1989 AIME 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
计算 。
Compute
小提示:
将外侧的两个因数相乘,并将内侧的两个因数相乘
Pair the outer factors and the inner factors
大提示:
这两个乘积是相邻的偶数
The two paired products are consecutive even integers
解答:
有 和 。这两个乘积分别比 小一和大一,所以它们的乘积为 。再加上最后的 后,被开方数为 。它的正平方根是 。
We have and These products lie one below and one above so their product is After the final is added, the radicand is Its positive square root is
2.
圆上标有十个点。从中选取部分(或全部)点作为顶点,可以画出多少个不同的至少有三条边的凸多边形?
Ten points are marked on a circle. How many distinct convex polygons of three or more sides can be drawn using some (or all) of the ten points as vertices?
小提示:
每组选出的至少三个标记点恰好确定一个凸多边形
Each choice of at least three marked points determines one convex polygon
大提示:
先数出所有子集,再去掉大小为 、 和 的子集
Count all subsets and remove those of sizes and
解答:
每个至少含三个点的子集恰好确定一个凸多边形。子集总数为 。其中,、 和 分别是少于三个点的子集数。因此所求数量为 。
Every subset of at least three points determines exactly one convex polygon. There are subsets in all. Of these, and have fewer than three points. Therefore the required number is
3.
设 为正整数, 为 进制中的一位数字。若下列等式成立,求 :
Suppose is a positive integer and is a single digit in base Find if
小提示:
将循环的三位数字块化为分母为 的分数
Convert the repeating three-digit block into a fraction with denominator
大提示:
利用 是整数,确定哪个数字使 能被 整除
Use the integrality of to determine which digit makes divisible by
解答:
该循环小数为 。因此 由于 ,要使 能被 整除,只能有 ,所以 ,且 。
The repeating decimal is Thus Since the only way can be divisible by is so and
4.
若 是连续正整数,且 是完全平方数, 是完全立方数,那么 的最小可能值是多少?
If are consecutive positive integers such that is a perfect square and is a perfect cube, what is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
用中间的整数 表示这两个和
Express both sums in terms of the middle integer
大提示:
分别模 和模 比较 与 中各质因数的指数
Compare the prime exponents in and modulo and modulo
解答:
这两个和分别是 和 。若 ,则 为完全平方数以及 为完全立方数会对每个指数施加条件。对于 , 中既为奇数又能被 整除的最小指数是 。对于 ,既为偶数又与 同余的最小指数是 。其他质因数的指数均可取 。因此最小可能值为 。
The two sums are and If then being a square and being a cube impose conditions on every exponent. For the smallest exponent in that is odd and divisible by is For the smallest exponent that is even and congruent to is Every other prime exponent can be Thus the least possible value is
5.
将某枚不均匀的硬币抛掷五次,恰好出现一次正面的概率不为 ,且与恰好出现两次正面的概率相同。设 次抛掷中恰好 次出现正面的概率化为最简分数后是 。求 。
When a certain biased coin is flipped five times, the probability of getting heads exactly once is not equal to and is the same as that of getting heads exactly twice. Let in lowest terms, be the probability that the coin comes up heads in exactly out of flips. Find
小提示:
设出现正面的概率为 ,令题中的两个二项概率相等
Let be the probability of heads and equate the two binomial probabilities
大提示:
先约去非零公因式,再求
Cancel the nonzero common factors before solving for
解答:
设出现正面的概率为 。由条件可得 题目所给的非零条件允许约分,得到 ,所以 。恰好出现三次正面的概率为 因此 。
Let be the probability of heads. The condition gives The stated nonzero condition permits cancellation, yielding so The probability of exactly three heads is Therefore
6.
在一片平坦结冰的湖面上,两名滑冰者艾莉和比莉分别位于点 与点 。 与 之间的距离为 米。艾莉从 出发,以每秒 米的速度沿一条与 成 角的直线滑行。在艾莉离开 的同时,比莉从 出发,以每秒 米的速度沿一条直线滑行;在速度给定的条件下,这条路径使两人尽早相遇。相遇前艾莉滑了多少米?
Two skaters, Allie and Billie, are at points and respectively, on a flat, frozen lake. The distance between and is meters. Allie leaves and skates at a speed of meters per second on a straight line that makes a angle with At the same time Allie leaves Billie leaves at a speed of meters per second and follows the straight path that produces the earliest possible meeting of the two skaters, given their speeds. How many meters does Allie skate before meeting Billie?
小提示:
秒后,艾莉距 为 米,而比莉能到达距 为 米的位置
After seconds, Allie is meters from and Billie can be meters from
大提示:
对三角形应用余弦定理,并选择较小的正时间
Apply the Law of Cosines to the triangle and select the smaller positive time
解答:
设两人在 秒后相遇。他们距 和 的距离分别为 与 ,且 处的夹角为 。由余弦定理,因此 ,其根为 和 。最早相遇发生在 时,所以艾莉滑行了 米。
Suppose the skaters meet after seconds. Their distances from and are and and the included angle at is The Law of Cosines gives Hence whose roots are and The earliest meeting occurs at so Allie skates meters.
7.
将整数 分别加到 、 和 上,所得三个数是一个等差数列中连续三项的平方。求 。
If the integer is added to each of the numbers and one obtains the squares of three consecutive terms of an arithmetic series. Find
小提示:
将这三个等差数列项写成 、 和
Write the three arithmetic-sequence terms as and
大提示:
将相邻的平方方程相减,再把所得的两个方程相减
Subtract adjacent square equations, then subtract those two resulting equations
解答:
设这三项为 、 和 。将平方方程相减,得到 和 两式相减得 ,所以 。将三个数列项同时取相反数不会改变它们的平方,因此不妨取 。接着由 ,得 。因此 。
Let the three terms be and Subtracting the square equations gives and Their difference is so Negating all three terms does not change their squares, so take Then giving Therefore
8.
设 、、 和 为满足下列条件的实数:
求下式的值:
Assume that are real numbers such that
Find the value of
小提示:
令
Let
大提示:
是关于 的二次式,所以它的二阶有限差分为常数
Because is quadratic in its second finite differences are constant
解答:
定义 。这是关于 的二次多项式,而题中方程给出 、 和 。前两个一阶差分为 和 ,所以恒定的二阶差分为 。因而下一个一阶差分是 ,得到 。
Define This is a quadratic polynomial in and the equations say and Its first two differences are and so the constant second difference is The next first difference is therefore giving
9.
年代,三位美国数学家证明存在正整数 使 从而推翻了欧拉的一个猜想。求 的值。
One of Euler’s conjectures was disproved in the s by three American mathematicians when they showed there was a positive integer such that Find the value of
小提示:
估算五次方根,以缩小 的整数取值范围
Estimate the fifth root to narrow the possible integer values of
大提示:
通过反复平方和乘法计算各个五次方,再将它们的和与附近的候选值比较
Evaluate the fifth powers by repeated squaring and multiplication, then compare their sum with the nearby candidate
解答:
直接进行整数运算,得到 它们的和为 。反复相乘也可得 ,所以正整数 为 。
Direct integer arithmetic gives Their sum is Repeated multiplication also gives so the positive integer is
10.
设 、、 为一个三角形的三条边,、、 分别为它们所对的角。若 ,求
Let be the three sides of a triangle, and let be the angles opposite them. If find
小提示:
利用 化简
Simplify using
大提示:
对所得的正弦因子使用正弦定理,并用余弦定理处理
Use the Law of Sines for the resulting sine factors and the Law of Cosines for
解答:
首先,因此所求比值为 最后一个等号使用了正弦定理。由余弦定理,所以该比值为 。
First, Hence the desired ratio is where the Law of Sines was used in the final equality. By the Law of Cosines, Therefore the ratio is
11.
给定一个由 个整数组成的样本,每个整数都在 到 之间(含端点),允许重复。这个样本有唯一的众数(出现次数最多的数)。设 为众数与样本算术平均数之差。 的最大可能值是多少?(对实数 , 表示小于或等于 的最大整数。)
A sample of integers is given, each between and inclusive, with repetitions allowed. The sample has a unique mode (most frequent value). Let be the difference between the mode and the arithmetic mean of the sample. What is the largest possible value of (For real is the greatest integer less than or equal to )
小提示:
利用对称性,将众数取在下端点,并在频数限制允许的范围内让其他数尽可能大
By symmetry, place the mode at the low endpoint and push every other entry as high as the frequency restriction allows
大提示:
若众数出现 次,则其他每个数最多出现 次;对不同的 分别优化
If the mode occurs times, every other value may occur at most times; optimize separately over
解答:
将每个数 映射为 ,由对称性,只需使平均数减众数达到最大。固定众数频数 后,极值样本含有 个 ,其余位置依次填入尽可能大的整数,每个最多出现 次。
令 ,其中 。非众数部分包含 、、、 中每个数各 个,随后是 个 。当 、、、 和 时,此公式所得的下取整值依次为 、、、 和 。若 ,非众数项至多有 个,所以即使使用较弱的界 也足够。因此最大值在 时取得。
该极值样本包含四个 以及从 到 的每个整数各三个。令 。由于 ,因此下取整的最大可能值为 。
By reflecting every value to it suffices to maximize the mean minus the mode. For a fixed modal frequency the extremal sample has copies of then fills the largest available integers with at most copies each.
Put where The nonmodal entries are copies of each of followed by copies of For and this formula gives floors and respectively. If there are at most nonmodal terms, so even the weaker bound suffices. Thus the maximum occurs at
The extremal sample contains four ’s and three copies of every integer from through Put Since Therefore the largest possible floor is
12.
如图,四面体 满足 、、、、 和 。设棱 与 的中点之间的距离为 。求 。
Let be a tetrahedron with and as shown in the figure. Let be the distance between the midpoints of edges and Find
小提示:
用向量表示各顶点,并写出两个中点之间的向量
Represent the vertices by vectors and write the vector between the two midpoints
大提示:
用六条棱长展开
Expand in terms of the six edge lengths
解答:
顶点名称也表示相应的位置向量。两个中点之间的向量为 。展开长度的平方,得到 因此 所以 。
Let the vertex names also denote their position vectors. The vector between the midpoints is Expanding squared lengths gives Therefore so
13.
设 是 的一个子集,且 中任意两个元素之差都不等于 或 。 最多能有多少个元素?
Let be a subset of such that no two members of differ by or What is the largest number of elements can have?
小提示:
对任意十一个连续整数,按禁差关系得到的图是一个 环
Within any eleven consecutive integers, the forbidden-difference graph is an -cycle
大提示:
为构造达到上界的集合,寻找模 的五个可选剩余类
For a matching construction, look for five allowable residue classes modulo
解答:
在任意十一个连续整数中,若两数之差为 或 ,就将它们相连。由于 ,所得图是一个 环,其最大独立集的大小为 。类似地,任意十个连续整数诱导出一条含十个顶点的路径,最多可贡献 个元素。因为 ,所以 。
选取所有模 的余数为 、、、 或 的整数即可达到此上界。所选余数中任意两个在模 意义下都不相差 或 ,而从 到 之间,这五个余数各出现 次。因此最大值为 。
On any eleven consecutive integers, join two numbers when their difference is or Because this graph is an -cycle, whose largest independent set has size Similarly, any ten consecutive integers induce a path on ten vertices and contribute at most Since this gives
This bound is attained by taking every integer whose residue modulo is or No two selected residues differ by or modulo and each of these five residues occurs times from through Thus the maximum is
14.
给定正整数 ,可以证明,每个形如 的复数(其中 和 为整数)都能以 为底,并用整数 、、、 作为数字,唯一地表示出来。也就是说,方程
对唯一选定的非负整数 以及从集合 中选出的数字 、、、 成立,其中 。我们记
表示 以 为底的展开。只有有限多个整数 具有四位展开
求所有这些 的和。
Given a positive integer it can be shown that every complex number of the form where and are integers, can be uniquely expressed in the base using the integers as digits. That is, the equation
is true for a unique choice of nonnegative integer and digits chosen from the set with We write
to denote the base expansion of There are only finitely many integers that have four-digit expansions
Find the sum of all such
小提示:
计算 的二次方和三次方,并令展开式的虚部等于零
Compute the second and third powers of and set the imaginary part of the expansion equal to zero
大提示:
数字的取值范围只留下两个可能的三元组 ;再让 遍历所有数字
The digit bounds leave only two possible triples ; then let range over all digits
解答:
令 。则 ,且 。
的虚部为 因此 。由 和 ,只有以下两种可能:
相应的实部分别为 和 。当 从 取到 时,所求之和为
Let Then and
The imaginary part of is Thus With and the only possibilities are
The corresponding real parts are and respectively. As ranges from through the required sum is
15.
点 位于三角形 内。作线段 、 和 ,其中 在 上, 在 上, 在 上(见图)。已知 、、、 和 ,求三角形 的面积。
Point is inside triangle Line segments and are drawn with on on and on (see the figure). Given that and find the area of triangle
小提示:
利用两条共点线段上的已知比例,求 对顶点 和 的重心坐标权重
Use the two known cevian ratios to find the barycentric weights of and at
大提示:
将 置于原点;所得向量关系可确定 与 的夹角
Place at the origin; the resulting vector relation determines the angle between and
解答:
由于 , 处 的重心坐标权重为 。又因为 , 的权重为 ,所以 的权重也为 。沿 ,可得 ,因此 ,且 。
将 置于原点,并仍用 、 和 表示相应的位置向量。重心坐标关系为 ,所以 。利用 、 和 ,有 所以 。因此 。展开叉积可得 。于是
Since the barycentric weight of at is Since the weight of is so the weight of is also Along this means hence and
Place at the origin and denote the position vectors and by the same letters. The barycentric relation is Thus Using and so Therefore Expanding the cross product gives Consequently,