)(6, 4) fit; test each in c8+d64=b12+a144\frac{c}{8} + \frac{d}{64} = \frac{b}{12} + \frac{a}{144} remembering digits are nonzero and less than 88

解答:

整数部分必须相等:8a+b=12b+b8a + b = 12b + b,所以 8a=12b8a = 12b,也就是 2a=3b2a = 3b。因为 aabb 都是以八为底的非零数字,至多为 77,唯一的可能是 (a,b)=(3,2)(a, b) = (3, 2)(6,4)(6, 4)

小数部分也必须相等:c8+d64=b12+a144\frac{c}{8} + \frac{d}{64} = \frac{b}{12} + \frac{a}{144},即 8c+d64=12b+a144\frac{8c + d}{64} = \frac{12b + a}{144}。若 (a,b)=(6,4)(a, b) = (6, 4),右边为 54144=2464\frac{54}{144} = \frac{24}{64},迫使 8c+d=248c + d = 24,但不存在两个非零且小于 88 的数字满足它。若 (a,b)=(3,2)(a, b) = (3, 2),右边为 27144=1264\frac{27}{144} = \frac{12}{64},所以 8c+d=128c + d = 12,得到 c=1c = 1d=4d = 4

的确,32.148=22.231232.14_8 = 22.23_{12},所求数字 abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c}321321

The integer parts must be equal: 8a+b=12b+b,8a + b = 12b + b, so 8a=12b,8a = 12b, that is 2a=3b.2a = 3b. Since aa and bb are nonzero base-eight digits (at most 77), the only options are (a,b)=(3,2)(a, b) = (3, 2) and (6,4).(6, 4).

The fractional parts must also match: c8+d64=b12+a144,\frac{c}{8} + \frac{d}{64} = \frac{b}{12} + \frac{a}{144}, i.e. 8c+d64=12b+a144.\frac{8c + d}{64} = \frac{12b + a}{144}. For (a,b)=(6,4)(a, b) = (6, 4) the right side is 54144=2464,\frac{54}{144} = \frac{24}{64}, forcing 8c+d=24,8c + d = 24, which has no solution with both digits nonzero and less than 8.8. For (a,b)=(3,2)(a, b) = (3, 2) the right side is 27144=1264,\frac{27}{144} = \frac{12}{64}, so 8c+d=12,8c + d = 12, giving c=1c = 1 and d=4.d = 4.

Indeed 32.148=22.2312,32.14_8 = 22.23_{12}, and the requested number abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c} is 321.321.

6.

一个圆外接于一个等腰三角形,该三角形两个相等角的度数为 xx。在圆上独立且均匀随机选取两个点,并连接它们作一条弦。该弦与三角形相交的概率为 1425\frac{14}{25}。求 xx 的最大可能值与最小可能值之差。

A circle is circumscribed around an isosceles triangle whose two congruent angles have degree measure x.x. Two points are chosen independently and uniformly at random on the circle, and a chord is drawn between them. The probability that the chord intersects the triangle is 1425.\frac{14}{25}. Find the difference between the largest and smallest possible values of x.x.

答案:48
难度评级:2650
小提示:

三个顶点把圆分成度数为 2x2x2x2x3604x360 - 4x 的弧;弦恰好在两个点落在同一段弧内时避开三角形

The vertices cut the circle into arcs of 2x,2x, 2x,2x, and 3604x360 - 4x degrees, and the chord misses the triangle exactly when both points land in the same arc

大提示:

y=x180y = \frac{x}{180},不相交的概率给出 2y2+(12y)2=11252y^2 + (1 - 2y)^2 = \frac{11}{25},这是一个有两个有效根的二次方程

With y=x180,y = \frac{x}{180}, the miss probability gives 2y2+(12y)2=1125,2y^2 + (1 - 2y)^2 = \frac{11}{25}, a quadratic with two valid roots

解答:

三角形的每个圆周角截得一段度数为其两倍的弧,所以三个顶点把圆分成度数为 2x2x2x2x3604x360 - 4x 的弧。弦不与三角形相交,当且仅当两个随机点落在同一段弧内,其概率为 (2x360)2+(2x360)2+(3604x360)2=11425=1125 \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{2x}{360}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{2x}{360}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\frac{360 - 4x}{360}\right)^2 \\ &= 1 - \frac{14}{25} = \frac{11}{25} \end{aligned}\text{。}

y=x180y = \frac{x}{180},得到 2y2+(12y)2=11252y^2 + (1 - 2y)^2 = \frac{11}{25},化简为 75y250y+7=075y^2 - 50y + 7 = 0,根为 y=15y = \frac{1}{5}y=715y = \frac{7}{15}。它们给出 x=36x = 36x=84x = 84,两者都可以作为等腰三角形的底角。

所求差为 8436=4884 - 36 = 48

Each inscribed angle of the triangle subtends an arc of twice its measure, so the vertices split the circle into arcs of 2x,2x, 2x,2x, and 3604x360 - 4x degrees. The chord fails to intersect the triangle exactly when both random points fall in the same arc, which has probability (2x360)2+(2x360)2+(3604x360)2=11425=1125. \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{2x}{360}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{2x}{360}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\frac{360 - 4x}{360}\right)^2 \\ &= 1 - \frac{14}{25} = \frac{11}{25}. \end{aligned}

Setting y=x180,y = \frac{x}{180}, this reads 2y2+(12y)2=1125,2y^2 + (1 - 2y)^2 = \frac{11}{25}, which simplifies to 75y250y+7=0,75y^2 - 50y + 7 = 0, with roots y=15y = \frac{1}{5} and y=715.y = \frac{7}{15}. These give x=36x = 36 and x=84,x = 84, both legitimate base angles of an isosceles triangle.

The requested difference is 8436=48.84 - 36 = 48.

7.

对满足 a+b6a + b \le 6 的非负整数 aabb,令 T(a,b)=(6a)(6b)(6a+b)T(a, b) = \binom{6}{a}\binom{6}{b}\binom{6}{a+b}。设 SS 为所有满足 a+b6a + b \le 6 的非负整数 aabb 对应的 T(a,b)T(a, b) 之和。求 SS 除以 10001000 的余数。

For nonnegative integers aa and bb with a+b6,a + b \le 6, let T(a,b)=(6a)(6b)(6a+b).T(a, b) = \binom{6}{a}\binom{6}{b}\binom{6}{a+b}. Let SS denote the sum of all T(a,b),T(a, b), where aa and bb are nonnegative integers with a+b6.a + b \le 6. Find the remainder when SS is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:564
知识点:组合双重计数
难度评级:2650
小提示:

(6a+b)\binom{6}{a+b} 改写为 (66ab)\binom{6}{6-a-b},于是令 c=6abc = 6 - a - b 后,每项变为 (6a)(6b)(6c)\binom{6}{a}\binom{6}{b}\binom{6}{c},且 a+b+c=6a + b + c = 6

Replace (6a+b)\binom{6}{a+b} by (66ab),\binom{6}{6-a-b}, so with c=6abc = 6 - a - b each term becomes (6a)(6b)(6c)\binom{6}{a}\binom{6}{b}\binom{6}{c} with a+b+c=6a + b + c = 6

大提示:

从三个互不相交的 66 元集合中分别选 aabbcc 个元素,并让 a+b+c=6a + b + c = 6,就是在数一个 1818 元集合的 66 元子集

Choosing a,a, b,b, and cc elements from three disjoint 66-element sets, over all a+b+c=6,a + b + c = 6, counts the 66-element subsets of an 1818-element set

解答:

利用对称性 (6a+b)=(66(a+b))\binom{6}{a+b} = \binom{6}{6-(a+b)},令 c=6abc = 6 - a - b 可将和改写为 S=a+b+c=6(6a)(6b)(6c)S = \sum_{a+b+c=6} \binom{6}{a}\binom{6}{b}\binom{6}{c}\text{。}

每一项表示从一个 66 元集合中选 aa 个元素、从第二个集合中选 bb 个元素、从第三个集合中选 cc 个元素的方法数。对所有 a+b+c=6a + b + c = 6 求和,就数出了从合并后的 1818 元集合中选 66 个元素的所有方法,所以 S=(186)=18564S = \binom{18}{6} = 18564

除以 10001000 的余数为 564564

By the symmetry (6a+b)=(66(a+b)),\binom{6}{a+b} = \binom{6}{6-(a+b)}, substituting c=6abc = 6 - a - b turns the sum into S=a+b+c=6(6a)(6b)(6c).S = \sum_{a+b+c=6} \binom{6}{a}\binom{6}{b}\binom{6}{c}.

Each term counts the ways to choose aa elements from one 66-element set, bb from a second, and cc from a third. Summed over all a+b+c=6,a + b + c = 6, this counts every way to choose 66 elements from the combined 1818-element set, so S=(186)=18564.S = \binom{18}{6} = 18564.

The remainder upon division by 10001000 is 564.564.

8.

从区间 (0,75)(0, 75) 中独立且均匀随机选取两个实数 aabb。设 OOPP 是平面上两个点,且 OP=200OP = 200。点 QQRR 位于直线 OPOP 的同侧,并满足 POQ\angle POQPOR\angle POR 的度数分别为 aabb,且 OQP\angle OQPORP\angle ORP 都是直角。若 QR100QR \le 100 的概率等于 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 m+nm + n

Two real numbers aa and bb are chosen independently and uniformly at random from the interval (0,75).(0, 75). Let OO and PP be two points in the plane with OP=200.OP = 200. Let QQ and RR be points on the same side of line OPOP such that the degree measures of POQ\angle POQ and POR\angle POR are aa and b,b, respectively, and OQP\angle OQP and ORP\angle ORP are both right angles. The probability that QR100QR \le 100 is equal to mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:41
难度评级:2920
小提示:

QQRR 处的直角使得这两个点都落在以 OP\overline{OP} 为直径的圆上,该圆半径为 100100

The right angles at QQ and RR place both points on the circle with diameter OP,\overline{OP}, which has radius 100100

大提示:

圆周角 QOR=ab\angle QOR = |a - b| 给出 QR=200sinabQR = 200\sin|a-b|,所以条件为 ab30|a - b| \le 30;在 75×7575 \times 75 的正方形中求该区域面积

The inscribed angle QOR=ab\angle QOR = |a - b| gives QR=200sinab,QR = 200\sin|a-b|, so the condition is ab30;|a - b| \le 30; find that region’s area in the 75×7575 \times 75 square

解答:

因为 OQP=ORP=90\angle OQP = \angle ORP = 90^\circ,点 QQRR 都在以 OP\overline{OP} 为直径的圆上,该圆半径为 100100。角 QOR=ab\angle QOR = |a - b| 是这个圆中的圆周角,所以弦长满足 QR=2100sinabQR = 2 \cdot 100 \cdot \sin|a - b|。因为 ab<75|a - b| \lt 75^\circ,条件 QR100QR \le 100,也就是 sinab12\sin|a - b| \le \frac{1}{2},等价于 ab30|a - b| \le 30

在等可能的 (a,b)(a, b) 所组成的 75×7575 \times 75 正方形中,区域 ab>30|a - b| \gt 30 由两个直角三角形组成,每个三角形的直角边长为 7530=4575 - 30 = 45,所以所求概率为 1452752=1925=16251 - \frac{45^2}{75^2} = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25}\text{。}

因此 m+n=16+25=41m + n = 16 + 25 = 41

Since OQP=ORP=90,\angle OQP = \angle ORP = 90^\circ, both QQ and RR lie on the circle with diameter OP,\overline{OP}, whose radius is 100.100. The angle QOR=ab\angle QOR = |a - b| is an inscribed angle in this circle, so the chord satisfies QR=2100sinab.QR = 2 \cdot 100 \cdot \sin|a - b|. Because ab<75,|a - b| \lt 75^\circ, the condition QR100,QR \le 100, i.e. sinab12,\sin|a - b| \le \frac{1}{2}, is equivalent to ab30.|a - b| \le 30.

In the 75×7575 \times 75 square of equally likely pairs (a,b),(a, b), the region ab>30|a - b| \gt 30 consists of two right triangles with legs 7530=45,75 - 30 = 45, so the probability is 1452752=1925=1625.1 - \frac{45^2}{75^2} = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25}.

Therefore m+n=16+25=41.m + n = 16 + 25 = 41.

9.

a10=10a_{10} = 10,且对每个整数 n>10n \gt 10,令 an=100an1+na_n = 100a_{n-1} + n。求最小的 n>10n \gt 10,使得 ana_n9999 的倍数。

Let a10=10,a_{10} = 10, and for each integer n>10n \gt 10 let an=100an1+n.a_n = 100a_{n-1} + n. Find the least n>10n \gt 10 such that ana_n is a multiple of 99.99.

答案:45
难度评级:2840
小提示:

因为 1001(mod99)100 \equiv 1 \pmod{99},所以 an10+11++na_n \equiv 10 + 11 + \cdots + n (mod99)\pmod{99},可据此判断何时能被该模数整除

Since 1001(mod99),100 \equiv 1 \pmod{99}, the recurrence collapses to an10+11++na_n \equiv 10 + 11 + \cdots + n (mod99)\pmod{99}

大提示:

需要 9999 整除 (n+10)(n9)2\frac{(n+10)(n-9)}{2}。这两个因子相差 1919,所以不可能都被 33 整除;按 991111 分别整除哪个因子分类。

You need 9999 to divide (n+10)(n9)2.\frac{(n+10)(n-9)}{2}. The factors differ by 19,19, so 33 cannot divide both; split cases by which factor 99 and 1111 divide.

解答:

因为 1001(mod99)100 \equiv 1 \pmod{99},递推式给出 anan1+n(mod99)a_n \equiv a_{n-1} + n \pmod{99},所以 an10+11++n=(n+10)(n9)2(mod99) \begin{aligned} &a_n \equiv 10 + 11 + \cdots + n \\ &\quad \small = \frac{(n + 10)(n - 9)}{2} \pmod{99} \end{aligned}\text{。}我们需要 9999 整除 (n+10)(n9)2\frac{(n+10)(n-9)}{2}n+10n + 10n9n - 9 中有一个是偶数,所以这等价于要求 991111 都整除这个乘积。由于这两个因子相差 1919,它们不可能都为 33 的倍数。

因此 99 必须完全整除其中一个因子,而 1111 整除另一个因子(或者某个因子被 9999 整除)。检查各情况:9999 整除 n9n - 9 最早在 n=108n = 108 时发生;9999 整除 n+10n + 10 最早在 n=89n = 89 时发生;99 整除 n+10n + 101111 整除 n9n - 9 最早在 n=53n = 53 时发生;1111 整除 n+10n + 1099 整除 n9n - 9 最早在 n=45n = 45 时发生。

最小值是 n=45n = 45,此时 55362=990\frac{55 \cdot 36}{2} = 990 确实是 9999 的倍数。

Because 1001(mod99),100 \equiv 1 \pmod{99}, the recurrence gives anan1+n(mod99),a_n \equiv a_{n-1} + n \pmod{99}, so an10+11++n=(n+10)(n9)2(mod99). \begin{aligned} &a_n \equiv 10 + 11 + \cdots + n \\ &\quad \small = \frac{(n + 10)(n - 9)}{2} \pmod{99}. \end{aligned} We need 9999 to divide (n+10)(n9)2.\frac{(n+10)(n-9)}{2}. One of n+10n + 10 and n9n - 9 is even, so this is the same as requiring 99 and 1111 each to divide the product. Since the two factors differ by 19,19, they cannot both be multiples of 3.3.

So 99 must divide one factor entirely and 1111 the other (or one factor is divisible by 9999). Checking the cases: 9999 divides n9n - 9 first at n=108;n = 108; 9999 divides n+10n + 10 first at n=89;n = 89; 99 divides n+10n + 10 with 1111 dividing n9n - 9 first at n=53;n = 53; and 1111 divides n+10n + 10 with 99 dividing n9n - 9 first at n=45.n = 45.

The least is n=45,n = 45, where 55362=990\frac{55 \cdot 36}{2} = 990 is indeed a multiple of 99.99.

10.

z1=18+83iz_1 = 18 + 83\mathrm{i}z2=18+39iz_2 = 18 + 39\mathrm{i}z3=78+99iz_3 = 78 + 99\mathrm{i},其中 i=1\mathrm{i} = \sqrt{-1}。设 zz 是唯一满足以下性质的复数:z3z1z2z1zz2zz3\frac{z_3 - z_1}{z_2 - z_1} \cdot \frac{z - z_2}{z - z_3} 为实数,并且 zz 的虚部尽可能大。求 zz 的实部。

Let z1=18+83i,z_1 = 18 + 83\mathrm{i}, z2=18+39i,z_2 = 18 + 39\mathrm{i}, and z3=78+99i,z_3 = 78 + 99\mathrm{i}, where i=1.\mathrm{i} = \sqrt{-1}. Let zz be the unique complex number with the properties that z3z1z2z1zz2zz3\frac{z_3 - z_1}{z_2 - z_1} \cdot \frac{z - z_2}{z - z_3} is a real number and the imaginary part of zz is the greatest possible. Find the real part of z.z.

答案:56
难度评级:2920
小提示:

给出的乘积是交比;它为实数当且仅当 zz 位于经过 z1z_1z2z_2z3z_3 的圆上

The given product is a cross-ratio; it is real exactly when zz lies on the circle through z1,z_1, z2,z_2, and z3z_3

大提示:

圆上虚部最大的点位于圆心正上方,所以求两条垂直平分线的交点即可得到圆心

The point of a circle with greatest imaginary part sits directly above the center, so intersect two perpendicular bisectors to find the center

解答:

z3z1z2z1\frac{z_3 - z_1}{z_2 - z_1} 的幅角是角 z2z1z3\angle z_2 z_1 z_3,而 zz2zz3\frac{z - z_2}{z - z_3} 的幅角是线段 zz2\overline{zz_2}zz3\overline{zz_3} 之间的角。它们的乘积为实数,当且仅当这些角相等或互补;由圆周角定理,这恰好等价于 z1z_1z2z_2z3z_3zz 共圆。因此 zz 位于 z1z_1z2z_2z3z_3 的外接圆上。

18+39i18 + 39\mathrm{i}18+83i18 + 83\mathrm{i} 的线段是竖直的,所以它的垂直平分线是水平直线 y=61y = 61。从 z2=18+39iz_2 = 18 + 39\mathrm{i}z3=78+99iz_3 = 78 + 99\mathrm{i} 的线段斜率为 11,中点为 (48,69)(48, 69),所以它的垂直平分线是 y69=(x48)y - 69 = -(x - 48)。令 y=61y = 61,得到 x=56x = 56,因此圆心为 56+61i56 + 61\mathrm{i}

圆上虚部最大的点位于圆心正上方,所以 zz 的实部为 5656

The argument of z3z1z2z1\frac{z_3 - z_1}{z_2 - z_1} is the angle z2z1z3,\angle z_2 z_1 z_3, and the argument of zz2zz3\frac{z - z_2}{z - z_3} is the angle between zz2\overline{zz_2} and zz3.\overline{zz_3}. Their product is real exactly when these angles are equal or supplementary, which by the inscribed angle theorem happens exactly when z1,z_1, z2,z_2, z3,z_3, and zz are concyclic. So zz lies on the circumcircle of z1,z_1, z2,z_2, and z3.z_3.

The segment from 18+39i18 + 39\mathrm{i} to 18+83i18 + 83\mathrm{i} is vertical, so its perpendicular bisector is the horizontal line y=61.y = 61. The segment from z2=18+39iz_2 = 18 + 39\mathrm{i} to z3=78+99iz_3 = 78 + 99\mathrm{i} has slope 11 and midpoint (48,69),(48, 69), so its perpendicular bisector is y69=(x48).y - 69 = -(x - 48). Setting y=61y = 61 gives x=56,x = 56, so the center is 56+61i.56 + 61\mathrm{i}.

The point of the circle with maximal imaginary part is directly above the center, so the real part of zz is 56.56.

11.

考虑把 99 个数 112233\ldots99 排列在一个 3×33 \times 3 方阵中。对每种排列,令 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3 分别为第 112233 行中三个数的中位数,再令 mm 为集合 {a1,a2,a3}\{a_1, a_2, a_3\} 的中位数。设 QQ 为满足 m=5m = 5 的排列数。求 QQ 除以 10001000 的余数。

Consider arrangements of the 99 numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 99 in a 3×33 \times 3 array. For each such arrangement, let a1,a_1, a2,a_2, and a3a_3 be the medians of the numbers in rows 1,1, 2,2, and 3,3, respectively, and then let mm be the median of {a1,a2,a3}.\{a_1, a_2, a_3\}. Let QQ be the number of arrangements for which m=5.m = 5. Find the remainder when QQ is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:360
难度评级:2990
小提示:

将每个小于 55 的数记为 L,每个大于 55 的数记为 G。若 m=5m = 5,数字五必须是某一行的中位数,所以它所在行按某种顺序为 L5G。

Rename each number less than 55 as L and each greater as G. For m=5,m = 5, the number 55 must be a row median, so its row reads L5G in some order.

大提示:

另外两行的中位数需要位于 55 的两侧:可以是 LLL 与 GGG,或 LLG 与 LGG。先数字母模式,再乘以 (4!)2(4!)^2 来填入具体数值。

The other two rows need medians on opposite sides of 5:5: LLL with GGG, or LLG with LGG. Count letter patterns, then multiply by (4!)2(4!)^2 for actual values.

解答:

11223344 各记为 L,将 66778899 各记为 G。如果 55 不是某一行的中位数,那么没有一行的中位数等于 55,所以 m5m \neq 5。因此 55 所在行必须含有一个 L 和一个 G(按某种顺序为 L5G),而另外两行必须提供一个小于 55 的中位数和一个高于它的中位数。用剩下的三个 L 和三个 G,这两行要么是 LLL 与 GGG,要么是 LLG 与 LGG。

先数字母排列:这三种行类型可以分配给第 112233 行,共 3!=63! = 6 种方法,而 L5G 这一行可以排列成 3!=63! = 6 种。第一种情况中,LLL 和 GGG 各只有 11 种排列,得到 661=366 \cdot 6 \cdot 1 = 36 个模式;第二种情况中,LLG 和 LGG 各有 33 种排列,得到 669=3246 \cdot 6 \cdot 9 = 324 个模式。总共有 360360 个字母模式。

最后四个 L 可由 112233444!4! 种方式填入,四个 G 可由 667788994!4! 种方式填入,所以 Q=360242=207360Q = 360 \cdot 24^2 = 207360,模 10001000 的余数为 360360

Rename each of 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 44 as L and each of 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 99 as G. If 55 is not a row median, then no row median equals 5,5, so m5.m \neq 5. Thus 55’s row must contain one L and one G (reading L5G in some order), and the other two rows must supply one median below 55 and one above. With the remaining three L’s and three G’s, those rows are either LLL and GGG, or LLG and LGG.

Count arrangements of letters: the three row types can be assigned to rows 1,1, 2,2, and 33 in 3!=63! = 6 ways, and the L5G row can be ordered in 3!=63! = 6 ways. In the first case LLL and GGG have 11 ordering each, giving 661=366 \cdot 6 \cdot 1 = 36 patterns; in the second, LLG and LGG each have 33 orderings, giving 669=3246 \cdot 6 \cdot 9 = 324 patterns. That is 360360 letter patterns in all.

Finally the four L’s can be filled with 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 44 in 4!4! ways and the four G’s with 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 99 in 4!4! ways, so Q=360242=207360,Q = 360 \cdot 24^2 = 207360, whose remainder mod 10001000 is 360.360.

12.

如果集合 SS 中不存在 aabbcSc \in S(不要求互不相同)使得 ab=cab = c,就称这个集合为无积集合。例如,空集和集合 {16,20}\{16, 20\} 是无积集合,而集合 {4,16}\{4, 16\}{2,8,16}\{2, 8, 16\} 不是无积集合。求集合 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\} 的无积子集个数。

Call a set SS product-free if there do not exist a,a, b,b, cSc \in S (not necessarily distinct) such that ab=c.ab = c. For example, the empty set and the set {16,20}\{16, 20\} are product-free, whereas the sets {4,16}\{4, 16\} and {2,8,16}\{2, 8, 16\} are not product-free. Find the number of product-free subsets of the set {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\}.

答案:252
知识点:子集分类讨论
难度评级:3060
小提示:

11 绝不能出现,因为 11=11 \cdot 1 = 1;如果最小元素至少为 44,任意两个元素的乘积都超过 1010

11 can never appear (since 11=11 \cdot 1 = 1), and if the least element is at least 4,4, every product of two elements exceeds 1010

大提示:

当最小元素为 2233 时,只有少数冲突需要处理:22=42 \cdot 2 = 423=62 \cdot 3 = 625=102 \cdot 5 = 10,以及 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9。分别处理 {3,6,9}\{3, 6, 9\}{5,10}\{5, 10\}

With least element 22 or 3,3, only a few conflicts matter: 22=4,2 \cdot 2 = 4, 23=6,2 \cdot 3 = 6, 25=10,2 \cdot 5 = 10, and 33=9.3 \cdot 3 = 9. Handle {3,6,9}\{3, 6, 9\} and {5,10}\{5, 10\} separately.

解答:

因为 11=11 \cdot 1 = 1,任何无积集合都不能含有 11。按最小元素 tt 分类。如果 t4t \ge 4,任意两个元素的乘积至少为 16>1016 \gt 10,所以 {4,5,,10}\{4, 5, \ldots, 10\} 的每个子集都可行:共有 27=1282^7 = 128 个子集,包括空集。

t=2t = 2:则 4S4 \notin S(因为 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4),而 7788 不受限制(各有 22 种选择)。在 {3,6,9}\{3, 6, 9\} 中,约束 23=62 \cdot 3 = 633=93 \cdot 3 = 9 只留下 \varnothing{3}\{3\}{6}\{6\}{9}\{9\}{6,9}\{6, 9\}55 种选择。在 {5,10}\{5, 10\} 中,约束 25=102 \cdot 5 = 10 留下 33 种选择。因此得到 2253=602 \cdot 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 3 = 60 个集合。若 t=3t = 3:则 9S9 \notin S(因为 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9),并且可以任意加入 {4,5,6,7,8,10}\{4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10\} 的子集,因为其他乘积都超过 1010:所以有 26=642^6 = 64 个集合。

总共有 128+60+64=252128 + 60 + 64 = 252 个无积子集。

Since 11=1,1 \cdot 1 = 1, no product-free set contains 1.1. Split by the least element t.t. If t4,t \ge 4, any product of two elements is at least 16>10,16 \gt 10, so every subset of {4,5,,10}\{4, 5, \ldots, 10\} works: 27=1282^7 = 128 subsets, including the empty set.

If t=2:t = 2: then 4S4 \notin S (as 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4), while 77 and 88 are unrestricted (22 choices each). Among {3,6,9},\{3, 6, 9\}, the constraints 23=62 \cdot 3 = 6 and 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 leave exactly ,\varnothing, {3},\{3\}, {6},\{6\}, {9},\{9\}, {6,9}\{6, 9\}55 choices. Among {5,10},\{5, 10\}, the constraint 25=102 \cdot 5 = 10 leaves 33 choices. That gives 2253=602 \cdot 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 3 = 60 sets. If t=3:t = 3: then 9S9 \notin S (as 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9), and any subset of {4,5,6,7,8,10}\{4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10\} may be added since all other products exceed 10:10: 26=642^6 = 64 sets.

In total there are 128+60+64=252128 + 60 + 64 = 252 product-free subsets.

13.

对每个 m2m \ge 2,令 Q(m)Q(m) 为具有以下性质的最小正整数:对每个 nQ(m)n \ge Q(m),在范围 n<k3mnn \lt k^3 \le m \cdot n 内总存在一个完全立方数 k3k^3。求 m=22017Q(m)\sum_{m=2}^{2017} Q(m) 除以 10001000 的余数。

For every m2,m \ge 2, let Q(m)Q(m) be the least positive integer with the following property: For every nQ(m),n \ge Q(m), there is always a perfect cube k3k^3 in the range n<k3mn.n \lt k^3 \le m \cdot n. Find the remainder when m=22017Q(m)\sum_{m=2}^{2017} Q(m) is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:59
难度评级:3160
小提示:

相邻立方数的比为 (1+1k)3\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3,它随着 kk 增大而减小,所以只有较小的 mm 可能有 Q(m)>1Q(m) \gt 1

The ratio of consecutive cubes is (1+1k)3,\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3, which shrinks as kk grows, so only small mm can have Q(m)>1Q(m) \gt 1

大提示:

对每个 m8m \ge 8 都有 Q(m)=1Q(m) = 1;对 m=2,,7m = 2, \ldots, 7,利用像 (27,64)(27, 64)(8,27)(8, 27) 这样的空隙,找出最后一个使区间 (n,mn](n, mn] 跳过立方数的 nn

Q(m)=1Q(m) = 1 for every m8;m \ge 8; for m=2,,7m = 2, \ldots, 7 find the last nn where the interval (n,mn](n, mn] skips a cube, using gaps like (27,64)(27, 64) and (8,27)(8, 27)

解答:

如果 k3n<(k+1)3k^3 \le n \lt (k+1)^3,那么只要 (k+1)3mk3(k+1)^3 \le m k^3,也就是 (1+1k)3m\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3 \le m,区间 (n,mn](n, mn] 就含有立方数 (k+1)3(k+1)^3。因为对所有 k1k \ge 1 都有 (1+1k)38\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3 \le 8,所以每个 m8m \ge 8 都有 Q(m)=1Q(m) = 1

4m74 \le m \le 7n=1n = 1 不满足,因为 (1,m](1, m] 中没有立方数;但对 n2n \ge 2,区间总满足条件:84n8 \le 4n 覆盖 2n72 \le n \le 7,且 (1+1k)3278<4\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3 \le \frac{27}{8} \lt 4 覆盖 k2k \ge 2。所以 Q(4)=Q(5)Q(4) = Q(5) =Q(6)=Q(7)=2= Q(6) = Q(7) = 2。对 m=3m = 3n=8n = 8 不满足((8,24](8, 24] 中没有立方数),而 273n27 \le 3n 覆盖 9n269 \le n \le 26,且 (43)3<3\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^3 \lt 3 覆盖 k3k \ge 3,所以 Q(3)=9Q(3) = 9。对 m=2m = 2n=31n = 31 不满足((31,62](31, 62] 中没有立方数),而 642n64 \le 2n 覆盖 32n6332 \le n \le 63,且 (54)3<2\left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^3 \lt 2 覆盖 k4k \ge 4,所以 Q(2)=32Q(2) = 32

因此 m=22017Q(m)=32+9+42+20101=2059 \begin{aligned} &\sum_{m=2}^{2017} Q(m) \\ &\quad = 32 + 9 + 4 \cdot 2 + 2010 \cdot 1 \\ &\quad = 2059 \end{aligned}\text{,}余数为 5959

If k3n<(k+1)3,k^3 \le n \lt (k+1)^3, then the interval (n,mn](n, mn] contains the cube (k+1)3(k+1)^3 as long as (k+1)3mk3,(k+1)^3 \le m k^3, i.e. (1+1k)3m.\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3 \le m. Since (1+1k)38\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3 \le 8 for all k1,k \ge 1, every m8m \ge 8 has Q(m)=1.Q(m) = 1.

For 4m7:4 \le m \le 7: n=1n = 1 fails since (1,m](1, m] contains no cube, but for n2n \ge 2 the interval works: 84n8 \le 4n covers 2n7,2 \le n \le 7, and (1+1k)3278<4\left(1 + \frac{1}{k}\right)^3 \le \frac{27}{8} \lt 4 covers k2.k \ge 2. So Q(4)=Q(5)Q(4) = Q(5) =Q(6)=Q(7)=2.= Q(6) = Q(7) = 2. For m=3:m = 3: n=8n = 8 fails (no cube in (8,24](8, 24]), while 273n27 \le 3n covers 9n269 \le n \le 26 and (43)3<3\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^3 \lt 3 covers k3,k \ge 3, so Q(3)=9.Q(3) = 9. For m=2:m = 2: n=31n = 31 fails (no cube in (31,62](31, 62]), while 642n64 \le 2n covers 32n6332 \le n \le 63 and (54)3<2\left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^3 \lt 2 covers k4,k \ge 4, so Q(2)=32.Q(2) = 32.

Therefore m=22017Q(m)=32+9+42+20101=2059, \begin{aligned} &\sum_{m=2}^{2017} Q(m) \\ &\quad = 32 + 9 + 4 \cdot 2 + 2010 \cdot 1 \\ &\quad = 2059, \end{aligned} and the remainder is 59.59.

14.

a>1a \gt 1x>1x \gt 1 满足 loga ⁣(loga ⁣(loga2)+loga24128)\small \log_a\!\left(\log_a\!\left(\log_a 2\right) + \log_a 24 - 128\right) =128= 128,并且 loga ⁣(logax)=256\log_a\!\left(\log_a x\right) = 256。求 xx 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let a>1a \gt 1 and x>1x \gt 1 satisfy loga ⁣(loga ⁣(loga2)+loga24128)\small \log_a\!\left(\log_a\!\left(\log_a 2\right) + \log_a 24 - 128\right) =128= 128 and loga ⁣(logax)=256.\log_a\!\left(\log_a x\right) = 256. Find the remainder when xx is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:896
难度评级:3270
小提示:

两次取指数,把第一个方程化为 24loga2=a128aa12824\log_a 2 = a^{128} \cdot a^{a^{128}},再令 t=aa128t = a^{a^{128}},将它改写为 tt=(23)23t^t = \left(2^3\right)^{2^3}

Exponentiate twice to turn the first equation into 24loga2=a128aa128,24\log_a 2 = a^{128} \cdot a^{a^{128}}, then rewrite it as tt=(23)23t^t = \left(2^3\right)^{2^3} for t=aa128t = a^{a^{128}}

大提示:

ttt^t 单调递增,所以 aa128=8a^{a^{128}} = 8;写 c=log2ac = \log_2 a,得到 c2128c=3c \cdot 2^{128c} = 3,解得 c=364c = \frac{3}{64}。然后计算 x=aa256x = a^{a^{256}},并分别考虑它模 88 和模 125125 的余数。

ttt^t is increasing, so aa128=8;a^{a^{128}} = 8; writing c=log2ac = \log_2 a gives c2128c=3,c \cdot 2^{128c} = 3, solved by c=364.c = \frac{3}{64}. Then compute x=aa256x = a^{a^{256}} mod 88 and mod 125.125.

解答:

对第一个方程两次取指数:loga(loga2)+loga24128\log_a(\log_a 2) + \log_a 24 - 128 =a128= a^{128} 变为 loga(24loga2)=128+a128\log_a(24 \log_a 2) = 128 + a^{128},所以 24loga2=a128aa12824 \log_a 2 = a^{128} \cdot a^{a^{128}},即 224=a(a128aa128)2^{24} = a^{\left(a^{128} \cdot a^{a^{128}}\right)}。令 t=aa128t = a^{a^{128}},右边为 ttt^t,左边为 (23)23\left(2^3\right)^{2^3},由 ttt^t 的严格单调性可得 aa128=8a^{a^{128}} = 8。写 c=log2a>0c = \log_2 a \gt 0,这说明 c2128c=3c \cdot 2^{128c} = 3。该式左边随 cc 增大而增大,且 c=364c = \frac{3}{64} 满足它,因为 36426=3\frac{3}{64} \cdot 2^6 = 3。所以 a=2364a = 2^{\frac{3}{64}}

第二个方程给出 x=aa256x = a^{a^{256}}。这里 a256=2256364=212=4096a^{256} = 2^{\frac{256 \cdot 3}{64}} = 2^{12} = 4096,所以 x=a4096=24096364=2192x = a^{4096} = 2^{\frac{4096 \cdot 3}{64}} = 2^{192}\text{。}

显然 21920(mod8)2^{192} \equiv 0 \pmod{8}。由欧拉定理,21001(mod125)2^{100} \equiv 1 \pmod{125},所以 219228(mod125)2^{192} \equiv 2^{-8} \pmod{125},也就是 2566256 \equiv 6 的逆元。因为 621=1261(mod125)6 \cdot 21 = 126 \equiv 1 \pmod{125},所以 219221(mod125)2^{192} \equiv 21 \pmod{125}。模 10001000 下同时满足模 8800、模 1251252121 的唯一余数是 896896

Exponentiating the first equation twice: loga(loga2)+loga24128\log_a(\log_a 2) + \log_a 24 - 128 =a128= a^{128} becomes loga(24loga2)=128+a128,\log_a(24 \log_a 2) = 128 + a^{128}, so 24loga2=a128aa128,24 \log_a 2 = a^{128} \cdot a^{a^{128}}, i.e. 224=a(a128aa128).2^{24} = a^{\left(a^{128} \cdot a^{a^{128}}\right)}. Setting t=aa128,t = a^{a^{128}}, the right side is ttt^t and the left side is (23)23,\left(2^3\right)^{2^3}, so by the strict monotonicity of ttt^t we get aa128=8.a^{a^{128}} = 8. Writing c=log2a>0,c = \log_2 a \gt 0, this says c2128c=3,c \cdot 2^{128c} = 3, which is increasing in cc and satisfied by c=364:c = \frac{3}{64}: indeed 36426=3.\frac{3}{64} \cdot 2^6 = 3. So a=2364.a = 2^{\frac{3}{64}}.

The second equation gives x=aa256.x = a^{a^{256}}. Here a256=2256364=212=4096,a^{256} = 2^{\frac{256 \cdot 3}{64}} = 2^{12} = 4096, so x=a4096=24096364=2192.x = a^{4096} = 2^{\frac{4096 \cdot 3}{64}} = 2^{192}.

Clearly 21920(mod8).2^{192} \equiv 0 \pmod{8}. By Euler’s theorem 21001(mod125),2^{100} \equiv 1 \pmod{125}, so 219228(mod125),2^{192} \equiv 2^{-8} \pmod{125}, the inverse of 2566.256 \equiv 6. Since 621=1261(mod125),6 \cdot 21 = 126 \equiv 1 \pmod{125}, we get 219221(mod125).2^{192} \equiv 21 \pmod{125}. The unique residue mod 10001000 that is 00 mod 88 and 2121 mod 125125 is 896.896.

15.

如图,在边长分别为 232\sqrt{3}5537\sqrt{37} 的直角三角形中,考虑三个顶点分别落在三条边上的等边三角形。面积最小的一个为 mpn\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n},其中 mmnnpp 是正整数,mmnn 互质,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

The area of the smallest equilateral triangle with one vertex on each of the sides of the right triangle with side lengths 23,2\sqrt{3}, 5,5, and 37,\sqrt{37}, as shown, is mpn,\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, mm and nn are relatively prime, and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:145
难度评级:3370
小提示:

将两条直角边放在坐标轴上,并让两条直角边之间的等边三角形边从 (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0)(0,ssinθ)(0, s\sin\theta)

Put the legs on the axes and let the side between the legs run from (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0) to (0,ssinθ)(0, s\sin\theta)

大提示:

要求第三个顶点落在斜边上,会得到 s(73cosθ+11sinθ)=203s\,(7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta) = 20\sqrt{3};用 a2+b2\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} 最大化括号中的线性组合

Requiring the third vertex to lie on the hypotenuse gives s(73cosθ+11sinθ)=203;s\,(7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta) = 20\sqrt{3}; maximize the left combination using a2+b2\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}

解答:

将直角顶点放在原点 (0,0)(0, 0),另外两个顶点为 (5,0)(5, 0)(0,23)(0, 2\sqrt{3}),则斜边所在直线为 23x+5y=1032\sqrt{3}\,x + 5y = 10\sqrt{3}。设等边三角形位于两条直角边上的那条边的端点为 (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0)(0,ssinθ)(0, s\sin\theta),其中 ss 是边长。它的中点为 s2(cosθ,sinθ)\frac{s}{2}(\cos\theta, \sin\theta),沿着垂直于这条边的方向移动 32s\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}s 后,第三个顶点为 s2\frac{s}{2} (cosθ+3sinθ, sinθ+3cosθ)\cdot\small\left(\cos\theta + \sqrt{3}\sin\theta,\ \sin\theta + \sqrt{3}\cos\theta\right)

将这个顶点代入斜边方程并化简,得到 s=20373cosθ+11sinθs = \frac{20\sqrt{3}}{7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta}\text{。}分母最大为 (73)2+112\sqrt{(7\sqrt{3})^2 + 11^2} =268=267= \sqrt{268} = 2\sqrt{67},并且可由某个可行的 θ\theta 取得,所以最小边长满足 s2=(103)267=30067s^2 = \frac{(10\sqrt{3})^2}{67} = \frac{300}{67}

最小面积为 3430067=75367\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot \frac{300}{67} = \frac{75\sqrt{3}}{67},所以 m+n+p=75+67+3=145m + n + p = 75 + 67 + 3 = 145

Place the right angle at the origin with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (5,0),(5, 0), and (0,23),(0, 2\sqrt{3}), so the hypotenuse lies on the line 23x+5y=103.2\sqrt{3}\,x + 5y = 10\sqrt{3}. Let the equilateral triangle’s side between the two legs have endpoints (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0) and (0,ssinθ),(0, s\sin\theta), where ss is the side length. Its midpoint is s2(cosθ,sinθ),\frac{s}{2}(\cos\theta, \sin\theta), and moving a distance 32s\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}s perpendicular to the side places the third vertex at s2\frac{s}{2} (cosθ+3sinθ, sinθ+3cosθ).\cdot\small\left(\cos\theta + \sqrt{3}\sin\theta,\ \sin\theta + \sqrt{3}\cos\theta\right).

Substituting this vertex into the hypotenuse equation and simplifying gives s=20373cosθ+11sinθ.s = \frac{20\sqrt{3}}{7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta}. The denominator is at most (73)2+112\sqrt{(7\sqrt{3})^2 + 11^2} =268=267,= \sqrt{268} = 2\sqrt{67}, attained for an admissible θ,\theta, so the minimum side length satisfies s2=(103)267=30067.s^2 = \frac{(10\sqrt{3})^2}{67} = \frac{300}{67}.

The minimum area is 3430067=75367,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot \frac{300}{67} = \frac{75\sqrt{3}}{67}, so m+n+p=75+67+3=145.m + n + p = 75 + 67 + 3 = 145.