2010 AIME I 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
Maya 列出 的所有正因数。然后她从这个列表中随机选出两个不同的因数。设 为所选两个因数中恰有一个是完全平方数的概率。概率 可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Maya lists all the positive divisors of She then randomly selects two distinct divisors from this list. Let be the probability that exactly one of the selected divisors is a perfect square. The probability can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
分解 :它有 个因数
Factor it has divisors
大提示:
一个因数是完全平方数当且仅当四个指数全为偶数,所以有 个因数是平方数。再数一平方一非平方的配对数。
A divisor is a perfect square exactly when all four exponents are even, so of the divisors are squares. Count pairs using one square and one non-square.
解答:
因为 ,所以它有 个正因数。一个因数是完全平方数当且仅当它的四个指数都为 或 ,因此有 个完全平方数,另有 个非平方数。
选到两类各一个的概率为 所以 。
Since it has positive divisors. A divisor is a perfect square exactly when each of its four exponents is or giving perfect squares and non-squares.
The probability of picking one of each is so
2.
求 除以 的余数。
Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
从第三个因子开始,每个因子末尾至少有三个 ,所以它
Every factor from the third one on ends in at least three s, so it is
大提示:
数一数有多少个因子 ,并判断这个个数的奇偶;剩下只需计算
Count how many factors are and check whether that count is odd or even; only remains to compute
解答:
在模 下计算。从第三个因子开始,每个因子末尾至少有三个 ,所以每个都 。一共有 个因子,因此其中 个 。
所以乘积满足 因此余数是 。
Work modulo Every factor from the third one on ends in at least three s, so each is There are factors in all, hence of them are
The product is therefore so the remainder is
3.
假设 且 。量 可表示为有理数 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Suppose that and The quantity can be expressed as a rational number where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
将 代入 ,再对两边取 次方根
Substitute into and take th roots of both sides
大提示:
方程变为 ,所以 ,从而
The equation becomes so which gives
解答:
将 代入 ,得 对两边取 次方根(这里各量为正),得 ,所以除以 得 ,也就是 。
于是 ,并且 因为 ,答案为 。
Substituting into gives Taking th roots (the quantities here are positive), so dividing by yields that is,
Then and Since the answer is
4.
Jackie 和 Phil 有两枚公平硬币,还有一枚掷出正面的概率为 的硬币。Jackie 抛这三枚硬币,然后 Phil 也抛这三枚硬币。设 为 Jackie 和 Phil 得到相同正面数的概率,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Jackie and Phil have two fair coins and a third coin that comes up heads with probability Jackie flips the three coins, and then Phil flips the three coins. Let be the probability that Jackie gets the same number of heads as Phil, where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
计算一个人抛出 、、、 个正面的概率;这四个概率的分母都是
Compute the probability that one player flips heads; all four have denominator
大提示:
两人的抛掷相互独立且分布相同,所以正面数相同的概率是这四个概率的平方和
The two players are independent and identical, so the probability they match is the sum of the squares of those four probabilities
解答:
设 为一个人抛出 个正面的概率。按两枚公平硬币和一枚非均匀硬币分类,
Jackie 和 Phil 的抛掷独立且分布相同,所以正面数相同的概率为 因此 。
Let be the probability that one player flips heads. Splitting according to the two fair coins and the biased coin,
Jackie’s and Phil’s flips are independent with the same distribution, so the probability that their head counts agree is Thus
5.
正整数 、、、 满足 ,,且 。求 可能取值的个数。
Positive integers and satisfy and Find the number of possible values of
小提示:
因式分解:
Factor:
大提示:
等号迫使 ,所以 ;再找出 在 和 条件下的范围
Equality forces so then find the range of allowed by and
解答:
因式分解得 因为 且 。等号成立,所以 ,即 、。于是 ,得到 。
条件 表示 ,所以 ;条件 表示 ,所以 。这个范围内每个 都可行,只需取 。
个数为 。
Factoring, since and Equality holds, so that is, and Then gives
The condition means so and means so Every in this range works, via
The count is
6.
设 是一个实系数二次多项式,满足对所有实数 都有 并且 。求 。
Let be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients satisfying for all real numbers and suppose Find
小提示:
配方:两个界限二次式分别等于 和 ,它们有共同顶点
Complete the square: both bounding quadratics equal and with common vertex
大提示:
处处非负且在 处为零,所以它是 ;用 求
is nonnegative everywhere and zero at so it is use to find
解答:
配方后,条件为 当 时,两个界都等于 ,所以 。二次式 对所有 非负,并在 处为零,所以 是二重根:,其中 为常数。
由 得 。于是
Completing the square, the condition reads At both bounds equal so The quadratic is nonnegative for all and vanishes at so is a double root: for some constant
From we get Then
7.
若集合的有序三元组 满足 ,且 ,则称它为极小相交的。例如, 是一个极小相交三元组。设 为这样的极小相交有序集合三元组的个数,其中每个集合都是 的子集。求 除以 的余数。
注: 表示集合 中元素的个数。
Define an ordered triple of sets to be minimally intersecting if and For example, is a minimally intersecting triple. Let be the number of minimally intersecting ordered triples of sets for which each set is a subset of Find the remainder when is divided by
Note: represents the number of elements in the set
小提示:
三个两两交集分别是单元素 、、,因为三者交集为空,它们必须互不相同
The three pairwise intersections are single elements which must be distinct since the triple intersection is empty
大提示:
放置 、、 有 种方式;此后,每个剩余元素可以只进入三个集合之一,或不进入任何集合
After placing in ways, each remaining element may go into exactly one of the three sets or into none
解答:
记 ,,。由于 ,元素 、、 互不相同,并且可用 种方式选出。
剩下 个元素都不能产生额外的两两交集,所以每个元素可以只属于 、、 中的一个,或者都不属于:每个有 种选择,共 种分配。
因此 ,除以 的余数为 。
Write and Since the elements are distinct, and they can be chosen in ways.
Each of the remaining elements must not create any further pairwise intersections, so it can belong to exactly one of or to none of them: choices each, for assignments.
Hence and the remainder upon division by is
8.
对实数 ,令 表示小于或等于 的最大整数。设 表示坐标平面中所有满足 的点 组成的区域。区域 完全包含在一个半径为 的圆盘中(圆盘是圆及其内部的并集)。 的最小值可写成 ,其中 和 是整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
For a real number let denote the greatest integer less than or equal to Let denote the region in the coordinate plane consisting of points such that The region is completely contained in a disk of radius (a disk is the union of a circle and its interior). The minimum value of can be written as where and are integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
必须是 个平方和为 的整数对之一,所以 是 个单位正方形的并集
must be one of the integer pairs with squares summing to so is a union of unit squares
大提示:
关于 对称,所以最佳圆盘以此为圆心;找出离这个圆心最远的正方形顶点
is symmetric about so the best disk is centered there; find the square corner farthest from that center
解答:
因为 和 是平方和为 的整数,所以数对 是以下 对之一:、、、。因此 是以这些点为左下角的 个单位正方形的并集。
令 为 的闭包。任何包含 的闭圆盘也包含 ,所以两者的最小包围半径相同。映射 会置换 中的闭单位正方形,所以 在 旋转下保持不变,旋转中心为 。若 ,其对点 也在 中。任何同时包含线段 两个端点的圆盘,半径至少为 。因此任何包围圆盘的半径都不小于 到 的最大距离。
这个最大距离在正方形顶点处取得,例如 和 ,检查十二个闭正方形的所有顶点可得 以 为圆心、以此为半径的圆盘包含每个正方形,所以达到下界。
因此最小半径为 ,且 。
Since and are integers whose squares sum to the pair is one of the pairs So is the union of the unit squares whose lower-left corners are these points.
Let be the closure of Any closed disk containing also contains so the two sets have the same minimum enclosing radius. The map permutes the closed unit squares in so is symmetric under rotation about If its opposite point also lies in Every disk containing both endpoints of has radius at least Thus no enclosing disk can have radius smaller than the greatest distance from to
That greatest distance is attained at square corners such as and and checking the corners of all twelve closed squares gives The disk centered at with this radius contains every square, so it attains the lower bound.
Hence the minimum radius is and
9.
设 是方程组 的一个实数解。 的最大可能值可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Let be a real solution of the system of equations The greatest possible value of can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
给每个方程加上 ,并令 ,得到 、、
Add to each equation and set so
大提示:
三式相乘得 ,这其实是关于 的二次方程;注意
Multiplying the three gives which is really a quadratic in note
解答:
给每个方程加上 ,得 、 和 。令 。三式相乘得到 所以 ,即 ,其根为 和 。每个根都能实现:取 、、 的实立方根,它们的乘积确实为 。
将原方程相加,得 ,这在较大的根 处最大:因此 。
Adding to each equation gives and Let Multiplying the three equations yields so i.e. whose roots are and Each root is achievable: the cube roots of then really do have product
Adding the original equations, which is maximized by the larger root Thus
10.
设 为将 写成如下形式的方法数: 其中 都是整数,且 。这样一种表示的例子是 。求 。
Let be the number of ways to write in the form where the ’s are integers, and An example of such a representation is Find
小提示:
将每个系数拆成数字:,其中
Split each coefficient into digits: with
大提示:
是一个数 的各位数字, 是一个数 的各位数字,条件正好是 ;数可能的
The are the digits of a number and the of a number and the condition is exactly count the possible
解答:
将每个系数写成 ,其中数字 ;每个整数 都能唯一这样拆分。令 、(按 进制数读取),条件变为
反过来,任何非负整数 若满足 ,就有 且 ,所以二者至多四位;这些数字可恢复 和 ,从而恢复 。因此表示方法与 的选择一一对应,其中 ,所以 。
Write each coefficient as with digits every integer splits this way uniquely. Setting and (read as base- numbers), the condition becomes
Conversely, any nonnegative integers with satisfy and so each has at most four digits; those digits recover the and hence the So representations correspond exactly to choices of with and
11.
设 是坐标平面中同时满足 和 的点组成的区域。当 绕直线 旋转时,所得立体的体积为 ,其中 、、 是正整数, 和 互质,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Let be the region consisting of the set of points in the coordinate plane that satisfy both and When is revolved around the line whose equation is the volume of the resulting solid is where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
该区域是一个三角形,其中一条边在旋转轴 上;求出它的三个顶点
The region is a triangle with one side on the axis of revolution find its three vertices
大提示:
旋转后得到两个共用底面的圆锥:总体积为 ,其中 是轴外顶点到直线的距离
Revolving gives two cones sharing a base: total volume where is the distance from the off-axis vertex to the line
解答:
条件 表示 (当 )以及 (当 )。与半平面 相交后,留下一个三角形,其两个顶点为 和 ,它们位于直线 上;另一个顶点为 。
边 位于旋转轴上,垂足 是从 向该直线作垂线所得的点,即 ,它位于 与 之间。所以该立体是两个共用底面的圆锥,底面半径为 ,高之和为 ,体积为 。这里
体积为 ,所以 。
The condition means for and for Intersecting with the half-plane leaves the triangle with vertices and on the line and apex
Side lies on the axis of revolution, and the foot of the perpendicular from to the line, namely lies between and So the solid is two cones sharing a base of radius with heights summing to and its volume is Here
The volume is so
12.
设 为整数,且 。求最小的 ,使得对 的任意二划分,至少有一个子集包含整数 、、(不一定互不相同),满足 。
注: 的一个划分是一对集合 、,满足 且 。
Let be an integer and let Find the smallest value of such that for every partition of into two subsets, at least one of the subsets contains integers and (not necessarily distinct) such that
Note: a partition of is a pair of sets such that and
小提示:
尝试把较小的数和它们的两两乘积分开,例如把 与 分开
Try two-subset partitions that keep small numbers and their pairwise products apart, such as separating from
大提示:
对上界,追踪 的幂:一旦 与 被迫在不同子集中,就放置 和 ,再多一个幂就产生矛盾
For the upper bound, follow the powers of once and are forced into different subsets, place and and one more power creates a contradiction
解答:
首先, 可行。假设 被划分为 和 ,且二者都不含这样的乘积,并设 。则 必须在 中,所以 必须在 中,进而 必须在 中。现在考虑 :若 ,则 在 中形成乘积;若 ,则 在 中形成乘积。无论如何都会矛盾。
对于 ,划分 和 可避免乘积: 中两个元素的乘积落在 ,任何含有 中元素的乘积至少为 ,而 中两个元素的乘积至少为 。
因此最小的 是 。
First, works. Suppose were partitioned into and with neither containing a product, and say Then must lie in so must lie in and then must lie in Now consider if then puts a product in if then puts one in Either way we reach a contradiction.
For the partition and avoids products: two elements of multiply to something in any product involving an element of is at least and two elements of multiply to at least
Hence the smallest such is
13.
矩形 与以 为直径的半圆共面,且内部不重叠。设 为由半圆和矩形围成的区域。直线 与半圆、线段 、线段 分别相交于不同的点 、、。直线 将区域 分成面积比为 的两个区域。已知 、、。则 可表示为 ,其中 和 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
Rectangle and a semicircle with diameter are coplanar and have nonoverlapping interiors. Let denote the region enclosed by the semicircle and the rectangle. Line meets the semicircle, segment and segment at distinct points and respectively. Line divides region into two regions with areas in the ratio Suppose that and Then can be represented as where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
因为 ,圆心 满足 ,所以三角形 为等边三角形,扇形 是半圆的三分之一
With the center satisfies so triangle is equilateral and sector is one third of the semicircle
大提示:
因为 也按 分割矩形,所以 在 两侧切出的两个小三角形面积必须相等
Since splits the rectangle in ratio as well, the two small triangles that cuts off on either side of must have equal areas
解答:
这里 ,所以半圆的圆心为 ( 的中点),半径为 。由于 ,三角形 是等边三角形,所以 ,扇形 正好是半圆的三分之一。同样地,若 为从 到 的垂足,则 使矩形 为矩形 的三分之一。
在 侧(以 为分界)的部分等于(扇形 ) (矩形 ) 。由于这必须是 的三分之一,所以需要 。设 为从 到 的垂足。在 -- 三角形 中,、,所以 ,且 。三角形 与 是相似直角三角形(在 处有对顶角),因此 后一个等式成立,是因为这两个三角形都以 为高,底分别为 和 。
令两个三角形面积相等,得 ,所以 因此 。
Here so the semicircle has center (the midpoint of ) and radius Since triangle is equilateral, so and sector is exactly one third of the semicircle. Likewise, if is the foot of the perpendicular from to then makes rectangle one third of rectangle
The part of on the -side of equals (sector ) (rectangle ) Since this must be one third of we need Let be the foot of the perpendicular from to In the -- triangle and so and Triangles and are similar right triangles (vertical angles at ), so the latter because both triangles have height over bases and
Setting the two triangle areas equal gives so and
14.
对每个正整数 ,令 。求最大的 ,使其满足 。
注: 是小于或等于 的最大整数。
For each positive integer let Find the largest value of for which
Note: is the greatest integer less than or equal to
小提示:
每项 都随 的增大而不减,所以 单调不减;先计算基准值
Each term never decreases as grows, so is nondecreasing; compute as a baseline
大提示:
当 略大于 时,数出有多少个 满足 ,再数出有多少个 满足 ,就能看出 何时达到
For slightly above count the with and the with to see exactly when reaches
解答:
每项 随 单调不减,所以 单调不减,我们只需确定它何时超过 。当 时,乘积 从 到 ,于是 对应 , 对应 , 对应 ,所以 。
对 ,因为 ,且 ,各项分别为 ()、()和 ():对 ,此时 ,所以有十项等于 ,且 。
由单调性可知,最大的有效 是 。
Each term is nondecreasing in so is nondecreasing and we just locate where it passes For the products run from to giving for for and for so
For since and the terms are for for and for For now so ten terms equal and
By monotonicity, the largest valid is
15.
在 中,、、,设 是 上一点,使得 和 的内切圆半径相等。设 和 是互质的正整数,满足 。求 。
In with and let be a point on such that the incircles of and have equal radii. Let and be positive relatively prime integers such that Find
答案:45
小提示:
将面积记为 ,则 。因此内切圆半径相等意味着两个三角形的面积比和周长比相同,而且这两个比都等于 。
Writing the area as we have Thus equal inradii mean the two triangles’ areas and perimeters are in the same ratio, and both ratios equal
大提示:
令 ;周长条件给出 ,而对塞瓦线 使用 Stewart 定理会给出 的另一个表达式
Set the perimeter condition gives and Stewart’s theorem on cevian gives a second expression for
解答:
令 。三角形 和 共用从 作出的高,所以 。因为三角形的内切圆半径等于面积除以半周长,内切圆半径相等迫使 。由 ,得 、;由于 ,周长方程化简为 ,所以 且 迫使 。
对塞瓦线 使用 Stewart 定理,给出 ,所以 令它等于 ,并清除分母,得到 ,化简为 。
根为 、,和 ,其中只有 大于 (此时 、、)。因此 。
Let Triangles and share the altitude from so Since the inradius of a triangle is its area divided by its semiperimeter, equal inradii force as well. From we get and since the perimeter equation simplifies to so and forces
Stewart’s theorem on cevian gives so Setting this equal to and clearing denominators yields which simplifies to
The roots are and and only exceeds (then ). Hence