2000 AIME I 第 5 题

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5.

两个盒子中各有黑、白两色弹珠,两个盒子中的弹珠总数为 2525。从每个盒子中随机取出一个弹珠。两个都是黑色的概率为 2750\frac{27}{50},两个都是白色的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Each of two boxes contains both black and white marbles, and the total number of marbles in the two boxes is 25.25. One marble is taken out of each box randomly. The probability that both marbles are black is 2750,\frac{27}{50}, and the probability that both marbles are white is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m + n?

答案:26
知识点:基本概率整除性分类讨论
难度评级:2300
小提示:

若两个盒子分别有 aa 个和 bb 个弹珠,则 abab 必须能被 5050 整除,这是由黑球同时被取出的概率分母为 5050 得到的。

If the boxes hold aa and bb marbles, then abab is divisible by 50,50, since the black-black probability has denominator 5050

大提示:

a+b=25a + b = 25 下,只有 {5,20}\{5, 20\}{10,15}\{10, 15\} 可行;再找黑球数乘积为 27ab50\frac{27ab}{50} 的情况。

With a+b=25,a + b = 25, only {5,20}\{5, 20\} and {10,15}\{10, 15\} work; find black counts whose product is 27ab50\frac{27ab}{50}

解答:

设两个盒子分别有 aa 个和 bb 个弹珠,且 a+b=25a + b = 25,其中黑球数分别为 ppqq。于是 pqab=2750\frac{pq}{ab} = \frac{27}{50},所以 50pq=27ab50pq = 27ab。由于 gcd(27,50)=1\gcd(27, 50) = 1,必须使 abab 能被 5050 整除。检查 a=1,,12a = 1, \ldots, 12 时的 a(25a)a(25 - a),只有 {a,b}={20,5}\{a, b\} = \{20, 5\}{10,15}\{10, 15\} 能给出 5050 的倍数。

若盒子大小为 202055pq=2710050=54pq = \frac{27 \cdot 100}{50} = 54。因为每盒也都有白球,p19p \le 19q4q \le 4,只能 p=18p = 18q=3q = 3。白球数为 2222,所以白白概率为 22025=125\frac{2}{20} \cdot \frac{2}{5} = \frac{1}{25}。若盒子大小为 10101515pq=2715050=81pq = \frac{27 \cdot 150}{50} = 81,且 p9p \le 9q14q \le 14,所以 p=q=9p = q = 9。白球数为 1166,再次得到 110615=125\frac{1}{10} \cdot \frac{6}{15} = \frac{1}{25}

两种情况下概率都是 125\frac{1}{25},所以 m+n=1+25=26m + n = 1 + 25 = 26

Say the boxes hold aa and bb marbles with a+b=25,a + b = 25, containing pp and qq black marbles. Then pqab=2750,\frac{pq}{ab} = \frac{27}{50}, so 50pq=27ab,50pq = 27ab, and since gcd(27,50)=1,\gcd(27, 50) = 1, we need abab to be divisible by 50.50. Checking a(25a)a(25 - a) for a=1,,12,a = 1, \ldots, 12, only {a,b}={20,5}\{a, b\} = \{20, 5\} and {10,15}\{10, 15\} give a multiple of 50.50.

For sizes 2020 and 5:5: pq=2710050=54,pq = \frac{27 \cdot 100}{50} = 54, and since each box also holds a white marble, p19p \le 19 and q4,q \le 4, forcing p=18,p = 18, q=3.q = 3. The white counts are 22 and 2,2, so the white-white probability is 22025=125.\frac{2}{20} \cdot \frac{2}{5} = \frac{1}{25}. For sizes 1010 and 15:15: pq=2715050=81,pq = \frac{27 \cdot 150}{50} = 81, and p9,p \le 9, q14q \le 14 force p=q=9.p = q = 9. The white counts are 11 and 6,6, giving 110615=125\frac{1}{10} \cdot \frac{6}{15} = \frac{1}{25} again.

Either way the probability is 125,\frac{1}{25}, so m+n=1+25=26.m + n = 1 + 25 = 26.

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