1989 AIME 详解

向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

计算 (31)(30)(29)(28)+1\sqrt{(31)(30)(29)(28)+1}

Compute (31)(30)(29)(28)+1.\sqrt{(31)(30)(29)(28)+1}.

知识点:平方差因式分解根式
难度评级:1650
小提示:

将外侧的两个因数相乘,并将内侧的两个因数相乘

Pair the outer factors and the inner factors

大提示:

这两个乘积是相邻的偶数

The two paired products are consecutive even integers

解答:

3128=86831\cdot28=8683029=87030\cdot29=870。这两个乘积分别比 869869 小一和大一,所以它们的乘积为 86921869^2-1。再加上最后的 11 后,被开方数为 8692869^2。它的正平方根是 869869

We have 3128=86831\cdot28=868 and 3029=870.30\cdot29=870. These products lie one below and one above 869,869, so their product is 86921.869^2-1. After the final 11 is added, the radicand is 8692.869^2. Its positive square root is 869.869.

2.

圆上标有十个点。从中选取部分(或全部)点作为顶点,可以画出多少个不同的至少有三条边的凸多边形?

Ten points are marked on a circle. How many distinct convex polygons of three or more sides can be drawn using some (or all) of the ten points as vertices?

难度评级:1780
小提示:

每组选出的至少三个标记点恰好确定一个凸多边形

Each choice of at least three marked points determines one convex polygon

大提示:

先数出所有子集,再去掉大小为 001122 的子集

Count all subsets and remove those of sizes 0,0, 1,1, and 22

解答:

每个至少含三个点的子集恰好确定一个凸多边形。子集总数为 210=10242^{10}=1024。其中,(100)=1\binom{10}{0}=1(101)=10\binom{10}{1}=10(102)=45\binom{10}{2}=45 分别是少于三个点的子集数。因此所求数量为 102411045=9681024-1-10-45=968

Every subset of at least three points determines exactly one convex polygon. There are 210=10242^{10}=1024 subsets in all. Of these, (100)=1,\binom{10}{0}=1, (101)=10,\binom{10}{1}=10, and (102)=45\binom{10}{2}=45 have fewer than three points. Therefore the required number is 102411045=968.1024-1-10-45=968.

3.

nn 为正整数,dd1010 进制中的一位数字。若下列等式成立,求 nnn810=0.d25d25d25\frac{n}{810}=0.d25d25d25\ldots

Suppose nn is a positive integer and dd is a single digit in base 10.10. Find nn if n810=0.d25d25d25.\frac{n}{810}=0.d25d25d25\ldots.

难度评级:1970
小提示:

将循环的三位数字块化为分母为 999999 的分数

Convert the repeating three-digit block into a fraction with denominator 999999

大提示:

利用 nn 是整数,确定哪个数字使 4d+14d+1 能被 3737 整除

Use the integrality of nn to determine which digit makes 4d+14d+1 divisible by 3737

解答:

该循环小数为 100d+25999\frac{100d+25}{999}。因此 n=810(100d+25)999=750(4d+1)37\begin{aligned}n&=\frac{810(100d+25)}{999}\\&=\frac{750(4d+1)}{37}\end{aligned}\text{。}由于 0d90\leq d\leq9,要使 4d+14d+1 能被 3737 整除,只能有 4d+1=374d+1=37,所以 d=9d=9,且 n=750n=750

The repeating decimal is 100d+25999.\frac{100d+25}{999}. Thus n=810(100d+25)999=750(4d+1)37.\begin{aligned}n&=\frac{810(100d+25)}{999}\\&=\frac{750(4d+1)}{37}.\end{aligned} Since 0d9,0\leq d\leq9, the only way 4d+14d+1 can be divisible by 3737 is 4d+1=37,4d+1=37, so d=9d=9 and n=750.n=750.

4.

a<b<c<d<ea<b<c<d<e 是连续正整数,且 b+c+db+c+d 是完全平方数,a+b+c+d+ea+b+c+d+e 是完全立方数,那么 cc 的最小可能值是多少?

If a<b<c<d<ea<b<c<d<e are consecutive positive integers such that b+c+db+c+d is a perfect square and a+b+c+d+ea+b+c+d+e is a perfect cube, what is the smallest possible value of c?c?

难度评级:2190
小提示:

用中间的整数 cc 表示这两个和

Express both sums in terms of the middle integer cc

大提示:

分别模 22 和模 33 比较 3c3c5c5c 中各质因数的指数

Compare the prime exponents in 3c3c and 5c5c modulo 22 and modulo 33

解答:

这两个和分别是 3c3c5c5c。若 c=pvpc=\prod p^{v_p},则 3c3c 为完全平方数以及 5c5c 为完全立方数会对每个指数施加条件。对于 p=3p=3cc 中既为奇数又能被 33 整除的最小指数是 33。对于 p=5p=5,既为偶数又与 2(mod3)2\pmod3 同余的最小指数是 22。其他质因数的指数均可取 00。因此最小可能值为 c=3352=675c=3^3\cdot5^2=675

The two sums are 3c3c and 5c.5c. If c=pvp,c=\prod p^{v_p}, then 3c3c being a square and 5c5c being a cube impose conditions on every exponent. For p=3,p=3, the smallest exponent in cc that is odd and divisible by 33 is 3.3. For p=5,p=5, the smallest exponent that is even and congruent to 2(mod3)2\pmod3 is 2.2. Every other prime exponent can be 0.0. Thus the least possible value is c=3352=675.c=3^3\cdot5^2=675.

5.

将某枚不均匀的硬币抛掷五次,恰好出现一次正面的概率不为 00,且与恰好出现两次正面的概率相同。设 55 次抛掷中恰好 33 次出现正面的概率化为最简分数后是 ij\frac{i}{j}。求 i+ji+j

When a certain biased coin is flipped five times, the probability of getting heads exactly once is not equal to 00 and is the same as that of getting heads exactly twice. Let ij,\frac{i}{j}, in lowest terms, be the probability that the coin comes up heads in exactly 33 out of 55 flips. Find i+j.i+j.

难度评级:2110
小提示:

设出现正面的概率为 pp,令题中的两个二项概率相等

Let pp be the probability of heads and equate the two binomial probabilities

大提示:

先约去非零公因式,再求 pp

Cancel the nonzero common factors before solving for pp

解答:

设出现正面的概率为 pp。由条件可得 5p(1p)4=10p2(1p)35p(1-p)^4=10p^2(1-p)^3\text{。}题目所给的非零条件允许约分,得到 1p=2p1-p=2p,所以 p=13p=\frac{1}{3}。恰好出现三次正面的概率为 (53)(13)3(23)2=40243\binom53\left(\frac13\right)^3\left(\frac23\right)^2=\frac{40}{243}\text{。}因此 i+j=40+243=283i+j=40+243=283

Let pp be the probability of heads. The condition gives 5p(1p)4=10p2(1p)3.5p(1-p)^4=10p^2(1-p)^3. The stated nonzero condition permits cancellation, yielding 1p=2p,1-p=2p, so p=13.p=\frac{1}{3}. The probability of exactly three heads is (53)(13)3(23)2=40243.\binom53\left(\frac13\right)^3\left(\frac23\right)^2=\frac{40}{243}. Therefore i+j=40+243=283.i+j=40+243=283.

6.

在一片平坦结冰的湖面上,两名滑冰者艾莉和比莉分别位于点 AA 与点 BBAABB 之间的距离为 100100 米。艾莉从 AA 出发,以每秒 88 米的速度沿一条与 ABAB6060^\circ 角的直线滑行。在艾莉离开 AA 的同时,比莉从 BB 出发,以每秒 77 米的速度沿一条直线滑行;在速度给定的条件下,这条路径使两人尽早相遇。相遇前艾莉滑了多少米?

Two skaters, Allie and Billie, are at points AA and B,B, respectively, on a flat, frozen lake. The distance between AA and BB is 100100 meters. Allie leaves AA and skates at a speed of 88 meters per second on a straight line that makes a 6060^\circ angle with AB.AB. At the same time Allie leaves A,A, Billie leaves BB at a speed of 77 meters per second and follows the straight path that produces the earliest possible meeting of the two skaters, given their speeds. How many meters does Allie skate before meeting Billie?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

tt 秒后,艾莉距 AA8t8t 米,而比莉能到达距 BB7t7t 米的位置

After tt seconds, Allie is 8t8t meters from AA and Billie can be 7t7t meters from BB

大提示:

对三角形应用余弦定理,并选择较小的正时间

Apply the Law of Cosines to the triangle and select the smaller positive time

解答:

设两人在 tt 秒后相遇。他们距 AABB 的距离分别为 8t8t7t7t,且 AA 处的夹角为 6060^\circ。由余弦定理,(7t)2=(8t)2+10022(8t)(100)cos60\begin{aligned}(7t)^2&=(8t)^2+100^2\\&\quad-2(8t)(100)\cos60^\circ\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 3t2160t+2000=03t^2-160t+2000=0,其根为 20201003\frac{100}{3}。最早相遇发生在 t=20t=20 时,所以艾莉滑行了 8(20)=1608(20)=160 米。

Suppose the skaters meet after tt seconds. Their distances from AA and BB are 8t8t and 7t,7t, and the included angle at AA is 60.60^\circ. The Law of Cosines gives (7t)2=(8t)2+10022(8t)(100)cos60.\begin{aligned}(7t)^2&=(8t)^2+100^2\\&\quad-2(8t)(100)\cos60^\circ.\end{aligned} Hence 3t2160t+2000=0,3t^2-160t+2000=0, whose roots are 2020 and 1003.\frac{100}{3}. The earliest meeting occurs at t=20,t=20, so Allie skates 8(20)=1608(20)=160 meters.

7.

将整数 kk 分别加到 3636300300596596 上,所得三个数是一个等差数列中连续三项的平方。求 kk

If the integer kk is added to each of the numbers 36,36, 300,300, and 596,596, one obtains the squares of three consecutive terms of an arithmetic series. Find k.k.

难度评级:2250
小提示:

将这三个等差数列项写成 xxx+rx+rx+2rx+2r

Write the three arithmetic-sequence terms as x,x, x+r,x+r, and x+2rx+2r

大提示:

将相邻的平方方程相减,再把所得的两个方程相减

Subtract adjacent square equations, then subtract those two resulting equations

解答:

设这三项为 xxx+rx+rx+2rx+2r。将平方方程相减,得到 r(2x+r)=30036=264r(2x+r)=300-36=264r(2x+3r)=596300=296r(2x+3r)=596-300=296\text{。}两式相减得 2r2=322r^2=32,所以 r=±4r=\pm4。将三个数列项同时取相反数不会改变它们的平方,因此不妨取 r=4r=4。接着由 4(2x+4)=2644(2x+4)=264,得 x=31x=31。因此 k=x236=96136=925k=x^2-36=961-36=925

Let the three terms be x,x, x+r,x+r, and x+2r.x+2r. Subtracting the square equations gives r(2x+r)=30036=264r(2x+r)=300-36=264 and r(2x+3r)=596300=296.r(2x+3r)=596-300=296. Their difference is 2r2=32,2r^2=32, so r=±4.r=\pm4. Negating all three terms does not change their squares, so take r=4.r=4. Then 4(2x+4)=264,4(2x+4)=264, giving x=31.x=31. Therefore k=x236=96136=925.k=x^2-36=961-36=925.

8.

x1x_1x2x_2\ldotsx7x_7 为满足下列条件的实数:

x1+4x2+9x3+16x4+25x5+36x6+49x7=1,4x1+9x2+16x3+25x4+36x5+49x6+64x7=12,9x1+16x2+25x3+36x4+49x5+64x6+81x7=123\begin{aligned}x_1+4x_2+9x_3&\\+16x_4+25x_5&\\+36x_6+49x_7&=1,\\4x_1+9x_2+16x_3&\\+25x_4+36x_5&\\+49x_6+64x_7&=12,\\9x_1+16x_2+25x_3&\\+36x_4+49x_5&\\+64x_6+81x_7&=123\end{aligned}\text{。}

求下式的值:

16x1+25x2+36x3+49x4+64x5+81x6+100x7.\begin{aligned}16x_1+25x_2+36x_3&\\+49x_4+64x_5&\\+81x_6+100x_7.&\end{aligned}

Assume that x1,x_1, x2,x_2, ,\ldots, x7x_7 are real numbers such that

x1+4x2+9x3+16x4+25x5+36x6+49x7=1,4x1+9x2+16x3+25x4+36x5+49x6+64x7=12,9x1+16x2+25x3+36x4+49x5+64x6+81x7=123.\begin{aligned}x_1+4x_2+9x_3&\\+16x_4+25x_5&\\+36x_6+49x_7&=1,\\4x_1+9x_2+16x_3&\\+25x_4+36x_5&\\+49x_6+64x_7&=12,\\9x_1+16x_2+25x_3&\\+36x_4+49x_5&\\+64x_6+81x_7&=123.\end{aligned}

Find the value of

16x1+25x2+36x3+49x4+64x5+81x6+100x7.\begin{aligned}16x_1+25x_2+36x_3&\\+49x_4+64x_5&\\+81x_6+100x_7.&\end{aligned}

难度评级:2230
小提示:

S(t)=i=17(i+t)2xiS(t)=\sum_{i=1}^7(i+t)^2x_i

Let S(t)=i=17(i+t)2xiS(t)=\sum_{i=1}^7(i+t)^2x_i

大提示:

S(t)S(t) 是关于 tt 的二次式,所以它的二阶有限差分为常数

Because S(t)S(t) is quadratic in t,t, its second finite differences are constant

解答:

定义 S(t)=i=17(i+t)2xiS(t)=\sum_{i=1}^7(i+t)^2x_i。这是关于 tt 的二次多项式,而题中方程给出 S(0)=1S(0)=1S(1)=12S(1)=12S(2)=123S(2)=123。前两个一阶差分为 1111111111,所以恒定的二阶差分为 100100。因而下一个一阶差分是 211211,得到 S(3)=123+211=334S(3)=123+211=334

Define S(t)=i=17(i+t)2xi.S(t)=\sum_{i=1}^7(i+t)^2x_i. This is a quadratic polynomial in t,t, and the equations say S(0)=1,S(0)=1, S(1)=12,S(1)=12, and S(2)=123.S(2)=123. Its first two differences are 1111 and 111,111, so the constant second difference is 100.100. The next first difference is therefore 211,211, giving S(3)=123+211=334.S(3)=123+211=334.

9.

19601960 年代,三位美国数学家证明存在正整数 nn 使 1335+1105+845+275=n5133^5+110^5+84^5+27^5=n^5\text{,}从而推翻了欧拉的一个猜想。求 nn 的值。

One of Euler’s conjectures was disproved in the 19601960s by three American mathematicians when they showed there was a positive integer nn such that 1335+1105+845+275=n5.133^5+110^5+84^5+27^5=n^5. Find the value of n.n.

难度评级:2090
小提示:

估算五次方根,以缩小 nn 的整数取值范围

Estimate the fifth root to narrow the possible integer values of nn

大提示:

通过反复平方和乘法计算各个五次方,再将它们的和与附近的候选值比较

Evaluate the fifth powers by repeated squaring and multiplication, then compare their sum with the nearby candidate

解答:

直接进行整数运算,得到 1335=41,615,795,893,1105=16,105,100,000,845=4,182,119,424,275=14,348,907\begin{aligned}133^5&=41{,}615{,}795{,}893,\\110^5&=16{,}105{,}100{,}000,\\84^5&=4{,}182{,}119{,}424,\\27^5&=14{,}348{,}907\end{aligned}\text{。}它们的和为 61,917,364,22461{,}917{,}364{,}224。反复相乘也可得 1445=61,917,364,224144^5=61{,}917{,}364{,}224,所以正整数 nn144144

Direct integer arithmetic gives 1335=41,615,795,893,1105=16,105,100,000,845=4,182,119,424,275=14,348,907.\begin{aligned}133^5&=41{,}615{,}795{,}893,\\110^5&=16{,}105{,}100{,}000,\\84^5&=4{,}182{,}119{,}424,\\27^5&=14{,}348{,}907.\end{aligned} Their sum is 61,917,364,224.61{,}917{,}364{,}224. Repeated multiplication also gives 1445=61,917,364,224,144^5=61{,}917{,}364{,}224, so the positive integer nn is 144.144.

10.

aabbcc 为一个三角形的三条边,α\alphaβ\betaγ\gamma 分别为它们所对的角。若 a2+b2=1989c2a^2+b^2=1989c^2,求 cotγcotα+cotβ\frac{\cot\gamma}{\cot\alpha+\cot\beta}\text{。}

Let a,a, b,b, cc be the three sides of a triangle, and let α,\alpha, β,\beta, γ\gamma be the angles opposite them. If a2+b2=1989c2,a^2+b^2=1989c^2, find cotγcotα+cotβ.\frac{\cot\gamma}{\cot\alpha+\cot\beta}.

难度评级:2530
小提示:

利用 α+β=πγ\alpha+\beta=\pi-\gamma 化简 cotα+cotβ\cot\alpha+\cot\beta

Simplify cotα+cotβ\cot\alpha+\cot\beta using α+β=πγ\alpha+\beta=\pi-\gamma

大提示:

对所得的正弦因子使用正弦定理,并用余弦定理处理 cosγ\cos\gamma

Use the Law of Sines for the resulting sine factors and the Law of Cosines for cosγ\cos\gamma

解答:

首先,cotα+cotβ=sin(α+β)sinαsinβ=sinγsinαsinβ\begin{aligned}\cot\alpha+\cot\beta&=\frac{\sin(\alpha+\beta)}{\sin\alpha\sin\beta}\\&=\frac{\sin\gamma}{\sin\alpha\sin\beta}\end{aligned}\text{。}因此所求比值为 cosγsinαsinβsin2γ=abcosγc2\frac{\cos\gamma\sin\alpha\sin\beta}{\sin^2\gamma}=\frac{ab\cos\gamma}{c^2}\text{,}最后一个等号使用了正弦定理。由余弦定理,2abcosγ=a2+b2c2=1988c2\begin{aligned}2ab\cos\gamma&=a^2+b^2-c^2\\&=1988c^2\end{aligned}\text{。}所以该比值为 19882=994\frac{1988}{2}=994

First, cotα+cotβ=sin(α+β)sinαsinβ=sinγsinαsinβ.\begin{aligned}\cot\alpha+\cot\beta&=\frac{\sin(\alpha+\beta)}{\sin\alpha\sin\beta}\\&=\frac{\sin\gamma}{\sin\alpha\sin\beta}.\end{aligned} Hence the desired ratio is cosγsinαsinβsin2γ=abcosγc2,\frac{\cos\gamma\sin\alpha\sin\beta}{\sin^2\gamma}=\frac{ab\cos\gamma}{c^2}, where the Law of Sines was used in the final equality. By the Law of Cosines, 2abcosγ=a2+b2c2=1988c2.\begin{aligned}2ab\cos\gamma&=a^2+b^2-c^2\\&=1988c^2.\end{aligned} Therefore the ratio is 19882=994.\frac{1988}{2}=994.

11.

给定一个由 121121 个整数组成的样本,每个整数都在 1110001000 之间(含端点),允许重复。这个样本有唯一的众数(出现次数最多的数)。设 DD 为众数与样本算术平均数之差。D\lfloor D\rfloor 的最大可能值是多少?(对实数 xxx\lfloor x\rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。)

A sample of 121121 integers is given, each between 11 and 10001000 inclusive, with repetitions allowed. The sample has a unique mode (most frequent value). Let DD be the difference between the mode and the arithmetic mean of the sample. What is the largest possible value of D?\lfloor D\rfloor? (For real x,x, x\lfloor x\rfloor is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x.)

难度评级:3270
小提示:

利用对称性,将众数取在下端点,并在频数限制允许的范围内让其他数尽可能大

By symmetry, place the mode at the low endpoint and push every other entry as high as the frequency restriction allows

大提示:

若众数出现 ff 次,则其他每个数最多出现 f1f-1 次;对不同的 ff 分别优化

If the mode occurs ff times, every other value may occur at most f1f-1 times; optimize separately over ff

解答:

将每个数 xx 映射为 1001x1001-x,由对称性,只需使平均数减众数达到最大。固定众数频数 ff 后,极值样本含有 ff11,其余位置依次填入尽可能大的整数,每个最多出现 f1f-1 次。

121f=q(f1)+r121-f=q(f-1)+r,其中 0r<f10\leq r<f-1。非众数部分包含 10001000999999\ldots1001q1001-q 中每个数各 f1f-1 个,随后是 rr1000q1000-q。当 f=2f=2f=3f=3f=4f=4f=5f=5f=6f=6 时,此公式所得的下取整值依次为 924924945945947947944944939939。若 f7f\geq7,非众数项至多有 114114 个,所以即使使用较弱的界 D114(999)121<942D\leq\frac{114(999)}{121}<942 也足够。因此最大值在 f=4f=4 时取得。

该极值样本包含四个 11 以及从 96296210001000 的每个整数各三个。令 T=962+963++1000T=962+963+\cdots+1000。由于 T=38259T=38259D=3T+41211=114660121=947+73121\begin{aligned}D&=\frac{3T+4}{121}-1\\&=\frac{114660}{121}\\&=947+\frac{73}{121}\end{aligned}\text{。}因此下取整的最大可能值为 947947

By reflecting every value xx to 1001x,1001-x, it suffices to maximize the mean minus the mode. For a fixed modal frequency f,f, the extremal sample has ff copies of 1,1, then fills the largest available integers with at most f1f-1 copies each.

Put 121f=q(f1)+r,121-f=q(f-1)+r, where 0r<f1.0\leq r<f-1. The nonmodal entries are f1f-1 copies of each of 1000,1000, 999,999, ,\ldots, 1001q,1001-q, followed by rr copies of 1000q.1000-q. For f=2,f=2, f=3,f=3, f=4,f=4, f=5,f=5, and f=6,f=6, this formula gives floors 924,924, 945,945, 947,947, 944,944, and 939,939, respectively. If f7,f\geq7, there are at most 114114 nonmodal terms, so even the weaker bound D114(999)121<942D\leq\frac{114(999)}{121}<942 suffices. Thus the maximum occurs at f=4.f=4.

The extremal sample contains four 11’s and three copies of every integer from 962962 through 1000.1000. Put T=962+963++1000.T=962+963+\cdots+1000. Since T=38259,T=38259, D=3T+41211=114660121=947+73121.\begin{aligned}D&=\frac{3T+4}{121}-1\\&=\frac{114660}{121}\\&=947+\frac{73}{121}.\end{aligned} Therefore the largest possible floor is 947.947.

12.

如图,四面体 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=41AB=41AC=7AC=7AD=18AD=18BC=36BC=36BD=27BD=27CD=13CD=13。设棱 ABABCDCD 的中点之间的距离为 dd。求 d2d^2

Let ABCDABCD be a tetrahedron with AB=41,AB=41, AC=7,AC=7, AD=18,AD=18, BC=36,BC=36, BD=27,BD=27, and CD=13,CD=13, as shown in the figure. Let dd be the distance between the midpoints of edges ABAB and CD.CD. Find d2.d^2.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

用向量表示各顶点,并写出两个中点之间的向量

Represent the vertices by vectors and write the vector between the two midpoints

大提示:

用六条棱长展开 A+BCD2\lVert A+B-C-D\rVert^2

Expand A+BCD2\lVert A+B-C-D\rVert^2 in terms of the six edge lengths

解答:

顶点名称也表示相应的位置向量。两个中点之间的向量为 A+BCD2\frac{A+B-C-D}{2}。展开长度的平方,得到 4d2=AC2+AD2+BC2+BD2AB2CD2\begin{aligned}4d^2={}&AC^2+AD^2\\&+BC^2+BD^2\\&-AB^2-CD^2\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 4d2=72+182+362+272412132=548\begin{aligned}4d^2={}&7^2+18^2+36^2+27^2\\&-41^2-13^2=548\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 d2=137d^2=137

Let the vertex names also denote their position vectors. The vector between the midpoints is A+BCD2.\frac{A+B-C-D}{2}. Expanding squared lengths gives 4d2=AC2+AD2+BC2+BD2AB2CD2.\begin{aligned}4d^2={}&AC^2+AD^2\\&+BC^2+BD^2\\&-AB^2-CD^2.\end{aligned} Therefore 4d2=72+182+362+272412132=548,\begin{aligned}4d^2={}&7^2+18^2+36^2+27^2\\&-41^2-13^2=548,\end{aligned} so d2=137.d^2=137.

13.

SS{1,2,3,,1989}\{1,2,3,\ldots,1989\} 的一个子集,且 SS 中任意两个元素之差都不等于 4477SS 最多能有多少个元素?

Let SS be a subset of {1,2,3,,1989}\{1,2,3,\ldots,1989\} such that no two members of SS differ by 44 or 7.7. What is the largest number of elements SS can have?

难度评级:2930
小提示:

对任意十一个连续整数,按禁差关系得到的图是一个 1111

Within any eleven consecutive integers, the forbidden-difference graph is an 1111-cycle

大提示:

为构造达到上界的集合,寻找模 1111 的五个可选剩余类

For a matching construction, look for five allowable residue classes modulo 1111

解答:

在任意十一个连续整数中,若两数之差为 4477,就将它们相连。由于 7=1147=11-4,所得图是一个 1111 环,其最大独立集的大小为 55。类似地,任意十个连续整数诱导出一条含十个顶点的路径,最多可贡献 55 个元素。因为 1989=17911+2101989=179\cdot11+2\cdot10,所以 S179(5)+2(5)=905|S|\leq179(5)+2(5)=905

选取所有模 1111 的余数为 1133446699 的整数即可达到此上界。所选余数中任意两个在模 1111 意义下都不相差 4477,而从 1119891989 之间,这五个余数各出现 181181 次。因此最大值为 5(181)=9055(181)=905

On any eleven consecutive integers, join two numbers when their difference is 44 or 7.7. Because 7=114,7=11-4, this graph is an 1111-cycle, whose largest independent set has size 5.5. Similarly, any ten consecutive integers induce a path on ten vertices and contribute at most 5.5. Since 1989=17911+210,1989=179\cdot11+2\cdot10, this gives S179(5)+2(5)=905.|S|\leq179(5)+2(5)=905.

This bound is attained by taking every integer whose residue modulo 1111 is 1,1, 3,3, 4,4, 6,6, or 9.9. No two selected residues differ by 44 or 77 modulo 11,11, and each of these five residues occurs 181181 times from 11 through 1989.1989. Thus the maximum is 5(181)=905.5(181)=905.

14.

给定正整数 nn,可以证明,每个形如 r+sir+si 的复数(其中 rrss 为整数)都能以 n+i-n+i 为底,并用整数 0011\ldotsn2n^2 作为数字,唯一地表示出来。也就是说,方程

r+si=am(n+i)m+am1(n+i)m1++a1(n+i)+a0\begin{aligned}r+si={}&a_m(-n+i)^m\\&+a_{m-1}(-n+i)^{m-1}\\&+\cdots+a_1(-n+i)\\&+a_0\end{aligned}

对唯一选定的非负整数 mm 以及从集合 {0,1,2,,n2}\{0,1,2,\ldots,n^2\} 中选出的数字 a0a_0a1a_1\ldotsama_m 成立,其中 am0a_m\ne0。我们记

r+si=(amam1a1a0)n+ir+si=(a_ma_{m-1}\ldots a_1a_0)_{-n+i}

表示 r+sir+sin+i-n+i 为底的展开。只有有限多个整数 k+0ik+0i 具有四位展开

k=(a3a2a1a0)3+ia30k=(a_3a_2a_1a_0)_{-3+i}\qquad a_3\ne0\text{。}

求所有这些 kk 的和。

Given a positive integer n,n, it can be shown that every complex number of the form r+si,r+si, where rr and ss are integers, can be uniquely expressed in the base n+i-n+i using the integers 0,0, 1,1, ,\ldots, n2n^2 as digits. That is, the equation

r+si=am(n+i)m+am1(n+i)m1++a1(n+i)+a0\begin{aligned}r+si={}&a_m(-n+i)^m\\&+a_{m-1}(-n+i)^{m-1}\\&+\cdots+a_1(-n+i)\\&+a_0\end{aligned}

is true for a unique choice of nonnegative integer mm and digits a0,a_0, a1,a_1, ,\ldots, ama_m chosen from the set {0,1,2,,n2},\{0,1,2,\ldots,n^2\}, with am0.a_m\ne0. We write

r+si=(amam1a1a0)n+ir+si=(a_ma_{m-1}\ldots a_1a_0)_{-n+i}

to denote the base n+i-n+i expansion of r+si.r+si. There are only finitely many integers k+0ik+0i that have four-digit expansions

k=(a3a2a1a0)3+ia30.k=(a_3a_2a_1a_0)_{-3+i}\qquad a_3\ne0.

Find the sum of all such k.k.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

计算 3+i-3+i 的二次方和三次方,并令展开式的虚部等于零

Compute the second and third powers of 3+i-3+i and set the imaginary part of the expansion equal to zero

大提示:

数字的取值范围只留下两个可能的三元组 (a3,a2,a1)(a_3,a_2,a_1);再让 a0a_0 遍历所有数字

The digit bounds leave only two possible triples (a3,a2,a1)(a_3,a_2,a_1); then let a0a_0 range over all digits

解答:

b=3+ib=-3+i。则 b2=86ib^2=8-6i,且 b3=18+26ib^3=-18+26i

a3b3+a2b2+a1b+a0a_3b^3+a_2b^2+a_1b+a_0 的虚部为 26a36a2+a126a_3-6a_2+a_1\text{。}因此 a1=6a226a3a_1=6a_2-26a_3。由 1a391\leq a_3\leq90a1,a290\leq a_1,a_2\leq9,只有以下两种可能:(a3,a2,a1)=(1,5,4),(a3,a2,a1)=(2,9,2)\begin{gathered}(a_3,a_2,a_1)=(1,5,4),\\(a_3,a_2,a_1)=(2,9,2)\end{gathered}\text{。}

相应的实部分别为 10+a010+a_030+a030+a_0。当 a0a_000 取到 99 时,所求之和为 (10+11++19)+(30+31++39)=145+345=490\begin{aligned}&(10+11+\cdots+19)\\&\quad+(30+31+\cdots+39)\\&=145+345=490\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let b=3+i.b=-3+i. Then b2=86ib^2=8-6i and b3=18+26i.b^3=-18+26i.

The imaginary part of a3b3+a2b2+a1b+a0a_3b^3+a_2b^2+a_1b+a_0 is 26a36a2+a1.26a_3-6a_2+a_1. Thus a1=6a226a3.a_1=6a_2-26a_3. With 1a391\leq a_3\leq9 and 0a1,a29,0\leq a_1,a_2\leq9, the only possibilities are (a3,a2,a1)=(1,5,4),(a3,a2,a1)=(2,9,2).\begin{gathered}(a_3,a_2,a_1)=(1,5,4),\\(a_3,a_2,a_1)=(2,9,2).\end{gathered}

The corresponding real parts are 10+a010+a_0 and 30+a0,30+a_0, respectively. As a0a_0 ranges from 00 through 9,9, the required sum is (10+11++19)+(30+31++39)=145+345=490.\begin{aligned}&(10+11+\cdots+19)\\&\quad+(30+31+\cdots+39)\\&=145+345=490.\end{aligned}

15.

PP 位于三角形 ABCABC 内。作线段 APDAPDBPEBPECPFCPF,其中 DDBCBC 上,EEACAC 上,FFABAB 上(见图)。已知 AP=6AP=6BP=9BP=9PD=6PD=6PE=3PE=3CF=20CF=20,求三角形 ABCABC 的面积。

Point PP is inside triangle ABC.ABC. Line segments APD,APD, BPE,BPE, and CPFCPF are drawn with DD on BC,BC, EE on AC,AC, and FF on ABAB (see the figure). Given that AP=6,AP=6, BP=9,BP=9, PD=6,PD=6, PE=3,PE=3, and CF=20,CF=20, find the area of triangle ABC.ABC.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

利用两条共点线段上的已知比例,求 PP 对顶点 AABB 的重心坐标权重

Use the two known cevian ratios to find the barycentric weights of AA and BB at PP

大提示:

PP 置于原点;所得向量关系可确定 PAPAPBPB 的夹角

Place PP at the origin; the resulting vector relation determines the angle between PAPA and PBPB

解答:

由于 AP=PDAP=PDPPAA 的重心坐标权重为 12\frac{1}{2}。又因为 BP:PE=3:1BP:PE=3:1BB 的权重为 14\frac{1}{4},所以 CC 的权重也为 14\frac{1}{4}。沿 CFCF,可得 PFCF=14\frac{PF}{CF}=\frac{1}{4},因此 PF=5PF=5,且 CP=15CP=15

PP 置于原点,并仍用 AABBCC 表示相应的位置向量。重心坐标关系为 2A+B+C=02A+B+C=0,所以 C=2ABC=-2A-B。利用 A=6|A|=6B=9|B|=9C=15|C|=15,有 225=2A+B2=4(36)+81+4AB\begin{aligned}225&=|2A+B|^2\\&=4(36)+81+4A\mathbin{\cdot}B\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 AB=0A\mathbin{\cdot}B=0。因此 PAPBPA\perp PB。展开叉积可得 (BA)×(CA)=4(A×B)(B-A)\mathbin{\times}(C-A)=4(A\mathbin{\times}B)。于是 [ABC]=2A×B=2(6)(9)=108\begin{aligned}{}[ABC]&=2|A\mathbin{\times}B|\\&=2(6)(9)=108\end{aligned}\text{。}

Since AP=PD,AP=PD, the barycentric weight of AA at PP is 12.\frac{1}{2}. Since BP:PE=3:1,BP:PE=3:1, the weight of BB is 14,\frac{1}{4}, so the weight of CC is also 14.\frac{1}{4}. Along CF,CF, this means PFCF=14,\frac{PF}{CF}=\frac{1}{4}, hence PF=5PF=5 and CP=15.CP=15.

Place PP at the origin and denote the position vectors A,A, B,B, and CC by the same letters. The barycentric relation is 2A+B+C=0.2A+B+C=0. Thus C=2AB.C=-2A-B. Using A=6,|A|=6, B=9,|B|=9, and C=15,|C|=15, 225=2A+B2=4(36)+81+4AB,\begin{aligned}225&=|2A+B|^2\\&=4(36)+81+4A\mathbin{\cdot}B,\end{aligned} so AB=0.A\mathbin{\cdot}B=0. Therefore PAPB.PA\perp PB. Expanding the cross product gives (BA)×(CA)=4(A×B).(B-A)\mathbin{\times}(C-A)=4(A\mathbin{\times}B). Consequently, [ABC]=2A×B=2(6)(9)=108.\begin{aligned}{}[ABC]&=2|A\mathbin{\times}B|\\&=2(6)(9)=108.\end{aligned}