2003 AIME II 真题

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1.

三个正整数的乘积 NN 是它们和的 66 倍。已知其中一个整数等于另外两个整数的和。求 NN 的所有可能值之和。

The product NN of three positive integers is 66 times their sum, and one of the integers is the sum of the other two. Find the sum of all possible values of N.N.

答案:336
知识点:丢番图方程因式分解
难度评级:1840
小提示:

设这三个整数为 aabbc=a+bc = a + b,然后代入 abc=6(a+b+c)abc = 6(a + b + c)

Let the integers be a,a, b,b, and c=a+b,c = a + b, and substitute into abc=6(a+b+c)abc = 6(a + b + c)

大提示:

方程化简为 ab=12ab = 121212 的每一种因数分解都会给出一个 N=12cN = 12c 的值

The equation reduces to ab=12;ab = 12; each way of factoring 1212 gives one value of N=12cN = 12c

解答:

设这三个整数为 aabbc=a+bc = a + b。则 N=abc=6(a+b+c)=62c=12c \begin{aligned} N &= abc = 6(a + b + c) \\ &= 6 \cdot 2c = 12c \end{aligned}\text{,}并且从 abc=12cabc = 12c 中约去 cc 得到 ab=12ab = 12

因数分解 (a,b)=(1,12)(a, b) = (1, 12)(2,6)(2, 6)(3,4)(3, 4) 分别给出 c=13c = 138877,因而 N=12c=156N = 12c = 15696968484。所有可能值之和为 156+96+84=336156 + 96 + 84 = 336

Let the integers be a,a, b,b, and c=a+b.c = a + b. Then N=abc=6(a+b+c)=62c=12c, \begin{aligned} N &= abc = 6(a + b + c) \\ &= 6 \cdot 2c = 12c, \end{aligned} and cancelling cc from abc=12cabc = 12c leaves ab=12.ab = 12.

The factorizations (a,b)=(1,12),(a, b) = (1, 12), (2,6),(2, 6), (3,4)(3, 4) give c=13,c = 13, 8,8, 77 and N=12c=156,N = 12c = 156, 96,96, 84.84. The sum of all possible values is 156+96+84=336.156 + 96 + 84 = 336.

2.

NN 是最大的 88 的整数倍,且其任意两个数位都不相同。NN 除以 10001000 的余数是多少?

Let NN be the greatest integer multiple of 8,8, no two of whose digits are the same. What is the remainder when NN is divided by 1000?1000?

答案:120
知识点:整除性数字
难度评级:1970
小提示:

一个数是 88 的倍数,当且仅当它的最后三位组成的数也是 88 的倍数

A number is a multiple of 88 exactly when the number formed by its last three digits is a multiple of 88

大提示:

使用全部十个数字,把 98765439876543 放在前面,再把数字 001122 排在末尾,使其成为 88 的倍数

Use all ten digits, putting 98765439876543 up front, and arrange the digits 0,0, 1,1, 22 at the end to form a multiple of 88

解答:

一个整数能否被 88 整除,只取决于其最后三位组成的数是否能被整除。为了使 NN 尽可能大,应该把十个数字各用一次,并把最大的数字放在最前面:前面的数位是 98765439876543,最后三位是 001122 的某种排列,前提是其中有排列能被 88 整除。

检查 012012021021102102120120201201210210,只有 12012088 的倍数。因此 N=9,876,543,120N = 9{,}876{,}543{,}120,除以 10001000 的余数为 120120

An integer is divisible by 88 exactly when the number formed by its last three digits is. To make NN as large as possible, use all ten digits once each and put the largest digits first: the leading digits are 9876543,9876543, and the final three digits are some arrangement of 0,0, 1,1, 22 — provided one of those arrangements is a multiple of 8.8.

Checking 012,012, 021,021, 102,102, 120,120, 201,201, 210,210, the only multiple of 88 is 120.120. So N=9,876,543,120,N = 9{,}876{,}543{,}120, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 120.120.

3.

定义一个好词为只由字母 AABBCC 组成的字母序列,其中某些字母可以不出现,并且 AA 后面绝不紧跟 BBBB 后面绝不紧跟 CCCC 后面绝不紧跟 AA。有多少个由七个字母组成的好词?

Define a good word as a sequence of letters that consists only of the letters A,A, B,B, and CC — some of these letters may not appear in the sequence — and in which AA is never immediately followed by B,B, BB is never immediately followed by C,C, and CC is never immediately followed by A.A. How many seven-letter good words are there?

答案:192
难度评级:1750
小提示:

每个字母都只禁止一种字母紧跟在它后面

Each letter forbids exactly one letter from coming immediately after it

大提示:

第一个字母有 33 种选择,之后每个字母都恰好有 22 种合法选择

There are 33 choices for the first letter, and every later letter has exactly 22 legal choices

解答:

每个字母都排除恰好一种后继字母(AA 禁止 BBBB 禁止 CCCC 禁止 AA),所以无论刚写下的字母是什么,接下来 33 个字母中恰有 22 个可以使用。

第一个字母有 33 种选择,剩下六个位置每个都有 22 种选择,因此七个字母的好词个数为 326=1923 \cdot 2^6 = 192

Each letter rules out exactly one successor (AA forbids B,B, BB forbids C,C, CC forbids AA), so whatever letter has just been written, exactly 22 of the 33 letters may come next.

With 33 choices for the first letter and 22 for each of the remaining six positions, the number of seven-letter good words is 326=192.3 \cdot 2^6 = 192.

4.

在一个正四面体中,四个面的中心是一个较小四面体的顶点。较小四面体的体积与较大四面体的体积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

In a regular tetrahedron, the centers of the four faces are the vertices of a smaller tetrahedron. The ratio of the volume of the smaller tetrahedron to that of the larger is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:28
难度评级:2180
小提示:

与顶点 AA 相对的面的中心是 B+C+D3\frac{B + C + D}{3};将它与重心 A+B+C+D4\frac{A + B + C + D}{4} 比较

The center of the face opposite vertex AA is B+C+D3;\frac{B + C + D}{3}; compare it with the centroid A+B+C+D4\frac{A + B + C + D}{4}

大提示:

每个面心都是相对顶点关于重心按比例 13-\frac{1}{3} 缩放得到的,因此两个四面体相似;体积按长度比例的三次方缩放

Each face center is the opposite vertex scaled by 13-\frac{1}{3} about the centroid, so the two tetrahedra are similar; volume scales as the cube

解答:

使用位置向量,设 G=A+B+C+D4G = \frac{A + B + C + D}{4} 为四面体的重心。与 AA 相对的面的中心为 B+C+D3=4GA3=G13(AG) \begin{aligned} \frac{B + C + D}{3} &= \frac{4G - A}{3} \\ &= G - \frac{1}{3}(A - G) \end{aligned}\text{,}因此每个面心都是相对顶点在以 GG 为中心、比例为 13-\frac{1}{3} 的位似变换下的像。

所以较小四面体与较大四面体相似,长度比为 13\frac{1}{3},体积比为 (13)3=127\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^3 = \frac{1}{27},因而 m+n=1+27=28m + n = 1 + 27 = 28

Use position vectors, and let G=A+B+C+D4G = \frac{A + B + C + D}{4} be the centroid of the tetrahedron. The center of the face opposite AA is B+C+D3=4GA3=G13(AG), \begin{aligned} \frac{B + C + D}{3} &= \frac{4G - A}{3} \\ &= G - \frac{1}{3}(A - G), \end{aligned} so each face center is the image of the opposite vertex under the homothety centered at GG with ratio 13.-\frac{1}{3}.

Hence the smaller tetrahedron is similar to the larger with ratio 13,\frac{1}{3}, and its volume is (13)3=127\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^3 = \frac{1}{27} of the larger. Thus m+n=1+27=28.m + n = 1 + 27 = 28.

5.

一根圆柱形木料的直径为 1212 英寸。用两个完全穿过木料的平面切割,从木料中切出一个楔形体。第一刀垂直于圆柱轴线,第二刀所在的平面与第一刀所在的平面成 4545^\circ 角。这两个平面的交线与木料恰好只有一个公共点。该楔形体的体积为 nπn\pi 立方英寸,其中 nn 是正整数。求 nn

A cylindrical log has diameter 1212 inches. A wedge is cut from the log by making two planar cuts that go entirely through the log. The first is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, and the plane of the second cut forms a 4545^\circ angle with the plane of the first cut. The intersection of these two planes has exactly one point in common with the log. The number of cubic inches in the wedge can be expressed as nπ,n\pi, where nn is a positive integer. Find n.n.

答案:216
难度评级:2300
小提示:

两个切割平面的交线只与木料相切于一点,因此它是圆形截面的切线

The line where the two cutting planes meet touches the log at one point, so it is tangent to the circular cross-section

大提示:

把这个楔形体和它旋转 180180^\circ 后的副本粘在一起:圆盘上每一点对应的两个高度之和为 1212

Glue the wedge to a 180180^\circ-rotated copy of itself: the two heights above each point of the disk add up to 1212

解答:

把第一刀看作水平切割。两个切割平面的交线与木料恰好只有一个公共点,因此它是半径为 66 的圆形截面的切线。于是楔形体位于整个圆盘上方:在切点处高度为 00;又因为第二刀成 4545^\circ,到直径另一端时高度线性增加到 1212

将圆盘上的每一点与它关于圆心的对称点配对:楔形体在这两点上方的高度之和恰好为 1212。因此两个楔形体副本可以拼成一个半径为 66、高为 1212 的圆柱,楔形体的体积为 12π6212=216π\frac{1}{2}\,\pi \cdot 6^2 \cdot 12 = 216\pi\text{。}所以 n=216n = 216

Take the first cut as horizontal. The line where the two cutting planes meet touches the log at exactly one point, so it is tangent to the circular cross-section of radius 6.6. The wedge therefore stands over the entire disk: its height is 00 at the tangent point and, because the second cut is at 45,45^\circ, it rises linearly to 1212 at the diametrically opposite point.

Pair each point of the disk with its mirror image through the center: the wedge’s heights over the two points add to exactly 12.12. So two copies of the wedge fit together into a cylinder of radius 66 and height 12,12, and the wedge’s volume is 12π6212=216π.\frac{1}{2}\,\pi \cdot 6^2 \cdot 12 = 216\pi. Thus n=216.n = 216.

6.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=13AB = 13BC=14BC = 14AC=15AC = 15,点 GG 是三条中线的交点。点 AA'BB'CC' 分别是 AABBCC 关于 GG 旋转 180180^\circ 后的像。求三角形 ABCABCABCA'B'C' 所围成的两个区域的并集面积。

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, AC=15,AC = 15, and point GG is the intersection of the medians. Points A,A', B,B', and CC' are the images of A,A, B,B, and C,C, respectively, after a 180180^\circ rotation about G.G. What is the area of the union of the two regions enclosed by the triangles ABCABC and ABC?A'B'C'?

答案:112
难度评级:2510
小提示:

180180^\circ 旋转把每条直线变成一条平行直线,因此两个三角形在中央重叠成一个六边形

The 180180^\circ rotation takes each line to a parallel line, so the two triangles overlap in a central hexagon

大提示:

重心位于每条高的 13\frac{1}{3} 处,因此 AA' 落在距对应边 h3\frac{h}{3}、位于直线 BCBC 外侧的位置;每个伸出的角都与原三角形相似,比例为 13\frac{1}{3}

The centroid sits at 13\frac{1}{3} of each height, so AA' lands at height h3\frac{h}{3} beyond line BC;BC; each protruding corner is similar to the triangle with ratio 13\frac{1}{3}

解答:

180180^\circ 旋转把每条直线变成一条平行直线,因此 ABC\triangle A'B'C'ABC\triangle ABC 全等,且对应边平行。把 BCBC 看作水平,设 AA 到它的高为 hh。重心 GG 的高度为 h3\frac{h}{3},所以 AA'AA 关于 GG 的对称点,其高度为 2h3h=h32 \cdot \frac{h}{3} - h = -\frac{h}{3},在线 BCBC 的另一侧,而 BB'CC' 的高度为 2h3\frac{2h}{3}

因此直线 BCBCABC\triangle A'B'C' 中切下 AA' 处的角:切线平行于 BCB'C',该角的高 h3\frac{h}{3} 是整个三角形高 hh 的三分之一,所以该角的相似比为 13\frac{1}{3},面积为 19[ABC]\frac{1}{9}[ABC]ABC\triangle ABC 的每一边都发生同样的情况,这三个角正好是 ABC\triangle A'B'C'ABC\triangle ABC 外面的部分。因此并集面积为 [ABC]+319[ABC]=43[ABC] \begin{aligned} &[ABC] + 3 \cdot \tfrac{1}{9}[ABC] \\ &= \tfrac{4}{3}[ABC] \end{aligned}\text{。}

由海伦公式,s=21s = 21[ABC]=21876=84[ABC] = \sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84,所以并集面积为 4384=112\frac{4}{3} \cdot 84 = 112

A 180180^\circ rotation takes each line to a parallel line, so ABC\triangle A'B'C' is congruent to ABC\triangle ABC with parallel sides. View BCBC as horizontal and let hh be the height of AA above it. The centroid GG is at height h3,\frac{h}{3}, so A,A', the reflection of AA through G,G, is at height 2h3h=h3,2 \cdot \frac{h}{3} - h = -\frac{h}{3}, on the far side of line BC,BC, while BB' and CC' are at height 2h3.\frac{2h}{3}.

Line BCBC therefore slices off the corner of ABC\triangle A'B'C' at A:A': the cut is parallel to BC,B'C', and the corner’s height h3\frac{h}{3} is one third of the triangle’s full height h,h, so the corner is similar with ratio 13\frac{1}{3} and has area 19[ABC].\frac{1}{9}[ABC]. The same happens at each side of ABC,\triangle ABC, and these three corners are exactly the part of ABC\triangle A'B'C' outside ABC.\triangle ABC. Hence the union has area [ABC]+319[ABC]=43[ABC]. \begin{aligned} &[ABC] + 3 \cdot \tfrac{1}{9}[ABC] \\ &= \tfrac{4}{3}[ABC]. \end{aligned}

By Heron’s formula with s=21,s = 21, [ABC]=21876=84,[ABC] = \sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84, so the union has area 4384=112.\frac{4}{3} \cdot 84 = 112.

7.

已知三角形 ABDABDACDACD 的外接圆半径分别为 12.512.52525,求菱形 ABCDABCD 的面积。

Find the area of rhombus ABCDABCD given that the radii of the circles circumscribed around triangles ABDABD and ACDACD are 12.512.5 and 25,25, respectively.

答案:400
难度评级:2560
小提示:

设边长为 ssα=BAC\alpha = \angle BAC。两条对角线的长度为 2scosα2s\cos\alpha2ssinα2s\sin\alpha

Let ss be the side and α=BAC.\alpha = \angle BAC. The diagonals have lengths 2scosα2s\cos\alpha and 2ssinα2s\sin\alpha

大提示:

在三角形 ABDABDACDACD 中使用扩展正弦定理,得到 R1=s2cosαR_1 = \frac{s}{2\cos\alpha}R2=s2sinαR_2 = \frac{s}{2\sin\alpha},因而 tanα=R1R2\tan\alpha = \frac{R_1}{R_2}

The extended law of sines in triangles ABDABD and ACDACD gives R1=s2cosαR_1 = \frac{s}{2\cos\alpha} and R2=s2sinα,R_2 = \frac{s}{2\sin\alpha}, so tanα=R1R2\tan\alpha = \frac{R_1}{R_2}

解答:

设边长为 ssα=BAC\alpha = \angle BAC(对角线 ACAC 平分角 AA)。于是两条对角线的长度为 AC=2scosαAC = 2s\cos\alphaBD=2ssinαBD = 2s\sin\alpha。在三角形 ABDABD 中,边 BDBD 对着角 BAD=2α\angle BAD = 2\alpha,所以扩展正弦定理给出 12.5=R1=BD2sin2α=2ssinα4sinαcosα=s2cosα \begin{aligned} 12.5 = R_1 &= \frac{BD}{2\sin 2\alpha} \\ &= \frac{2s\sin\alpha}{4\sin\alpha\cos\alpha} \\ &= \frac{s}{2\cos\alpha} \end{aligned}\text{。}在三角形 ACDACD 中,边 ACAC 对着 ADC=1802α\angle ADC = 180^\circ - 2\alpha,同理 25=R2=s2sinα25 = R_2 = \frac{s}{2\sin\alpha}

两式相除,tanα=R1R2=12\tan\alpha = \frac{R_1}{R_2} = \frac{1}{2},因此 sinα=15\sin\alpha = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}cosα=25\cos\alpha = \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}。于是 s=2R2sinα=505=105s = 2R_2\sin\alpha = \frac{50}{\sqrt{5}} = 10\sqrt{5}

面积为两条对角线乘积的一半:122scosα2ssinα=2s2sinαcosα=250025=400 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2s\cos\alpha \cdot 2s\sin\alpha \\ &= 2s^2\sin\alpha\cos\alpha \\ &= 2 \cdot 500 \cdot \frac{2}{5} = 400 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let ss be the side length and α=BAC\alpha = \angle BAC (the diagonal ACAC bisects angle AA). The diagonals then have lengths AC=2scosαAC = 2s\cos\alpha and BD=2ssinα.BD = 2s\sin\alpha. In triangle ABD,ABD, side BDBD subtends the angle BAD=2α,\angle BAD = 2\alpha, so the extended law of sines gives 12.5=R1=BD2sin2α=2ssinα4sinαcosα=s2cosα. \begin{aligned} 12.5 = R_1 &= \frac{BD}{2\sin 2\alpha} \\ &= \frac{2s\sin\alpha}{4\sin\alpha\cos\alpha} \\ &= \frac{s}{2\cos\alpha}. \end{aligned} In triangle ACD,ACD, side ACAC subtends ADC=1802α,\angle ADC = 180^\circ - 2\alpha, so similarly 25=R2=s2sinα.25 = R_2 = \frac{s}{2\sin\alpha}.

Dividing, tanα=R1R2=12,\tan\alpha = \frac{R_1}{R_2} = \frac{1}{2}, so sinα=15\sin\alpha = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} and cosα=25.\cos\alpha = \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}. Then s=2R2sinα=505=105.s = 2R_2\sin\alpha = \frac{50}{\sqrt{5}} = 10\sqrt{5}.

The area is half the product of the diagonals: 122scosα2ssinα=2s2sinαcosα=250025=400. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2s\cos\alpha \cdot 2s\sin\alpha \\ &= 2s^2\sin\alpha\cos\alpha \\ &= 2 \cdot 500 \cdot \frac{2}{5} = 400. \end{aligned}

8.

数列 144014401716171618481848\ldots 的每一项由两个等差数列的对应项相乘得到。求这个数列的第八项。

Find the eighth term of the sequence 1440,1440, 1716,1716, 1848,1848, ,\ldots, whose terms are formed by multiplying the corresponding terms of two arithmetic sequences.

答案:348
难度评级:2340
小提示:

两个关于 nn 的线性函数相乘,得到一个关于 nn 的二次函数

The product of two linear functions of nn is a quadratic function of nn

大提示:

n=0n = 01122 处的三个给定项拟合 an2+bn+can^2 + bn + c,然后在 n=7n = 7 处求值

Fit an2+bn+can^2 + bn + c through the three given terms at n=0,n = 0, 1,1, 2,2, then evaluate at n=7n = 7

解答:

等差数列的第 nn 项是 nn 的线性函数,因此两个等差数列对应项的乘积是一个二次式 tn=an2+bn+ct_n = an^2 + bn + c。将给出的三项依次编号为 n=0n = 01122,则 c=1440,a+b+c=1716,4a+2b+c=1848 \begin{aligned} c &= 1440, \\ a + b + c &= 1716, \\ 4a + 2b + c &= 1848 \end{aligned}\text{,}得到 a+b=276a + b = 2762a+b=2042a + b = 204,所以 a=72a = -72b=348b = 348c=1440c = 1440

第八项为 t7=7249t_7 = -72 \cdot 49 +3487+ 348 \cdot 7 +1440=348+ 1440 = 348。(确实有 tn=(18024n)(8+3n)t_n = (180 - 24n)(8 + 3n),它是两个等差数列的乘积,并符合给出的项。)

The nnth term of an arithmetic sequence is linear in n,n, so the product of corresponding terms of two arithmetic sequences is a quadratic tn=an2+bn+c.t_n = an^2 + bn + c. Indexing the given terms by n=0,n = 0, 1,1, 2:2: c=1440,a+b+c=1716,4a+2b+c=1848, \begin{aligned} c &= 1440, \\ a + b + c &= 1716, \\ 4a + 2b + c &= 1848, \end{aligned} which give a+b=276a + b = 276 and 2a+b=204,2a + b = 204, so a=72,a = -72, b=348,b = 348, c=1440.c = 1440.

The eighth term is t7=7249t_7 = -72 \cdot 49 +3487+ 348 \cdot 7 +1440=348.+ 1440 = 348. (Indeed tn=(18024n)(8+3n),t_n = (180 - 24n)(8 + 3n), a product of two arithmetic sequences matching the given terms.)

9.

考虑多项式 P(x)=x6x5x3x2xP(x) = x^6 - x^5 - x^3 - x^2 - xQ(x)=x4x3x21Q(x) = x^4 - x^3 - x^2 - 1。已知 z1z_1z2z_2z3z_3z4z_4 是方程 Q(x)=0Q(x) = 0 的根,求 P(z1)+P(z2)+P(z3)+P(z4)P(z_1) + P(z_2) + P(z_3) + P(z_4)

Consider the polynomials P(x)=x6x5x3x2xP(x) = x^6 - x^5 - x^3 - x^2 - x and Q(x)=x4x3x21.Q(x) = x^4 - x^3 - x^2 - 1. Given that z1,z_1, z2,z_2, z3,z_3, and z4z_4 are the roots of Q(x)=0,Q(x) = 0, find P(z1)+P(z2)+P(z3)+P(z4).P(z_1) + P(z_2) + P(z_3) + P(z_4).

答案:6
难度评级:2400
小提示:

Q(x)Q(x)P(x)P(x);在 QQ 的根处,只有余式保留下来

Divide P(x)P(x) by Q(x);Q(x); at the roots of Q,Q, only the remainder survives

大提示:

P(x)=Q(x)(x2+1)P(x) = Q(x)(x^2 + 1) +x2x+1+ x^2 - x + 1,因此用 QQ 的韦达定理求 zi2zi+1z_i^2 - z_i + 1 的和

P(x)=Q(x)(x2+1)P(x) = Q(x)(x^2 + 1) +x2x+1,+ x^2 - x + 1, so sum zi2zi+1z_i^2 - z_i + 1 using Vieta’s formulas on QQ

解答:

多项式除法给出 P(x)=Q(x)(x2+1)+x2x+1 \begin{aligned} &P(x) = Q(x)\,(x^2 + 1) \\ &\quad {}+ x^2 - x + 1 \end{aligned}\text{,}因此对 QQ 的每个根 ziz_i 都有 P(zi)=zi2zi+1P(z_i) = z_i^2 - z_i + 1

Q(x)=x4x3x21Q(x) = x^4 - x^3 - x^2 - 1 的韦达定理,zi=1\sum z_i = 1i<jzizj=1\sum_{i \lt j} z_i z_j = -1,所以 zi2=(zi)22i<jzizj\sum z_i^2 = \left(\sum z_i\right)^2 - 2\sum_{i \lt j} z_i z_j =1+2=3= 1 + 2 = 3。因此 i=14P(zi)=31+4=6\sum_{i=1}^4 P(z_i) = 3 - 1 + 4 = 6\text{。}

Polynomial division gives P(x)=Q(x)(x2+1)+x2x+1, \begin{aligned} &P(x) = Q(x)\,(x^2 + 1) \\ &\quad {}+ x^2 - x + 1, \end{aligned} so P(zi)=zi2zi+1P(z_i) = z_i^2 - z_i + 1 for each root ziz_i of Q.Q.

By Vieta’s formulas for Q(x)=x4x3x21,Q(x) = x^4 - x^3 - x^2 - 1, we have zi=1\sum z_i = 1 and i<jzizj=1,\sum_{i \lt j} z_i z_j = -1, so zi2=(zi)22i<jzizj\sum z_i^2 = \left(\sum z_i\right)^2 - 2\sum_{i \lt j} z_i z_j =1+2=3.= 1 + 2 = 3. Therefore i=14P(zi)=31+4=6.\sum_{i=1}^4 P(z_i) = 3 - 1 + 4 = 6.

10.

两个正整数相差 6060。它们的平方根之和等于某个整数的平方根,并且该整数不是完全平方数。求这两个整数之和的最大可能值。

Two positive integers differ by 60.60. The sum of their square roots is the square root of an integer that is not a perfect square. What is the maximum possible sum of the two integers?

答案:156
难度评级:2650
小提示:

将这两个整数写成 xxx+60x + 60。若 x+x+60=y\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 60} = \sqrt{y},其中 yy 是整数,则 x(x+60)x(x + 60) 必须是完全平方数

Write the integers as xx and x+60.x + 60. If x+x+60=y\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 60} = \sqrt{y} with yy an integer, then x(x+60)x(x + 60) must be a perfect square

大提示:

x(x+60)=z2x(x + 60) = z^2 并分解 (x+30+z)(x+30z)=900(x + 30 + z)(x + 30 - z) = 900;舍去两个整数都是完全平方数的情况

Set x(x+60)=z2x(x + 60) = z^2 and factor (x+30+z)(x+30z)=900;(x + 30 + z)(x + 30 - z) = 900; discard the case where both integers are perfect squares

解答:

设两个整数为 xxx+60x + 60,并假设 x+x+60=y\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 60} = \sqrt{y}。平方得 y=2x+60+2x(x+60)y = 2x + 60 + 2\sqrt{x(x + 60)},所以 x(x+60)x(x + 60) 必须是完全平方数,记为 z2z^2。配方得到 (x+30)2z2=900(x + 30)^2 - z^2 = 900\text{,}(x+30+z)(x+30z)=900(x + 30 + z)(x + 30 - z) = 900\text{。}这两个因数奇偶性相同,且乘积为偶数,因此它们都为偶数。

因数对 (450,2)(450, 2)(150,6)(150, 6)(90,10)(90, 10)(50,18)(50, 18) 分别给出 x+30=226x + 30 = 226787850503434,所以 x=196x = 1964848202044。当 x=196x = 196 时,两个整数 196196256256 都是完全平方数,所以 y=14+16=30\sqrt{y} = 14 + 16 = 30y=900y = 900 是完全平方数,不符合条件。当 x=48x = 48 时,两个整数为 4848108108,且 48+108=43+63\sqrt{48} + \sqrt{108} = 4\sqrt{3} + 6\sqrt{3} =300= \sqrt{300},而 300300 不是完全平方数。

因此最大可能和为 48+108=15648 + 108 = 156

Let the integers be xx and x+60,x + 60, and suppose x+x+60=y.\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 60} = \sqrt{y}. Squaring, y=2x+60+2x(x+60),y = 2x + 60 + 2\sqrt{x(x + 60)}, so x(x+60)x(x + 60) must be a perfect square, say z2.z^2. Completing the square, (x+30)2z2=900,(x + 30)^2 - z^2 = 900, i.e. (x+30+z)(x+30z)=900.(x + 30 + z)(x + 30 - z) = 900. The two factors have the same parity and their product is even, so both are even.

The factor pairs (450,2),(450, 2), (150,6),(150, 6), (90,10),(90, 10), (50,18)(50, 18) give x+30=226,x + 30 = 226, 78,78, 50,50, 34,34, so x=196,x = 196, 48,48, 20,20, 4.4. For x=196x = 196 the integers are 196196 and 256,256, both perfect squares, so y=14+16=30\sqrt{y} = 14 + 16 = 30 and y=900y = 900 is a perfect square — not allowed. For x=48x = 48 the integers are 4848 and 108,108, with 48+108=43+63\sqrt{48} + \sqrt{108} = 4\sqrt{3} + 6\sqrt{3} =300,= \sqrt{300}, and 300300 is not a perfect square.

The maximum possible sum is therefore 48+108=156.48 + 108 = 156.

11.

三角形 ABCABC 是直角三角形,AC=7AC = 7BC=24BC = 24,且直角在 CC 点。MMAB\overline{AB} 的中点,点 DDCC 位于直线 ABAB 的同侧,并满足 AD=BD=15AD = BD = 15。已知 CDM\triangle CDM 的面积可表示为 mnp\frac{m\sqrt{n}}{p},其中 mmnnpp 是正整数,mmpp 互质,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Triangle ABCABC is a right triangle with AC=7,AC = 7, BC=24,BC = 24, and right angle at C.C. Point MM is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and DD is on the same side of line ABAB as CC so that AD=BD=15.AD = BD = 15. Given that the area of CDM\triangle CDM can be expressed as mnp,\frac{m\sqrt{n}}{p}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, mm and pp are relatively prime, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime, find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:578
难度评级:2840
小提示:

斜边上的中线给出 CM=252CM = \frac{25}{2},且 DD 位于过 MM 且垂直于 ABAB 的直线上,因此 DM=152(252)2DM = \sqrt{15^2 - \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2}

The median to the hypotenuse gives CM=252,CM = \frac{25}{2}, and DD lies on the perpendicular to ABAB at M,M, so DM=152(252)2DM = \sqrt{15^2 - \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2}

大提示:

使用面积 =12CMDMsinCMD= \frac{1}{2} \cdot CM \cdot DM \cdot \sin\angle CMD,其中 CMD=90AMC\angle CMD = 90^\circ - \angle AMC,并从三角形 AMCAMC 的余弦定理求 cosAMC\cos\angle AMC

Use area =12CMDMsinCMD,= \frac{1}{2} \cdot CM \cdot DM \cdot \sin\angle CMD, where CMD=90AMC,\angle CMD = 90^\circ - \angle AMC, and get cosAMC\cos\angle AMC from the law of cosines in triangle AMCAMC

解答:

斜边为 AB=72+242=25AB = \sqrt{7^2 + 24^2} = 25,斜边上的中线给出 CM=252CM = \frac{25}{2}。因为 AD=BDAD = BD,点 DD 位于过 MM 且垂直于 ABAB 的直线上,所以 DMABDM \perp AB,且其长度为 DM=152(252)2=2754=5112 \begin{aligned} DM &= \sqrt{15^2 - \left(\tfrac{25}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{\tfrac{275}{4}} = \tfrac{5\sqrt{11}}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

β=AMC\beta = \angle AMC。在三角形 AMCAMC 中,AM=CM=252AM = CM = \frac{25}{2}AC=7AC = 7,由余弦定理得到 cosβ=(252)2+(252)2722252252=527625 \begin{aligned} \cos\beta &= \frac{\left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2 - 7^2} {2 \cdot \frac{25}{2} \cdot \frac{25}{2}} \\ &= \frac{527}{625} \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 CCDDABAB 的同侧,且 MDABMD \perp AB,我们有 CMD=90β\angle CMD = 90^\circ - \beta,所以 sinCMD=cosβ\sin\angle CMD = \cos\beta

因此 [CDM]=122525112527625=5271140 \begin{aligned} [CDM] &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{25}{2} \cdot \frac{5\sqrt{11}}{2} \cdot \frac{527}{625} \\ &= \frac{527\sqrt{11}}{40} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n+p=527+11+40m + n + p = 527 + 11 + 40 =578= 578

The hypotenuse is AB=72+242=25,AB = \sqrt{7^2 + 24^2} = 25, and the median to the hypotenuse gives CM=252.CM = \frac{25}{2}. Since AD=BD,AD = BD, point DD lies on the perpendicular to ABAB at M,M, so DMABDM \perp AB and DM=152(252)2=2754=5112. \begin{aligned} DM &= \sqrt{15^2 - \left(\tfrac{25}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{\tfrac{275}{4}} = \tfrac{5\sqrt{11}}{2}. \end{aligned}

Let β=AMC.\beta = \angle AMC. In triangle AMCAMC with AM=CM=252AM = CM = \frac{25}{2} and AC=7,AC = 7, the law of cosines gives cosβ=(252)2+(252)2722252252=527625. \begin{aligned} \cos\beta &= \frac{\left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{25}{2}\right)^2 - 7^2} {2 \cdot \frac{25}{2} \cdot \frac{25}{2}} \\ &= \frac{527}{625}. \end{aligned} Since CC and DD are on the same side of ABAB and MDAB,MD \perp AB, we have CMD=90β,\angle CMD = 90^\circ - \beta, so sinCMD=cosβ.\sin\angle CMD = \cos\beta.

Therefore [CDM]=122525112527625=5271140, \begin{aligned} [CDM] &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{25}{2} \cdot \frac{5\sqrt{11}}{2} \cdot \frac{527}{625} \\ &= \frac{527\sqrt{11}}{40}, \end{aligned} and m+n+p=527+11+40m + n + p = 527 + 11 + 40 =578.= 578.

12.

某个杰出委员会的成员正在选主席,每位成员都给 2727 位候选人中的一位投一票。对每位候选人,其确切的得票百分比至少比所得票数小 11。委员会成员人数的最小可能值是多少?

The members of a distinguished committee were choosing a president, and each member gave one vote to one of the 2727 candidates. For each candidate, the exact percentage of votes the candidate got was smaller by at least 11 than the number of votes for that candidate. What is the smallest possible number of members of the committee?

答案:134
难度评级:2920
小提示:

若某候选人在总数为 tt 的投票中得了 nn 票,则条件为 100ntn1\frac{100n}{t} \le n - 1,即 ntt100n \ge \frac{t}{t - 100}

If a candidate got nn votes out of t,t, the condition says 100ntn1,\frac{100n}{t} \le n - 1, i.e. ntt100n \ge \frac{t}{t - 100}

大提示:

因为 nn 是整数,每位候选人至少需要 tt100\lceil \frac{t}{t-100} \rceil 票,所以 t27tt100t \ge 27 \lceil \frac{t}{t-100} \rceil;找出满足条件的最小 tt 和一种投票分布

Since nn is an integer, each candidate needs tt100\lceil \frac{t}{t-100} \rceil votes, so t27tt100;t \ge 27 \lceil \frac{t}{t-100} \rceil; find the smallest such tt and a vote distribution

解答:

设成员人数为 tt。得到 nn 票的候选人的得票百分比为 100nt\frac{100n}{t},因此条件为 100ntn1\frac{100n}{t} \le n - 1,整理得 n(t100)tn(t - 100) \ge t。这迫使 t>100t \gt 100,并且 ntt100n \ge \frac{t}{t - 100}\text{。}

t133t \le 133,则 tt10013333>4\frac{t}{t - 100} \ge \frac{133}{33} \gt 4,所以每位候选人都至少需要 55 票,总票数至少为 275=135>t27 \cdot 5 = 135 \gt t,不可能。

t=134t = 134 时,每位候选人需要 n13434n \ge \frac{134}{34},即至少 44 票,这是可以做到的:让 2626 位候选人各得 44 票,另一个候选人得 3030 票。确实,4001342.993\frac{400}{134} \approx 2.99 \le 3300013422.429\frac{3000}{134} \approx 22.4 \le 29。所以最小可能成员人数为 134134

Let tt be the number of members. A candidate with nn votes has percentage 100nt,\frac{100n}{t}, so the condition is 100ntn1,\frac{100n}{t} \le n - 1, which rearranges to n(t100)t.n(t - 100) \ge t. This forces t>100t \gt 100 and ntt100.n \ge \frac{t}{t - 100}.

If t133,t \le 133, then tt10013333>4,\frac{t}{t - 100} \ge \frac{133}{33} \gt 4, so every candidate needs at least 55 votes, and the total is at least 275=135>t27 \cdot 5 = 135 \gt t — impossible.

For t=134,t = 134, each candidate needs n13434,n \ge \frac{134}{34}, i.e. at least 44 votes, and this is achievable: let 2626 candidates receive 44 votes each and one receive 30.30. Indeed 4001342.993\frac{400}{134} \approx 2.99 \le 3 and 300013422.429.\frac{3000}{134} \approx 22.4 \le 29. So the smallest possible number of members is 134.134.

13.

一只虫子从等边三角形的一个顶点出发。每一步,它随机选择当前不在的另外两个顶点之一,并沿着三角形的一条边爬到该顶点。已知这只虫子在第十步移动到其起始顶点的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A bug starts at a vertex of an equilateral triangle. On each move, it randomly selects one of the two vertices where it is not currently located, and crawls along a side of the triangle to that vertex. Given that the probability that the bug moves to its starting vertex on its tenth move is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.

答案:683
难度评级:2650
小提示:

pnp_n 为虫子在 nn 步后回到起点的概率;则 pn+1=12(1pn)p_{n+1} = \frac{1}{2}(1 - p_n)

Let pnp_n be the probability the bug is home after nn moves; then pn+1=12(1pn)p_{n+1} = \frac{1}{2}(1 - p_n)

大提示:

减去不动点:pn13p_n - \frac{1}{3} 是公比为 12-\frac{1}{2} 的等比数列

Subtract the fixed point: pn13p_n - \frac{1}{3} is geometric with ratio 12-\frac{1}{2}

解答:

pnp_n 为虫子在走完 nn 步后位于起始顶点的概率,因此 p0=1p_0 = 1。虫子在第 n+1n + 1 步后回到起点,当且仅当它在第 nn 步后位于别处(概率为 1pn1 - p_n),然后选择起始顶点(概率为 12\frac{1}{2}):pn+1=12(1pn)p_{n+1} = \frac{1}{2}(1 - p_n)\text{。}

这个递推的不动点为 13\frac{1}{3},且 pn+113=12(pn13)p_{n+1} - \frac{1}{3} = -\frac{1}{2}\left(p_n - \frac{1}{3}\right),所以 pn=13+23(12)np_n = \frac{1}{3} + \frac{2}{3}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^n

n=10n = 10 时,p10=13(1+21024)=1310261024=171512 \begin{aligned} p_{10} &= \frac{1}{3}\left(1 + \frac{2}{1024}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1026}{1024} = \frac{171}{512} \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 171=919171 = 9 \cdot 19512=29512 = 2^9 没有公因数,m+n=171+512=683m + n = 171 + 512 = 683

Let pnp_n be the probability that the bug is at its starting vertex after nn moves, so p0=1.p_0 = 1. The bug is home after move n+1n + 1 exactly when it was elsewhere after move nn (probability 1pn1 - p_n) and then chose the starting vertex (probability 12\frac{1}{2}): pn+1=12(1pn).p_{n+1} = \frac{1}{2}(1 - p_n).

The fixed point of this recurrence is 13,\frac{1}{3}, and pn+113=12(pn13),p_{n+1} - \frac{1}{3} = -\frac{1}{2}\left(p_n - \frac{1}{3}\right), so pn=13+23(12)n.p_n = \frac{1}{3} + \frac{2}{3}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^n.

For n=10:n = 10: p10=13(1+21024)=1310261024=171512. \begin{aligned} p_{10} &= \frac{1}{3}\left(1 + \frac{2}{1024}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1026}{1024} = \frac{171}{512}. \end{aligned} Since 171=919171 = 9 \cdot 19 and 512=29512 = 2^9 share no factor, m+n=171+512=683.m + n = 171 + 512 = 683.

14.

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(b,2)B = (b, 2) 是坐标平面上的点。设 ABCDEFABCDEF 是一个凸等边六边形,满足 FAB=120\angle FAB = 120^\circABDE\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{DE}BCEF\overline{BC} \parallel \overline{EF}CDFA\overline{CD} \parallel \overline{FA},并且其顶点的 yy-坐标是集合 {0,2,4,6,8,10}\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10\} 中互不相同的元素。该六边形的面积可写成 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Let A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) and B=(b,2)B = (b, 2) be points on the coordinate plane. Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a convex equilateral hexagon such that FAB=120,\angle FAB = 120^\circ, ABDE,\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{DE}, BCEF,\overline{BC} \parallel \overline{EF}, CDFA,\overline{CD} \parallel \overline{FA}, and the yy-coordinates of its vertices are distinct elements of the set {0,2,4,6,8,10}.\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10\}. The area of the hexagon can be written in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:51
难度评级:3060
小提示:

相等且平行的对边使六边形中心对称,因此所有相对顶点的 yy-坐标之和相同

Equal, parallel opposite sides make the hexagon centrally symmetric, so the yy-coordinates of opposite vertices all have the same sum

大提示:

按顺序的 yy-坐标为 00226610108844。将 FAB=120\angle FAB = 120^\circ 写成点积并求边长

The yy-coordinates in order are 0,0, 2,2, 6,6, 10,10, 8,8, 4.4. Express FAB=120\angle FAB = 120^\circ as a dot product and solve for the side length

解答:

每组对边都平行且等长;把每组中的第二条边反向后,对应向量相等,即 AB=ED\overrightarrow{AB} = \overrightarrow{ED}BC=FE\overrightarrow{BC} = \overrightarrow{FE}CD=AF\overrightarrow{CD} = \overrightarrow{AF}。因此这个六边形中心对称,相对顶点的 yy-坐标有共同的和,即 0+2++103=10\frac{0 + 2 + \cdots + 10}{3} = 10。由 yA=0y_A = 0yB=2y_B = 2 得到 yD=10y_D = 10yE=8y_E = 8,凸性又给出 yC=6y_C = 6yF=4y_F = 4。写 AB=(b,2)\overrightarrow{AB} = (b, 2)BC=(p,4)\overrightarrow{BC} = (p, 4)CD=(q,4)\overrightarrow{CD} = (q, 4)。边长相等给出 s2=b2+4s^2 = b^2 + 4 =p2+16= p^2 + 16 =q2+16= q^2 + 16,所以 p=±qp = \pm q;若 p=qp = q,则 BBCCDD 共线,因此 p=qp = -q

因为 AF=CD\overrightarrow{AF} = \overrightarrow{CD},所以 F=(q,4)F = (q, 4),且 FAB=120\angle FAB = 120^\circ 给出 ABAF=bq+8=s22=b2+42 \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarrow{AF} &= bq + 8 \\ &= -\frac{s^2}{2} = -\frac{b^2 + 4}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}b>0b \gt 0 会迫使 q<0q \lt 0,所以 q=b212q = -\sqrt{b^2 - 12},方程变为 bb212=b2+202b\sqrt{b^2 - 12} = \frac{b^2 + 20}{2}。平方得到 3b488b2400=03b^4 - 88b^2 - 400 = 0,所以 b2=1003b^2 = \frac{100}{3},进而 b=103b = \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}q=83q = -\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}p=83p = \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}

各顶点为 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(103,2)B = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 2\right)C=(63,6)C = (6\sqrt{3}, 6)D=(103,10)D = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 10\right)E=(0,8)E = (0, 8)F=(83,4)F = \left(-\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}, 4\right)。该六边形可分成平行四边形 ABDEABDE 和两个全等三角形 BCDBCDEFAEFA。平行四边形的竖直边 AE=8AE = 8,水平偏移为 bb,面积为 8b8b;每个三角形的竖直底为 88,水平高为 83\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}。总面积为 8103+212883=1443=483 \begin{aligned} &8 \cdot \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 8 \cdot \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{144}{\sqrt{3}} = 48\sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=48+3=51m + n = 48 + 3 = 51

Opposite sides are parallel, equal in length, and traversed in opposite directions, so AB=ED,\overrightarrow{AB} = \overrightarrow{ED}, BC=FE,\overrightarrow{BC} = \overrightarrow{FE}, CD=AF:\overrightarrow{CD} = \overrightarrow{AF}: the hexagon is centrally symmetric, and opposite vertices’ yy-coordinates share a common sum, namely 0+2++103=10.\frac{0 + 2 + \cdots + 10}{3} = 10. From yA=0y_A = 0 and yB=2y_B = 2 we get yD=10,y_D = 10, yE=8,y_E = 8, and convexity puts yC=6,y_C = 6, yF=4.y_F = 4. Write AB=(b,2),\overrightarrow{AB} = (b, 2), BC=(p,4),\overrightarrow{BC} = (p, 4), CD=(q,4).\overrightarrow{CD} = (q, 4). Equal side lengths give s2=b2+4s^2 = b^2 + 4 =p2+16= p^2 + 16 =q2+16,= q^2 + 16, so p=±q;p = \pm q; since p=qp = q would make B,B, C,C, DD collinear, p=q.p = -q.

Since AF=CD,\overrightarrow{AF} = \overrightarrow{CD}, we have F=(q,4),F = (q, 4), and FAB=120\angle FAB = 120^\circ gives ABAF=bq+8=s22=b2+42. \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{AB} \cdot \overrightarrow{AF} &= bq + 8 \\ &= -\frac{s^2}{2} = -\frac{b^2 + 4}{2}. \end{aligned} Taking b>0b \gt 0 forces q<0,q \lt 0, so q=b212,q = -\sqrt{b^2 - 12}, and the equation becomes bb212=b2+202.b\sqrt{b^2 - 12} = \frac{b^2 + 20}{2}. Squaring yields 3b488b2400=0,3b^4 - 88b^2 - 400 = 0, so b2=1003,b^2 = \frac{100}{3}, giving b=103,b = \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, q=83,q = -\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}, p=83.p = \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}.

The vertices are A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(103,2),B = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 2\right), C=(63,6),C = (6\sqrt{3}, 6), D=(103,10),D = \left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{3}}, 10\right), E=(0,8),E = (0, 8), F=(83,4).F = \left(-\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}, 4\right). The hexagon splits into the parallelogram ABDE,ABDE, with vertical side AE=8AE = 8 and horizontal offset bb (area 8b8b), plus the two congruent triangles BCDBCD and EFA,EFA, each with vertical base 88 and horizontal height 83.\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}. The total area is 8103+212883=1443=483, \begin{aligned} &8 \cdot \frac{10}{\sqrt{3}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 8 \cdot \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{144}{\sqrt{3}} = 48\sqrt{3}, \end{aligned} so m+n=48+3=51.m + n = 48 + 3 = 51.

15.

P(x)=24x24+j=123(24j)(x24j+x24+j) \begin{aligned} &P(x) = 24x^{24} \\ &\quad {}+ \sum_{j=1}^{23} (24 - j)\left(x^{24-j} + x^{24+j}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}z1z_1z2z_2\ldotszrz_rP(x)P(x) 的不同零点,并对 k=1k = 122\ldotsrr,令 zk2=ak+bkiz_k^2 = a_k + b_k i,其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1},且 aka_kbkb_k 为实数。若 k=1rbk=m+np\sum_{k=1}^{r} |b_k| = m + n\sqrt{p}\text{,}其中 mmnnpp 是整数,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 m+n+pm + n + p

Let P(x)=24x24+j=123(24j)(x24j+x24+j). \begin{aligned} &P(x) = 24x^{24} \\ &\quad {}+ \sum_{j=1}^{23} (24 - j)\left(x^{24-j} + x^{24+j}\right). \end{aligned} Let z1,z_1, z2,z_2, ,\ldots, zrz_r be the distinct zeros of P(x),P(x), and let zk2=ak+bkiz_k^2 = a_k + b_k i for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, ,\ldots, r,r, where i=1,i = \sqrt{-1}, and aka_k and bkb_k are real numbers. Let k=1rbk=m+np,\sum_{k=1}^{r} |b_k| = m + n\sqrt{p}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are integers and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:15
难度评级:3160
小提示:

乘以 1x1 - x:系数会裂项相消,留下 (x+x2++x24)(1x24)(x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24})(1 - x^{24})

Multiply by 1x:1 - x: the coefficients telescope, leaving (x+x2++x24)(1x24)(x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24})(1 - x^{24})

大提示:

不同零点是 00 和除 11 外的 2424 次单位根,因此每个平方为 cos30k+isin30k\cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ,且 bk=sin30k|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|

The distinct zeros are 00 and the 2424th roots of unity other than 1,1, so each square is cos30k+isin30k\cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ and bk=sin30k|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|

解答:

P(x)P(x)xkx^k 的系数在 1k471 \le k \le 47 时为 2424k24 - |24 - k|;到 x24x^{24} 为止,相邻系数之差为 +1+1,之后为 1-1。因此乘以 1x1 - x 会裂项相消:(1x)P(x)=(x+x2++x24)(x25++x48)=(x+x2++x24)(1x24) \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)P(x) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}- (x^{25} + \cdots + x^{48}) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (1 - x^{24}) \end{aligned}\text{,}所以当 x1x \ne 1 时,P(x)=x(x241x1)2P(x) = x\left(\frac{x^{24} - 1}{x - 1}\right)^2\text{。}

因此 PP 的不同零点为 00 以及除 11 外的 2424 次单位根:zk=cos15k+isin15kz_k = \cos 15k^\circ + i \sin 15k^\circ,其中 k=1,,23k = 1, \ldots, 23。零点 00 没有贡献,且 zk2=cos30k+isin30kz_k^2 = \cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ,所以 bk=sin30k|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|

kk111212 时,sin30k|\sin 30k^\circ| 的值为 12\frac{1}{2}32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}1132\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}12\frac{1}{2}00,如此重复两次,和为 4+234 + 2\sqrt{3}k=13,,23k = 13, \ldots, 23 的项重复 k=1,,11k = 1, \ldots, 11 的项,再增加 4+234 + 2\sqrt{3}。总和为 8+438 + 4\sqrt{3},所以 m+n+p=8+4+3=15m + n + p = 8 + 4 + 3 = 15

The coefficient of xkx^k in P(x)P(x) is 2424k24 - |24 - k| for 1k47,1 \le k \le 47, and consecutive coefficients differ by +1+1 up through x24x^{24} and by 1-1 afterwards. Multiplying by 1x1 - x therefore telescopes: (1x)P(x)=(x+x2++x24)(x25++x48)=(x+x2++x24)(1x24), \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)P(x) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}- (x^{25} + \cdots + x^{48}) \\ &= (x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{24}) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (1 - x^{24}), \end{aligned} so for x1,x \ne 1, P(x)=x(x241x1)2.P(x) = x\left(\frac{x^{24} - 1}{x - 1}\right)^2.

The distinct zeros of PP are therefore 00 together with the 2424th roots of unity other than 1:1: zk=cos15k+isin15kz_k = \cos 15k^\circ + i \sin 15k^\circ for k=1,,23.k = 1, \ldots, 23. The zero 00 contributes nothing, and zk2=cos30k+isin30k,z_k^2 = \cos 30k^\circ + i \sin 30k^\circ, so bk=sin30k.|b_k| = |\sin 30k^\circ|.

As kk runs from 11 to 12,12, the values sin30k|\sin 30k^\circ| are 12,\frac{1}{2}, 32,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, 1,1, 32,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, 12,\frac{1}{2}, 00 repeated twice, summing to 4+23;4 + 2\sqrt{3}; the terms for k=13,,23k = 13, \ldots, 23 repeat those for k=1,,11k = 1, \ldots, 11 and add another 4+23.4 + 2\sqrt{3}. The total is 8+43,8 + 4\sqrt{3}, so m+n+p=8+4+3=15.m + n + p = 8 + 4 + 3 = 15.