2003 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
三个正整数的乘积 是它们和的 倍。已知其中一个整数等于另外两个整数的和。求 的所有可能值之和。
The product of three positive integers is times their sum, and one of the integers is the sum of the other two. Find the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
设这三个整数为 、 和 ,然后代入
Let the integers be and and substitute into
大提示:
方程化简为 ; 的每一种因数分解都会给出一个 的值
The equation reduces to each way of factoring gives one value of
解答:
设这三个整数为 、 和 。则 并且从 中约去 得到 。
因数分解 、、 分别给出 、、,因而 、、。所有可能值之和为 。
Let the integers be and Then and cancelling from leaves
The factorizations give and The sum of all possible values is
2.
设 是最大的 的整数倍,且其任意两个数位都不相同。 除以 的余数是多少?
Let be the greatest integer multiple of no two of whose digits are the same. What is the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
一个数是 的倍数,当且仅当它的最后三位组成的数也是 的倍数
A number is a multiple of exactly when the number formed by its last three digits is a multiple of
大提示:
使用全部十个数字,把 放在前面,再把数字 、、 排在末尾,使其成为 的倍数
Use all ten digits, putting up front, and arrange the digits at the end to form a multiple of
解答:
一个整数能否被 整除,只取决于其最后三位组成的数是否能被整除。为了使 尽可能大,应该把十个数字各用一次,并把最大的数字放在最前面:前面的数位是 ,最后三位是 、、 的某种排列,前提是其中有排列能被 整除。
检查 、、、、、,只有 是 的倍数。因此 ,除以 的余数为 。
An integer is divisible by exactly when the number formed by its last three digits is. To make as large as possible, use all ten digits once each and put the largest digits first: the leading digits are and the final three digits are some arrangement of — provided one of those arrangements is a multiple of
Checking the only multiple of is So and the remainder upon division by is
3.
定义一个好词为只由字母 、、 组成的字母序列,其中某些字母可以不出现,并且 后面绝不紧跟 , 后面绝不紧跟 , 后面绝不紧跟 。有多少个由七个字母组成的好词?
Define a good word as a sequence of letters that consists only of the letters and — some of these letters may not appear in the sequence — and in which is never immediately followed by is never immediately followed by and is never immediately followed by How many seven-letter good words are there?
小提示:
每个字母都只禁止一种字母紧跟在它后面
Each letter forbids exactly one letter from coming immediately after it
大提示:
第一个字母有 种选择,之后每个字母都恰好有 种合法选择
There are choices for the first letter, and every later letter has exactly legal choices
解答:
每个字母都排除恰好一种后继字母( 禁止 , 禁止 , 禁止 ),所以无论刚写下的字母是什么,接下来 个字母中恰有 个可以使用。
第一个字母有 种选择,剩下六个位置每个都有 种选择,因此七个字母的好词个数为 。
Each letter rules out exactly one successor ( forbids forbids forbids ), so whatever letter has just been written, exactly of the letters may come next.
With choices for the first letter and for each of the remaining six positions, the number of seven-letter good words is
4.
在一个正四面体中,四个面的中心是一个较小四面体的顶点。较小四面体的体积与较大四面体的体积之比为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In a regular tetrahedron, the centers of the four faces are the vertices of a smaller tetrahedron. The ratio of the volume of the smaller tetrahedron to that of the larger is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:28
小提示:
与顶点 相对的面的中心是 ;将它与重心 比较
The center of the face opposite vertex is compare it with the centroid
大提示:
每个面心都是相对顶点关于重心按比例 缩放得到的,因此两个四面体相似;体积按长度比例的三次方缩放
Each face center is the opposite vertex scaled by about the centroid, so the two tetrahedra are similar; volume scales as the cube
解答:
使用位置向量,设 为四面体的重心。与 相对的面的中心为 因此每个面心都是相对顶点在以 为中心、比例为 的位似变换下的像。
所以较小四面体与较大四面体相似,长度比为 ,体积比为 ,因而 。
Use position vectors, and let be the centroid of the tetrahedron. The center of the face opposite is so each face center is the image of the opposite vertex under the homothety centered at with ratio
Hence the smaller tetrahedron is similar to the larger with ratio and its volume is of the larger. Thus
5.
一根圆柱形木料的直径为 英寸。用两个完全穿过木料的平面切割,从木料中切出一个楔形体。第一刀垂直于圆柱轴线,第二刀所在的平面与第一刀所在的平面成 角。这两个平面的交线与木料恰好只有一个公共点。该楔形体的体积为 立方英寸,其中 是正整数。求 。
A cylindrical log has diameter inches. A wedge is cut from the log by making two planar cuts that go entirely through the log. The first is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, and the plane of the second cut forms a angle with the plane of the first cut. The intersection of these two planes has exactly one point in common with the log. The number of cubic inches in the wedge can be expressed as where is a positive integer. Find
小提示:
两个切割平面的交线只与木料相切于一点,因此它是圆形截面的切线
The line where the two cutting planes meet touches the log at one point, so it is tangent to the circular cross-section
大提示:
把这个楔形体和它旋转 后的副本粘在一起:圆盘上每一点对应的两个高度之和为
Glue the wedge to a -rotated copy of itself: the two heights above each point of the disk add up to
解答:
把第一刀看作水平切割。两个切割平面的交线与木料恰好只有一个公共点,因此它是半径为 的圆形截面的切线。于是楔形体位于整个圆盘上方:在切点处高度为 ;又因为第二刀成 ,到直径另一端时高度线性增加到 。
将圆盘上的每一点与它关于圆心的对称点配对:楔形体在这两点上方的高度之和恰好为 。因此两个楔形体副本可以拼成一个半径为 、高为 的圆柱,楔形体的体积为 所以 。
Take the first cut as horizontal. The line where the two cutting planes meet touches the log at exactly one point, so it is tangent to the circular cross-section of radius The wedge therefore stands over the entire disk: its height is at the tangent point and, because the second cut is at it rises linearly to at the diametrically opposite point.
Pair each point of the disk with its mirror image through the center: the wedge’s heights over the two points add to exactly So two copies of the wedge fit together into a cylinder of radius and height and the wedge’s volume is Thus
6.
在 中,、、,点 是三条中线的交点。点 、、 分别是 、、 关于 旋转 后的像。求三角形 和 所围成的两个区域的并集面积。
In and point is the intersection of the medians. Points and are the images of and respectively, after a rotation about What is the area of the union of the two regions enclosed by the triangles and
小提示:
旋转把每条直线变成一条平行直线,因此两个三角形在中央重叠成一个六边形
The rotation takes each line to a parallel line, so the two triangles overlap in a central hexagon
大提示:
重心位于每条高的 处,因此 落在距对应边 、位于直线 外侧的位置;每个伸出的角都与原三角形相似,比例为
The centroid sits at of each height, so lands at height beyond line each protruding corner is similar to the triangle with ratio
解答:
旋转把每条直线变成一条平行直线,因此 与 全等,且对应边平行。把 看作水平,设 到它的高为 。重心 的高度为 ,所以 是 关于 的对称点,其高度为 ,在线 的另一侧,而 和 的高度为 。
因此直线 从 中切下 处的角:切线平行于 ,该角的高 是整个三角形高 的三分之一,所以该角的相似比为 ,面积为 。 的每一边都发生同样的情况,这三个角正好是 在 外面的部分。因此并集面积为
由海伦公式,,,所以并集面积为 。
A rotation takes each line to a parallel line, so is congruent to with parallel sides. View as horizontal and let be the height of above it. The centroid is at height so the reflection of through is at height on the far side of line while and are at height
Line therefore slices off the corner of at the cut is parallel to and the corner’s height is one third of the triangle’s full height so the corner is similar with ratio and has area The same happens at each side of and these three corners are exactly the part of outside Hence the union has area
By Heron’s formula with so the union has area
7.
已知三角形 和 的外接圆半径分别为 和 ,求菱形 的面积。
Find the area of rhombus given that the radii of the circles circumscribed around triangles and are and respectively.
答案:400
小提示:
设边长为 且 。两条对角线的长度为 和
Let be the side and The diagonals have lengths and
大提示:
在三角形 和 中使用扩展正弦定理,得到 和 ,因而
The extended law of sines in triangles and gives and so
解答:
设边长为 且 (对角线 平分角 )。于是两条对角线的长度为 和 。在三角形 中,边 对着角 ,所以扩展正弦定理给出 在三角形 中,边 对着 ,同理 。
两式相除,,因此 且 。于是 。
面积为两条对角线乘积的一半:
Let be the side length and (the diagonal bisects angle ). The diagonals then have lengths and In triangle side subtends the angle so the extended law of sines gives In triangle side subtends so similarly
Dividing, so and Then
The area is half the product of the diagonals:
8.
数列 、、、 的每一项由两个等差数列的对应项相乘得到。求这个数列的第八项。
Find the eighth term of the sequence whose terms are formed by multiplying the corresponding terms of two arithmetic sequences.
小提示:
两个关于 的线性函数相乘,得到一个关于 的二次函数
The product of two linear functions of is a quadratic function of
大提示:
用 、、 处的三个给定项拟合 ,然后在 处求值
Fit through the three given terms at then evaluate at
解答:
等差数列的第 项是 的线性函数,因此两个等差数列对应项的乘积是一个二次式 。将给出的三项依次编号为 、、,则 得到 和 ,所以 ,,。
第八项为 。(确实有 ,它是两个等差数列的乘积,并符合给出的项。)
The th term of an arithmetic sequence is linear in so the product of corresponding terms of two arithmetic sequences is a quadratic Indexing the given terms by which give and so
The eighth term is (Indeed a product of two arithmetic sequences matching the given terms.)
9.
考虑多项式 和 。已知 、、、 是方程 的根,求 。
Consider the polynomials and Given that and are the roots of find
10.
两个正整数相差 。它们的平方根之和等于某个整数的平方根,并且该整数不是完全平方数。求这两个整数之和的最大可能值。
Two positive integers differ by The sum of their square roots is the square root of an integer that is not a perfect square. What is the maximum possible sum of the two integers?
小提示:
将这两个整数写成 和 。若 ,其中 是整数,则 必须是完全平方数
Write the integers as and If with an integer, then must be a perfect square
大提示:
令 并分解 ;舍去两个整数都是完全平方数的情况
Set and factor discard the case where both integers are perfect squares
解答:
设两个整数为 和 ,并假设 。平方得 ,所以 必须是完全平方数,记为 。配方得到 即 这两个因数奇偶性相同,且乘积为偶数,因此它们都为偶数。
因数对 、、、 分别给出 、、、,所以 、、、。当 时,两个整数 和 都是完全平方数,所以 且 是完全平方数,不符合条件。当 时,两个整数为 和 ,且 ,而 不是完全平方数。
因此最大可能和为 。
Let the integers be and and suppose Squaring, so must be a perfect square, say Completing the square, i.e. The two factors have the same parity and their product is even, so both are even.
The factor pairs give so For the integers are and both perfect squares, so and is a perfect square — not allowed. For the integers are and with and is not a perfect square.
The maximum possible sum is therefore
11.
三角形 是直角三角形,,,且直角在 点。 是 的中点,点 与 位于直线 的同侧,并满足 。已知 的面积可表示为 ,其中 、、 是正整数, 与 互质,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Triangle is a right triangle with and right angle at Point is the midpoint of and is on the same side of line as so that Given that the area of can be expressed as where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime, find
小提示:
斜边上的中线给出 ,且 位于过 且垂直于 的直线上,因此
The median to the hypotenuse gives and lies on the perpendicular to at so
大提示:
使用面积 ,其中 ,并从三角形 的余弦定理求
Use area where and get from the law of cosines in triangle
解答:
斜边为 ,斜边上的中线给出 。因为 ,点 位于过 且垂直于 的直线上,所以 ,且其长度为
设 。在三角形 中, 且 ,由余弦定理得到 由于 和 在 的同侧,且 ,我们有 ,所以 。
因此 所以 。
The hypotenuse is and the median to the hypotenuse gives Since point lies on the perpendicular to at so and
Let In triangle with and the law of cosines gives Since and are on the same side of and we have so
Therefore and
12.
某个杰出委员会的成员正在选主席,每位成员都给 位候选人中的一位投一票。对每位候选人,其确切的得票百分比至少比所得票数小 。委员会成员人数的最小可能值是多少?
The members of a distinguished committee were choosing a president, and each member gave one vote to one of the candidates. For each candidate, the exact percentage of votes the candidate got was smaller by at least than the number of votes for that candidate. What is the smallest possible number of members of the committee?
小提示:
若某候选人在总数为 的投票中得了 票,则条件为 ,即
If a candidate got votes out of the condition says i.e.
大提示:
因为 是整数,每位候选人至少需要 票,所以 ;找出满足条件的最小 和一种投票分布
Since is an integer, each candidate needs votes, so find the smallest such and a vote distribution
解答:
设成员人数为 。得到 票的候选人的得票百分比为 ,因此条件为 ,整理得 。这迫使 ,并且
若 ,则 ,所以每位候选人都至少需要 票,总票数至少为 ,不可能。
当 时,每位候选人需要 ,即至少 票,这是可以做到的:让 位候选人各得 票,另一个候选人得 票。确实, 且 。所以最小可能成员人数为 。
Let be the number of members. A candidate with votes has percentage so the condition is which rearranges to This forces and
If then so every candidate needs at least votes, and the total is at least — impossible.
For each candidate needs i.e. at least votes, and this is achievable: let candidates receive votes each and one receive Indeed and So the smallest possible number of members is
13.
一只虫子从等边三角形的一个顶点出发。每一步,它随机选择当前不在的另外两个顶点之一,并沿着三角形的一条边爬到该顶点。已知这只虫子在第十步移动到其起始顶点的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
A bug starts at a vertex of an equilateral triangle. On each move, it randomly selects one of the two vertices where it is not currently located, and crawls along a side of the triangle to that vertex. Given that the probability that the bug moves to its starting vertex on its tenth move is where and are relatively prime positive integers, find
小提示:
设 为虫子在 步后回到起点的概率;则
Let be the probability the bug is home after moves; then
大提示:
减去不动点: 是公比为 的等比数列
Subtract the fixed point: is geometric with ratio
解答:
设 为虫子在走完 步后位于起始顶点的概率,因此 。虫子在第 步后回到起点,当且仅当它在第 步后位于别处(概率为 ),然后选择起始顶点(概率为 ):
这个递推的不动点为 ,且 ,所以 。
当 时,因为 与 没有公因数,。
Let be the probability that the bug is at its starting vertex after moves, so The bug is home after move exactly when it was elsewhere after move (probability ) and then chose the starting vertex (probability ):
The fixed point of this recurrence is and so
For Since and share no factor,
14.
设 且 是坐标平面上的点。设 是一个凸等边六边形,满足 ,,,,并且其顶点的 -坐标是集合 中互不相同的元素。该六边形的面积可写成 ,其中 和 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Let and be points on the coordinate plane. Let be a convex equilateral hexagon such that and the -coordinates of its vertices are distinct elements of the set The area of the hexagon can be written in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
相等且平行的对边使六边形中心对称,因此所有相对顶点的 -坐标之和相同
Equal, parallel opposite sides make the hexagon centrally symmetric, so the -coordinates of opposite vertices all have the same sum
大提示:
按顺序的 -坐标为 、、、、、。将 写成点积并求边长
The -coordinates in order are Express as a dot product and solve for the side length
解答:
每组对边都平行且等长;把每组中的第二条边反向后,对应向量相等,即 、、。因此这个六边形中心对称,相对顶点的 -坐标有共同的和,即 。由 和 得到 、,凸性又给出 、。写 、、。边长相等给出 ,所以 ;若 ,则 、、 共线,因此 。
因为 ,所以 ,且 给出 取 会迫使 ,所以 ,方程变为 。平方得到 ,所以 ,进而 ,,。
各顶点为 、、、、、。该六边形可分成平行四边形 和两个全等三角形 与 。平行四边形的竖直边 ,水平偏移为 ,面积为 ;每个三角形的竖直底为 ,水平高为 。总面积为 所以 。
Opposite sides are parallel, equal in length, and traversed in opposite directions, so the hexagon is centrally symmetric, and opposite vertices’ -coordinates share a common sum, namely From and we get and convexity puts Write Equal side lengths give so since would make collinear,
Since we have and gives Taking forces so and the equation becomes Squaring yields so giving
The vertices are The hexagon splits into the parallelogram with vertical side and horizontal offset (area ), plus the two congruent triangles and each with vertical base and horizontal height The total area is so
15.
设 设 、、、 为 的不同零点,并对 、、、,令 ,其中 ,且 和 为实数。若 其中 、、 是整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 。
Let Let be the distinct zeros of and let for where and and are real numbers. Let where and are integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
乘以 :系数会裂项相消,留下
Multiply by the coefficients telescope, leaving
大提示:
不同零点是 和除 外的 次单位根,因此每个平方为 ,且
The distinct zeros are and the th roots of unity other than so each square is and
解答:
中 的系数在 时为 ;到 为止,相邻系数之差为 ,之后为 。因此乘以 会裂项相消:所以当 时,
因此 的不同零点为 以及除 外的 次单位根:,其中 。零点 没有贡献,且 ,所以 。
当 从 到 时, 的值为 、、、、、,如此重复两次,和为 ; 的项重复 的项,再增加 。总和为 ,所以 。
The coefficient of in is for and consecutive coefficients differ by up through and by afterwards. Multiplying by therefore telescopes: so for
The distinct zeros of are therefore together with the th roots of unity other than for The zero contributes nothing, and so
As runs from to the values are repeated twice, summing to the terms for repeat those for and add another The total is so