1989 AIME 第 5 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

5.

将某枚不均匀的硬币抛掷五次,恰好出现一次正面的概率不为 00,且与恰好出现两次正面的概率相同。设 55 次抛掷中恰好 33 次出现正面的概率化为最简分数后是 ij\frac{i}{j}。求 i+ji+j

When a certain biased coin is flipped five times, the probability of getting heads exactly once is not equal to 00 and is the same as that of getting heads exactly twice. Let ij,\frac{i}{j}, in lowest terms, be the probability that the coin comes up heads in exactly 33 out of 55 flips. Find i+j.i+j.

答案:283
知识点:二项概率分数一次方程
难度评级:2110
小提示:

设出现正面的概率为 pp,令题中的两个二项概率相等

Let pp be the probability of heads and equate the two binomial probabilities

大提示:

先约去非零公因式,再求 pp

Cancel the nonzero common factors before solving for pp

解答:

设出现正面的概率为 pp。由条件可得 5p(1p)4=10p2(1p)35p(1-p)^4=10p^2(1-p)^3\text{。}题目所给的非零条件允许约分,得到 1p=2p1-p=2p,所以 p=13p=\frac{1}{3}。恰好出现三次正面的概率为 (53)(13)3(23)2=40243\binom53\left(\frac13\right)^3\left(\frac23\right)^2=\frac{40}{243}\text{。}因此 i+j=40+243=283i+j=40+243=283

Let pp be the probability of heads. The condition gives 5p(1p)4=10p2(1p)3.5p(1-p)^4=10p^2(1-p)^3. The stated nonzero condition permits cancellation, yielding 1p=2p,1-p=2p, so p=13.p=\frac{1}{3}. The probability of exactly three heads is (53)(13)3(23)2=40243.\binom53\left(\frac13\right)^3\left(\frac23\right)^2=\frac{40}{243}. Therefore i+j=40+243=283.i+j=40+243=283.

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