2010 AIME I 真题

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1.

Maya 列出 201022010^2 的所有正因数。然后她从这个列表中随机选出两个不同的因数。设 pp 为所选两个因数中恰有一个是完全平方数的概率。概率 pp 可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Maya lists all the positive divisors of 20102.2010^2. She then randomly selects two distinct divisors from this list. Let pp be the probability that exactly one of the selected divisors is a perfect square. The probability pp can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:107
知识点:因数个数完全平方数基本概率
难度评级:2110
小提示:

分解 20102=2232526722010^2 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 67^2:它有 34=813^4 = 81 个因数

Factor 20102=223252672:2010^2 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 67^2: it has 34=813^4 = 81 divisors

大提示:

一个因数是完全平方数当且仅当四个指数全为偶数,所以有 24=162^4 = 16 个因数是平方数。再数一平方一非平方的配对数。

A divisor is a perfect square exactly when all four exponents are even, so 24=162^4 = 16 of the divisors are squares. Count pairs using one square and one non-square.

解答:

因为 20102=2232526722010^2 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 67^2,所以它有 (2+1)4=81(2 + 1)^4 = 81 个正因数。一个因数是完全平方数当且仅当它的四个指数都为 0022,因此有 24=162^4 = 16 个完全平方数,另有 8116=6581 - 16 = 65 个非平方数。

选到两类各一个的概率为 p=1665(812)=10403240=2681p = \frac{16 \cdot 65}{\binom{81}{2}} = \frac{1040}{3240} = \frac{26}{81}\text{,}所以 m+n=26+81=107m + n = 26 + 81 = 107

Since 20102=223252672,2010^2 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 67^2, it has (2+1)4=81(2 + 1)^4 = 81 positive divisors. A divisor is a perfect square exactly when each of its four exponents is 00 or 2,2, giving 24=162^4 = 16 perfect squares and 8116=6581 - 16 = 65 non-squares.

The probability of picking one of each is p=1665(812)=10403240=2681,p = \frac{16 \cdot 65}{\binom{81}{2}} = \frac{1040}{3240} = \frac{26}{81}, so m+n=26+81=107.m + n = 26 + 81 = 107.

2.

999999999999 个 99 \cdot 99 \cdot 999 \cdot \cdots \cdot \underbrace{99\ldots9}_{\text{999 个 9}} 除以 10001000 的余数。

Find the remainder when 999999999999 nines9 \cdot 99 \cdot 999 \cdot \cdots \cdot \underbrace{99\ldots9}_{\text{999 nines}} is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:109
知识点:模运算找规律
难度评级:1950
小提示:

从第三个因子开始,每个因子末尾至少有三个 99,所以它 1(mod1000)\equiv -1 \pmod{1000}

Every factor from the third one on ends in at least three 99s, so it is 1(mod1000)\equiv -1 \pmod{1000}

大提示:

数一数有多少个因子 1(mod1000)\equiv -1 \pmod{1000},并判断这个个数的奇偶;剩下只需计算 9999 \cdot 99

Count how many factors are 1(mod1000)\equiv -1 \pmod{1000} and check whether that count is odd or even; only 9999 \cdot 99 remains to compute

解答:

在模 10001000 下计算。从第三个因子开始,每个因子末尾至少有三个 99,所以每个都 1(mod1000)\equiv -1 \pmod{1000}。一共有 999999 个因子,因此其中 9979971\equiv -1

所以乘积满足 999(1)997891109(mod1000) \begin{aligned} &\equiv 9 \cdot 99 \cdot (-1)^{997} \\ &\equiv -891 \equiv 109 \pmod{1000} \end{aligned}\text{,}因此余数是 109109

Work modulo 1000.1000. Every factor from the third one on ends in at least three 99s, so each is 1(mod1000).\equiv -1 \pmod{1000}. There are 999999 factors in all, hence 997997 of them are 1.\equiv -1.

The product is therefore 999(1)997891109(mod1000), \begin{aligned} &\equiv 9 \cdot 99 \cdot (-1)^{997} \\ &\equiv -891 \equiv 109 \pmod{1000}, \end{aligned} so the remainder is 109.109.

3.

假设 y=34xy = \frac{3}{4}xxy=yxx^y = y^x。量 x+yx + y 可表示为有理数 rs\frac{r}{s},其中 rrss 是互质的正整数。求 r+sr + s

Suppose that y=34xy = \frac{3}{4}x and xy=yx.x^y = y^x. The quantity x+yx + y can be expressed as a rational number rs,\frac{r}{s}, where rr and ss are relatively prime positive integers. Find r+s.r + s.

答案:529
知识点:指数换元法
难度评级:2230
小提示:

y=34xy = \frac{3}{4}x 代入 xy=yxx^y = y^x,再对两边取 xx 次方根

Substitute y=34xy = \frac{3}{4}x into xy=yxx^y = y^x and take xxth roots of both sides

大提示:

方程变为 x34=34xx^{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{3}{4}x,所以 x14=34x^{-\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{3}{4},从而 x=(43)4x = \left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^4

The equation becomes x34=34x,x^{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{3}{4}x, so x14=34,x^{-\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{3}{4}, which gives x=(43)4x = \left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^4

解答:

y=34xy = \frac{3}{4}x 代入 xy=yxx^y = y^x,得 x34x=(34x)xx^{\frac{3}{4}x} = \left(\tfrac{3}{4}x\right)^{x}\text{。}对两边取 xx 次方根(这里各量为正),得 x34=34xx^{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{3}{4}x,所以除以 xxx14=34x^{-\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{3}{4},也就是 x=(43)4=25681x = \left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^4 = \frac{256}{81}

于是 y=3425681=6427y = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{256}{81} = \frac{64}{27},并且 x+y=25681+19281=44881x + y = \frac{256}{81} + \frac{192}{81} = \frac{448}{81}\text{。}因为 gcd(448,81)=1\gcd(448, 81) = 1,答案为 448+81=529448 + 81 = 529

Substituting y=34xy = \frac{3}{4}x into xy=yxx^y = y^x gives x34x=(34x)x.x^{\frac{3}{4}x} = \left(\tfrac{3}{4}x\right)^{x}. Taking xxth roots (the quantities here are positive), x34=34x,x^{\frac{3}{4}} = \frac{3}{4}x, so dividing by xx yields x14=34,x^{-\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{3}{4}, that is, x=(43)4=25681.x = \left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^4 = \frac{256}{81}.

Then y=3425681=6427,y = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{256}{81} = \frac{64}{27}, and x+y=25681+19281=44881.x + y = \frac{256}{81} + \frac{192}{81} = \frac{448}{81}. Since gcd(448,81)=1,\gcd(448, 81) = 1, the answer is 448+81=529.448 + 81 = 529.

4.

Jackie 和 Phil 有两枚公平硬币,还有一枚掷出正面的概率为 47\frac{4}{7} 的硬币。Jackie 抛这三枚硬币,然后 Phil 也抛这三枚硬币。设 mn\frac{m}{n} 为 Jackie 和 Phil 得到相同正面数的概率,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Jackie and Phil have two fair coins and a third coin that comes up heads with probability 47.\frac{4}{7}. Jackie flips the three coins, and then Phil flips the three coins. Let mn\frac{m}{n} be the probability that Jackie gets the same number of heads as Phil, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:515
难度评级:2340
小提示:

计算一个人抛出 00112233 个正面的概率;这四个概率的分母都是 2828

Compute the probability that one player flips 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, 33 heads; all four have denominator 2828

大提示:

两人的抛掷相互独立且分布相同,所以正面数相同的概率是这四个概率的平方和

The two players are independent and identical, so the probability they match is the sum of the squares of those four probabilities

解答:

p(h)p(h) 为一个人抛出 hh 个正面的概率。按两枚公平硬币和一枚非均匀硬币分类,p(0)=1437=328,p(1)=2437+1447=1028,p(2)=1437+2447=1128,p(3)=1447=428 \begin{aligned} p(0) &= \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{3}{7} = \tfrac{3}{28}, \\ p(1) &= \tfrac{2}{4} \cdot \tfrac{3}{7} + \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{4}{7} = \tfrac{10}{28}, \\ p(2) &= \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{3}{7} + \tfrac{2}{4} \cdot \tfrac{4}{7} = \tfrac{11}{28}, \\ p(3) &= \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{4}{7} = \tfrac{4}{28} \end{aligned}\text{。}

Jackie 和 Phil 的抛掷独立且分布相同,所以正面数相同的概率为 hp(h)2=32+102+112+42282=246784=123392 \small \begin{aligned} \sum_h p(h)^2 &= \frac{3^2 + 10^2 + 11^2 + 4^2}{28^2} \\ &= \frac{246}{784} = \frac{123}{392} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 m+n=123+392=515m + n = 123 + 392 = 515

Let p(h)p(h) be the probability that one player flips hh heads. Splitting according to the two fair coins and the biased coin, p(0)=1437=328,p(1)=2437+1447=1028,p(2)=1437+2447=1128,p(3)=1447=428. \begin{aligned} p(0) &= \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{3}{7} = \tfrac{3}{28}, \\ p(1) &= \tfrac{2}{4} \cdot \tfrac{3}{7} + \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{4}{7} = \tfrac{10}{28}, \\ p(2) &= \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{3}{7} + \tfrac{2}{4} \cdot \tfrac{4}{7} = \tfrac{11}{28}, \\ p(3) &= \tfrac{1}{4} \cdot \tfrac{4}{7} = \tfrac{4}{28}. \end{aligned}

Jackie’s and Phil’s flips are independent with the same distribution, so the probability that their head counts agree is hp(h)2=32+102+112+42282=246784=123392. \small \begin{aligned} \sum_h p(h)^2 &= \frac{3^2 + 10^2 + 11^2 + 4^2}{28^2} \\ &= \frac{246}{784} = \frac{123}{392}. \end{aligned} Thus m+n=123+392=515.m + n = 123 + 392 = 515.

5.

正整数 aabbccdd 满足 a>b>c>da \gt b \gt c \gt da+b+c+d=2010a + b + c + d = 2010,且 a2b2+c2d2=2010a^2 - b^2 + c^2 - d^2 = 2010。求 aa 可能取值的个数。

Positive integers a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd satisfy a>b>c>d,a \gt b \gt c \gt d, a+b+c+d=2010,a + b + c + d = 2010, and a2b2+c2d2=2010.a^2 - b^2 + c^2 - d^2 = 2010. Find the number of possible values of a.a.

答案:501
难度评级:2230
小提示:

因式分解:a2b2+c2d2a^2 - b^2 + c^2 - d^2 =(ab)(a+b)= (a-b)(a+b) +(cd)(c+d)+ (c-d)(c+d) (a+b)+(c+d)\ge (a+b) + (c+d)

Factor: a2b2+c2d2a^2 - b^2 + c^2 - d^2 =(ab)(a+b)= (a-b)(a+b) +(cd)(c+d)+ (c-d)(c+d) (a+b)+(c+d)\ge (a+b) + (c+d)

大提示:

等号迫使 ab=cd=1a - b = c - d = 1,所以 a+c=1006a + c = 1006;再找出 aab>cb \gt cd1d \ge 1 条件下的范围

Equality forces ab=cd=1,a - b = c - d = 1, so a+c=1006;a + c = 1006; then find the range of aa allowed by b>cb \gt c and d1d \ge 1

解答:

因式分解得 a2b2+c2d2=(ab)(a+b)+(cd)(c+d)(a+b)+(c+d)=2010 \begin{gathered} a^2 - b^2 + c^2 - d^2 \\ = (a-b)(a+b) \\ {}+ (c-d)(c+d) \\ \ge (a+b) + (c+d) = 2010 \end{gathered}\text{,}因为 ab1a - b \ge 1cd1c - d \ge 1。等号成立,所以 ab=cd=1a - b = c - d = 1,即 b=a1b = a - 1d=c1d = c - 1。于是 2010=a+(a1)+c+(c1)2010 = a + (a-1) + c + (c-1),得到 a+c=1006a + c = 1006

条件 b>cb \gt c 表示 a1>c=1006aa - 1 \gt c = 1006 - a,所以 a504a \ge 504;条件 d1d \ge 1 表示 c2c \ge 2,所以 a1004a \le 1004。这个范围内每个 aa 都可行,只需取 (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) =(a,a1,= (a,\, a-1,\, 1006a,1005a)1006-a,\, 1005-a)

个数为 1004504+1=5011004 - 504 + 1 = 501

Factoring, a2b2+c2d2=(ab)(a+b)+(cd)(c+d)(a+b)+(c+d)=2010, \begin{gathered} a^2 - b^2 + c^2 - d^2 \\ = (a-b)(a+b) \\ {}+ (c-d)(c+d) \\ \ge (a+b) + (c+d) = 2010, \end{gathered} since ab1a - b \ge 1 and cd1.c - d \ge 1. Equality holds, so ab=cd=1,a - b = c - d = 1, that is, b=a1b = a - 1 and d=c1.d = c - 1. Then 2010=a+(a1)+c+(c1)2010 = a + (a-1) + c + (c-1) gives a+c=1006.a + c = 1006.

The condition b>cb \gt c means a1>c=1006a,a - 1 \gt c = 1006 - a, so a504,a \ge 504, and d1d \ge 1 means c2,c \ge 2, so a1004.a \le 1004. Every aa in this range works, via (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) =(a,a1,= (a,\, a-1,\, 1006a,1005a).1006-a,\, 1005-a).

The count is 1004504+1=501.1004 - 504 + 1 = 501.

6.

P(x)P(x) 是一个实系数二次多项式,满足对所有实数 xx 都有 x22x+2P(x)2x24x+3 \begin{aligned} x^2 - 2x + 2 &\le P(x) \\ &\le 2x^2 - 4x + 3 \end{aligned}\text{,}并且 P(11)=181P(11) = 181。求 P(16)P(16)

Let P(x)P(x) be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients satisfying x22x+2P(x)2x24x+3 \begin{aligned} x^2 - 2x + 2 &\le P(x) \\ &\le 2x^2 - 4x + 3 \end{aligned} for all real numbers x,x, and suppose P(11)=181.P(11) = 181. Find P(16).P(16).

答案:406
难度评级:2390
小提示:

配方:两个界限二次式分别等于 (x1)2+1(x-1)^2 + 12(x1)2+12(x-1)^2 + 1,它们有共同顶点 (1,1)(1, 1)

Complete the square: both bounding quadratics equal (x1)2+1(x-1)^2 + 1 and 2(x1)2+1,2(x-1)^2 + 1, with common vertex (1,1)(1, 1)

大提示:

P(x)(x1)21P(x) - (x-1)^2 - 1 处处非负且在 x=1x = 1 处为零,所以它是 c(x1)2c(x-1)^2;用 P(11)=181P(11) = 181cc

P(x)(x1)21P(x) - (x-1)^2 - 1 is nonnegative everywhere and zero at x=1,x = 1, so it is c(x1)2;c(x-1)^2; use P(11)=181P(11) = 181 to find cc

解答:

配方后,条件为 (x1)2+1P(x)2(x1)2+1 \begin{aligned} (x-1)^2 + 1 &\le P(x) \\ &\le 2(x-1)^2 + 1 \end{aligned}\text{。}x=1x = 1 时,两个界都等于 11,所以 P(1)=1P(1) = 1。二次式 P(x)((x1)2+1)P(x) - \left((x-1)^2 + 1\right) 对所有 xx 非负,并在 x=1x = 1 处为零,所以 x=1x = 1 是二重根:P(x)=a(x1)2+1P(x) = a(x-1)^2 + 1,其中 aa 为常数。

P(11)=100a+1=181P(11) = 100a + 1 = 181a=95a = \frac{9}{5}。于是 P(16)=95225+1=405+1=406 \begin{aligned} P(16) &= \frac{9}{5} \cdot 225 + 1 \\ &= 405 + 1 = 406 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Completing the square, the condition reads (x1)2+1P(x)2(x1)2+1. \begin{aligned} (x-1)^2 + 1 &\le P(x) \\ &\le 2(x-1)^2 + 1. \end{aligned} At x=1x = 1 both bounds equal 1,1, so P(1)=1.P(1) = 1. The quadratic P(x)((x1)2+1)P(x) - \left((x-1)^2 + 1\right) is nonnegative for all xx and vanishes at x=1,x = 1, so x=1x = 1 is a double root: P(x)=a(x1)2+1P(x) = a(x-1)^2 + 1 for some constant a.a.

From P(11)=100a+1=181P(11) = 100a + 1 = 181 we get a=95.a = \frac{9}{5}. Then P(16)=95225+1=405+1=406. \begin{aligned} P(16) &= \frac{9}{5} \cdot 225 + 1 \\ &= 405 + 1 = 406. \end{aligned}

7.

若集合的有序三元组 (A,B,C)(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{C}) 满足 AB=BC=CA=1|\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B}| = |\mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C}| = |\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{A}| = 1,且 ABC=\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C} = \emptyset,则称它为极小相交的。例如,({1,2},{2,3},{1,3,4})(\{1, 2\}, \{2, 3\}, \{1, 3, 4\}) 是一个极小相交三元组。设 NN 为这样的极小相交有序集合三元组的个数,其中每个集合都是 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7\} 的子集。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

注:S|\mathcal{S}| 表示集合 S\mathcal{S} 中元素的个数。

Define an ordered triple (A,B,C)(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{C}) of sets to be minimally intersecting if AB=BC=CA=1|\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B}| = |\mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C}| = |\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{A}| = 1 and ABC=.\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C} = \emptyset. For example, ({1,2},{2,3},{1,3,4})(\{1, 2\}, \{2, 3\}, \{1, 3, 4\}) is a minimally intersecting triple. Let NN be the number of minimally intersecting ordered triples of sets for which each set is a subset of {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7\}. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

Note: S|\mathcal{S}| represents the number of elements in the set S.\mathcal{S}.

答案:760
难度评级:2510
小提示:

三个两两交集分别是单元素 xxyyzz,因为三者交集为空,它们必须互不相同

The three pairwise intersections are single elements x,x, y,y, z,z, which must be distinct since the triple intersection is empty

大提示:

放置 xxyyzz7657 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 种方式;此后,每个剩余元素可以只进入三个集合之一,或不进入任何集合

After placing x,x, y,y, zz in 7657 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 ways, each remaining element may go into exactly one of the three sets or into none

解答:

AB={x}\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \{x\}BC={y}\mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C} = \{y\}CA={z}\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{A} = \{z\}。由于 ABC=\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C} = \emptyset,元素 xxyyzz 互不相同,并且可用 765=2107 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 = 210 种方式选出。

剩下 44 个元素都不能产生额外的两两交集,所以每个元素可以只属于 A\mathcal{A}B\mathcal{B}C\mathcal{C} 中的一个,或者都不属于:每个有 44 种选择,共 44=2564^4 = 256 种分配。

因此 N=210256=53760N = 210 \cdot 256 = 53760,除以 10001000 的余数为 760760

Write AB={x},\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \{x\}, BC={y},\mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C} = \{y\}, and CA={z}.\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{A} = \{z\}. Since ABC=,\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} \cap \mathcal{C} = \emptyset, the elements x,x, y,y, zz are distinct, and they can be chosen in 765=2107 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 = 210 ways.

Each of the remaining 44 elements must not create any further pairwise intersections, so it can belong to exactly one of A,\mathcal{A}, B,\mathcal{B}, C,\mathcal{C}, or to none of them: 44 choices each, for 44=2564^4 = 256 assignments.

Hence N=210256=53760,N = 210 \cdot 256 = 53760, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 760.760.

8.

对实数 aa,令 a\lfloor a \rfloor 表示小于或等于 aa 的最大整数。设 R\mathcal{R} 表示坐标平面中所有满足 x2+y2=25\lfloor x \rfloor^2 + \lfloor y \rfloor^2 = 25 的点 (x,y)(x, y) 组成的区域。区域 R\mathcal{R} 完全包含在一个半径为 rr 的圆盘中(圆盘是圆及其内部的并集)。rr 的最小值可写成 mn\frac{\sqrt{m}}{n},其中 mmnn 是整数,且 mm 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

For a real number a,a, let a\lfloor a \rfloor denote the greatest integer less than or equal to a.a. Let R\mathcal{R} denote the region in the coordinate plane consisting of points (x,y)(x, y) such that x2+y2=25.\lfloor x \rfloor^2 + \lfloor y \rfloor^2 = 25. The region R\mathcal{R} is completely contained in a disk of radius rr (a disk is the union of a circle and its interior). The minimum value of rr can be written as mn,\frac{\sqrt{m}}{n}, where mm and nn are integers and mm is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:132
难度评级:2840
小提示:

(x,y)(\lfloor x \rfloor, \lfloor y \rfloor) 必须是 1212 个平方和为 2525 的整数对之一,所以 R\mathcal{R}1212 个单位正方形的并集

(x,y)(\lfloor x \rfloor, \lfloor y \rfloor) must be one of the 1212 integer pairs with squares summing to 25,25, so R\mathcal{R} is a union of 1212 unit squares

大提示:

R\mathcal{R} 关于 (12,12)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) 对称,所以最佳圆盘以此为圆心;找出离这个圆心最远的正方形顶点

R\mathcal{R} is symmetric about (12,12),\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), so the best disk is centered there; find the square corner farthest from that center

解答:

因为 x\lfloor x \rfloory\lfloor y \rfloor 是平方和为 2525 的整数,所以数对 (x,y)(\lfloor x \rfloor, \lfloor y \rfloor) 是以下 1212 对之一:(±5,0)(\pm 5, 0)(0,±5)(0, \pm 5)(±3,±4)(\pm 3, \pm 4)(±4,±3)(\pm 4, \pm 3)。因此 R\mathcal{R} 是以这些点为左下角的 1212 个单位正方形的并集。

KKR\mathcal{R} 的闭包。任何包含 R\mathcal{R} 的闭圆盘也包含 KK,所以两者的最小包围半径相同。映射 (x,y)(1x,1y)(x, y) \mapsto (1 - x, 1 - y) 会置换 KK 中的闭单位正方形,所以 KK180180^\circ 旋转下保持不变,旋转中心为 Q=(12,12)Q = \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)。若 XKX \in K,其对点 X=2QXX' = 2Q-X 也在 KK 中。任何同时包含线段 XX\overline{XX'} 两个端点的圆盘,半径至少为 XX2=XQ\frac{XX'}{2} = XQ。因此任何包围圆盘的半径都不小于 QQKK 的最大距离。

这个最大距离在正方形顶点处取得,例如 A=(4,5)A = (4, 5)B=(5,4)B = (5, 4),检查十二个闭正方形的所有顶点可得 QA=QB=(92)2+(72)2=1302\begin{aligned} QA = QB &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{9}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac{7}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{130}}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}QQ 为圆心、以此为半径的圆盘包含每个正方形,所以达到下界。

因此最小半径为 r=1302r = \frac{\sqrt{130}}{2},且 m+n=130+2=132m + n = 130 + 2 = 132

Since x\lfloor x \rfloor and y\lfloor y \rfloor are integers whose squares sum to 25,25, the pair (x,y)(\lfloor x \rfloor, \lfloor y \rfloor) is one of the 1212 pairs (±5,0),(\pm 5, 0), (0,±5),(0, \pm 5), (±3,±4),(\pm 3, \pm 4), (±4,±3).(\pm 4, \pm 3). So R\mathcal{R} is the union of the 1212 unit squares whose lower-left corners are these points.

Let KK be the closure of R.\mathcal{R}. Any closed disk containing R\mathcal{R} also contains K,K, so the two sets have the same minimum enclosing radius. The map (x,y)(1x,1y)(x, y) \mapsto (1 - x, 1 - y) permutes the closed unit squares in K,K, so KK is symmetric under 180180^\circ rotation about Q=(12,12).Q = \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right). If XK,X \in K, its opposite point X=2QXX' = 2Q-X also lies in K.K. Every disk containing both endpoints of XX\overline{XX'} has radius at least XX2=XQ.\frac{XX'}{2} = XQ. Thus no enclosing disk can have radius smaller than the greatest distance from QQ to K.K.

That greatest distance is attained at square corners such as A=(4,5)A = (4, 5) and B=(5,4),B = (5, 4), and checking the corners of all twelve closed squares gives QA=QB=(92)2+(72)2=1302.\begin{aligned} QA = QB &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{9}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac{7}{2}\right)^2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{130}}{2}. \end{aligned} The disk centered at QQ with this radius contains every square, so it attains the lower bound.

Hence the minimum radius is r=1302,r = \frac{\sqrt{130}}{2}, and m+n=130+2=132.m + n = 130 + 2 = 132.

9.

(a,b,c)(a, b, c) 是方程组 x3xyz=2,y3xyz=6,z3xyz=20 \begin{aligned} x^3 - xyz &= 2, \\ y^3 - xyz &= 6, \\ z^3 - xyz &= 20 \end{aligned} 的一个实数解。a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3 的最大可能值可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let (a,b,c)(a, b, c) be a real solution of the system of equations x3xyz=2,y3xyz=6,z3xyz=20. \begin{aligned} x^3 - xyz &= 2, \\ y^3 - xyz &= 6, \\ z^3 - xyz &= 20. \end{aligned} The greatest possible value of a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3 can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:158
难度评级:2740
小提示:

给每个方程加上 xyzxyz,并令 P=xyzP = xyz,得到 x3=2+Px^3 = 2 + Py3=6+Py^3 = 6 + Pz3=20+Pz^3 = 20 + P

Add xyzxyz to each equation and set P=xyz,P = xyz, so x3=2+P,x^3 = 2 + P, y3=6+P,y^3 = 6 + P, z3=20+Pz^3 = 20 + P

大提示:

三式相乘得 P3=(2+P)(6+P)(20+P)P^3 = (2+P)(6+P)(20+P),这其实是关于 PP 的二次方程;注意 x3+y3+z3=28+3Px^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 28 + 3P

Multiplying the three gives P3=(2+P)(6+P)(20+P),P^3 = (2+P)(6+P)(20+P), which is really a quadratic in P;P; note x3+y3+z3=28+3Px^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 28 + 3P

解答:

给每个方程加上 xyzxyz,得 x3=2+xyzx^3 = 2 + xyzy3=6+xyzy^3 = 6 + xyzz3=20+xyzz^3 = 20 + xyz。令 P=xyzP = xyz。三式相乘得到 P3=(2+P)(6+P)(20+P)=P3+28P2+172P+240 \begin{aligned} P^3 &= (2 + P)(6 + P)(20 + P) \\ &= P^3 + 28P^2 + 172P + 240 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 28P2+172P+240=028P^2 + 172P + 240 = 0,即 7P2+43P+60=07P^2 + 43P + 60 = 0,其根为 P=157P = -\frac{15}{7}P=4P = -4。每个根都能实现:取 2+P2 + P6+P6 + P20+P20 + P 的实立方根,它们的乘积确实为 PP

将原方程相加,得 x3+y3+z3=28+3Px^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 28 + 3P,这在较大的根 P=157P = -\frac{15}{7} 处最大:a3+b3+c3=28457=1517a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 28 - \frac{45}{7} = \frac{151}{7}\text{。}因此 m+n=151+7=158m + n = 151 + 7 = 158

Adding xyzxyz to each equation gives x3=2+xyz,x^3 = 2 + xyz, y3=6+xyz,y^3 = 6 + xyz, and z3=20+xyz.z^3 = 20 + xyz. Let P=xyz.P = xyz. Multiplying the three equations yields P3=(2+P)(6+P)(20+P)=P3+28P2+172P+240, \begin{aligned} P^3 &= (2 + P)(6 + P)(20 + P) \\ &= P^3 + 28P^2 + 172P + 240, \end{aligned} so 28P2+172P+240=0,28P^2 + 172P + 240 = 0, i.e. 7P2+43P+60=0,7P^2 + 43P + 60 = 0, whose roots are P=157P = -\frac{15}{7} and P=4.P = -4. Each root is achievable: the cube roots of 2+P,2 + P, 6+P,6 + P, 20+P20 + P then really do have product P.P.

Adding the original equations, x3+y3+z3=28+3P,x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 28 + 3P, which is maximized by the larger root P=157:P = -\frac{15}{7}: a3+b3+c3=28457=1517.a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 28 - \frac{45}{7} = \frac{151}{7}. Thus m+n=151+7=158.m + n = 151 + 7 = 158.

10.

NN 为将 20102010 写成如下形式的方法数: 2010=a3103+a2102+a110+a0 \begin{aligned} 2010 &= a_3 \cdot 10^3 + a_2 \cdot 10^2 \\ &\quad {}+ a_1 \cdot 10 + a_0 \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 aia_i 都是整数,且 0ai990 \le a_i \le 99。这样一种表示的例子是 11031 \cdot 10^3 +3102+ 3 \cdot 10^2 +67101+ 67 \cdot 10^1 +40100+ 40 \cdot 10^0。求 NN

Let NN be the number of ways to write 20102010 in the form 2010=a3103+a2102+a110+a0, \begin{aligned} 2010 &= a_3 \cdot 10^3 + a_2 \cdot 10^2 \\ &\quad {}+ a_1 \cdot 10 + a_0, \end{aligned} where the aia_i’s are integers, and 0ai99.0 \le a_i \le 99. An example of such a representation is 11031 \cdot 10^3 +3102+ 3 \cdot 10^2 +67101+ 67 \cdot 10^1 +40100.+ 40 \cdot 10^0. Find N.N.

答案:202
知识点:进制数字双射
难度评级:2840
小提示:

将每个系数拆成数字:ai=10bi+cia_i = 10 b_i + c_i,其中 bi,ci{0,1,,9}b_i, c_i \in \{0, 1, \ldots, 9\}

Split each coefficient into digits: ai=10bi+cia_i = 10 b_i + c_i with bi,ci{0,1,,9}b_i, c_i \in \{0, 1, \ldots, 9\}

大提示:

bib_i 是一个数 mm 的各位数字,cic_i 是一个数 nn 的各位数字,条件正好是 10m+n=201010m + n = 2010;数可能的 mm

The bib_i are the digits of a number mm and the cic_i of a number n,n, and the condition is exactly 10m+n=2010;10m + n = 2010; count the possible mm

解答:

将每个系数写成 ai=10bi+cia_i = 10b_i + c_i,其中数字 bi,ci{0,1,,9}b_i, c_i \in \{0, 1, \ldots, 9\};每个整数 0ai990 \le a_i \le 99 都能唯一这样拆分。令 m=b3b2b1b0m = b_3 b_2 b_1 b_0n=c3c2c1c0n = c_3 c_2 c_1 c_0(按 1010 进制数读取),条件变为 2010=10m+n2010 = 10m + n\text{。}

反过来,任何非负整数 m,nm, n 若满足 10m+n=201010m + n = 2010,就有 m201m \le 201n2010n \le 2010,所以二者至多四位;这些数字可恢复 bib_icic_i,从而恢复 aia_i。因此表示方法与 m{0,1,,201}m \in \{0, 1, \ldots, 201\} 的选择一一对应,其中 n=201010mn = 2010 - 10m,所以 N=202N = 202

Write each coefficient as ai=10bi+cia_i = 10b_i + c_i with digits bi,ci{0,1,,9};b_i, c_i \in \{0, 1, \ldots, 9\}; every integer 0ai990 \le a_i \le 99 splits this way uniquely. Setting m=b3b2b1b0m = b_3 b_2 b_1 b_0 and n=c3c2c1c0n = c_3 c_2 c_1 c_0 (read as base-1010 numbers), the condition becomes 2010=10m+n.2010 = 10m + n.

Conversely, any nonnegative integers m,nm, n with 10m+n=201010m + n = 2010 satisfy m201m \le 201 and n2010,n \le 2010, so each has at most four digits; those digits recover the bib_i and ci,c_i, hence the ai.a_i. So representations correspond exactly to choices of m{0,1,,201}m \in \{0, 1, \ldots, 201\} with n=201010m,n = 2010 - 10m, and N=202.N = 202.

11.

R\mathcal{R} 是坐标平面中同时满足 8x+y10|8 - x| + y \le 103yx153y - x \ge 15 的点组成的区域。当 R\mathcal{R} 绕直线 3yx=153y - x = 15 旋转时,所得立体的体积为 mπnp\frac{m\pi}{n\sqrt{p}},其中 mmnnpp 是正整数,mmnn 互质,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Let R\mathcal{R} be the region consisting of the set of points in the coordinate plane that satisfy both 8x+y10|8 - x| + y \le 10 and 3yx15.3y - x \ge 15. When R\mathcal{R} is revolved around the line whose equation is 3yx=15,3y - x = 15, the volume of the resulting solid is mπnp,\frac{m\pi}{n\sqrt{p}}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, mm and nn are relatively prime, and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:365
难度评级:2920
小提示:

该区域是一个三角形,其中一条边在旋转轴 3yx=153y - x = 15 上;求出它的三个顶点

The region is a triangle with one side on the axis of revolution 3yx=15;3y - x = 15; find its three vertices

大提示:

旋转后得到两个共用底面的圆锥:总体积为 13πd2AB\frac{1}{3}\pi\,d^2 \cdot AB,其中 dd 是轴外顶点到直线的距离

Revolving gives two cones sharing a base: total volume 13πd2AB,\frac{1}{3}\pi\,d^2 \cdot AB, where dd is the distance from the off-axis vertex to the line

解答:

条件 8x+y10|8 - x| + y \le 10 表示 yx+2y \le x + 2(当 x8x \le 8)以及 y18xy \le 18 - x(当 x8x \ge 8)。与半平面 3yx153y - x \ge 15 相交后,留下一个三角形,其两个顶点为 A=(92,132)A = \left(\frac{9}{2}, \frac{13}{2}\right)B=(394,334)B = \left(\frac{39}{4}, \frac{33}{4}\right),它们位于直线 3yx=153y - x = 15 上;另一个顶点为 C=(8,10)C = (8, 10)

ABAB 位于旋转轴上,垂足 DD 是从 CC 向该直线作垂线所得的点,即 (8.7,7.9)(8.7, 7.9),它位于 AABB 之间。所以该立体是两个共用底面的圆锥,底面半径为 CDCD,高之和为 ABAB,体积为 13πCD2AB\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot CD^2 \cdot AB。这里 CD=31081510=710,AB=(214)2+(74)2=7104 \begin{aligned} CD &= \frac{|3 \cdot 10 - 8 - 15|}{\sqrt{10}} = \frac{7}{\sqrt{10}}, \\ AB &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{21}{4}\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac{7}{4}\right)^2} \\ &= \frac{7\sqrt{10}}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}

体积为 13π49107104=343π1210\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot \frac{49}{10} \cdot \frac{7\sqrt{10}}{4} = \frac{343\pi}{12\sqrt{10}},所以 m+n+p=343+12+10m + n + p = 343 + 12 + 10 =365= 365

The condition 8x+y10|8 - x| + y \le 10 means yx+2y \le x + 2 for x8x \le 8 and y18xy \le 18 - x for x8.x \ge 8. Intersecting with the half-plane 3yx153y - x \ge 15 leaves the triangle with vertices A=(92,132)A = \left(\frac{9}{2}, \frac{13}{2}\right) and B=(394,334)B = \left(\frac{39}{4}, \frac{33}{4}\right) on the line 3yx=15,3y - x = 15, and apex C=(8,10).C = (8, 10).

Side ABAB lies on the axis of revolution, and the foot DD of the perpendicular from CC to the line, namely (8.7,7.9),(8.7, 7.9), lies between AA and B.B. So the solid is two cones sharing a base of radius CDCD with heights summing to AB,AB, and its volume is 13πCD2AB.\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot CD^2 \cdot AB. Here CD=31081510=710,AB=(214)2+(74)2=7104. \begin{aligned} CD &= \frac{|3 \cdot 10 - 8 - 15|}{\sqrt{10}} = \frac{7}{\sqrt{10}}, \\ AB &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{21}{4}\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac{7}{4}\right)^2} \\ &= \frac{7\sqrt{10}}{4}. \end{aligned}

The volume is 13π49107104=343π1210,\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot \frac{49}{10} \cdot \frac{7\sqrt{10}}{4} = \frac{343\pi}{12\sqrt{10}}, so m+n+p=343+12+10m + n + p = 343 + 12 + 10 =365.= 365.

12.

m3m \ge 3 为整数,且 S={3,4,5,,m}S = \{3, 4, 5, \ldots, m\}。求最小的 mm,使得对 SS 的任意二划分,至少有一个子集包含整数 aabbcc(不一定互不相同),满足 ab=cab = c

注:SS 的一个划分是一对集合 AABB,满足 AB=A \cap B = \emptysetAB=SA \cup B = S

Let m3m \ge 3 be an integer and let S={3,4,5,,m}.S = \{3, 4, 5, \ldots, m\}. Find the smallest value of mm such that for every partition of SS into two subsets, at least one of the subsets contains integers a,a, b,b, and cc (not necessarily distinct) such that ab=c.ab = c.

Note: a partition of SS is a pair of sets A,A, BB such that AB=A \cap B = \emptyset and AB=S.A \cup B = S.

答案:243
难度评级:3060
小提示:

尝试把较小的数和它们的两两乘积分开,例如把 {3,,8}\{3, \ldots, 8\}{9,,80}\{9, \ldots, 80\} 分开

Try two-subset partitions that keep small numbers and their pairwise products apart, such as separating {3,,8}\{3, \ldots, 8\} from {9,,80}\{9, \ldots, 80\}

大提示:

对上界,追踪 33 的幂:一旦 3399 被迫在不同子集中,就放置 27278181,再多一个幂就产生矛盾

For the upper bound, follow the powers of 3:3: once 33 and 99 are forced into different subsets, place 2727 and 81,81, and one more power creates a contradiction

解答:

首先,m=243m = 243 可行。假设 S={3,4,,243}S = \{3, 4, \ldots, 243\} 被划分为 TTUU,且二者都不含这样的乘积,并设 3T3 \in T。则 9=339 = 3 \cdot 3 必须在 UU 中,所以 81=9981 = 9 \cdot 9 必须在 TT 中,进而 243=381243 = 3 \cdot 81 必须在 UU 中。现在考虑 2727:若 27T27 \in T,则 327=813 \cdot 27 = 81TT 中形成乘积;若 27U27 \in U,则 927=2439 \cdot 27 = 243UU 中形成乘积。无论如何都会矛盾。

对于 m=242m = 242,划分 T={3,,8}{81,,242}T = \{3, \ldots, 8\} \cup \{81, \ldots, 242\}U={9,,80}U = \{9, \ldots, 80\} 可避免乘积:{3,,8}\{3, \ldots, 8\} 中两个元素的乘积落在 [9,64]U[9, 64] \subseteq U,任何含有 {81,,242}\{81, \ldots, 242\} 中元素的乘积至少为 381=243>2423 \cdot 81 = 243 \gt 242,而 UU 中两个元素的乘积至少为 81>8081 \gt 80

因此最小的 mm243243

First, m=243m = 243 works. Suppose S={3,4,,243}S = \{3, 4, \ldots, 243\} were partitioned into TT and UU with neither containing a product, and say 3T.3 \in T. Then 9=339 = 3 \cdot 3 must lie in U,U, so 81=9981 = 9 \cdot 9 must lie in T,T, and then 243=381243 = 3 \cdot 81 must lie in U.U. Now consider 27:27: if 27T,27 \in T, then 327=813 \cdot 27 = 81 puts a product in T;T; if 27U,27 \in U, then 927=2439 \cdot 27 = 243 puts one in U.U. Either way we reach a contradiction.

For m=242,m = 242, the partition T={3,,8}{81,,242}T = \{3, \ldots, 8\} \cup \{81, \ldots, 242\} and U={9,,80}U = \{9, \ldots, 80\} avoids products: two elements of {3,,8}\{3, \ldots, 8\} multiply to something in [9,64]U,[9, 64] \subseteq U, any product involving an element of {81,,242}\{81, \ldots, 242\} is at least 381=243>242,3 \cdot 81 = 243 \gt 242, and two elements of UU multiply to at least 81>80.81 \gt 80.

Hence the smallest such mm is 243.243.

13.

矩形 ABCDABCD 与以 AB\overline{AB} 为直径的半圆共面,且内部不重叠。设 R\mathcal{R} 为由半圆和矩形围成的区域。直线 \ell 与半圆、线段 AB\overline{AB}、线段 CD\overline{CD} 分别相交于不同的点 NNUUTT。直线 \ell 将区域 R\mathcal{R} 分成面积比为 1:21 : 2 的两个区域。已知 AU=84AU = 84AN=126AN = 126UB=168UB = 168。则 DADA 可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Rectangle ABCDABCD and a semicircle with diameter AB\overline{AB} are coplanar and have nonoverlapping interiors. Let R\mathcal{R} denote the region enclosed by the semicircle and the rectangle. Line \ell meets the semicircle, segment AB,\overline{AB}, and segment CD\overline{CD} at distinct points N,N, U,U, and T,T, respectively. Line \ell divides region R\mathcal{R} into two regions with areas in the ratio 1:2.1 : 2. Suppose that AU=84,AU = 84, AN=126,AN = 126, and UB=168.UB = 168. Then DADA can be represented as mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:69
难度评级:3270
小提示:

因为 AB=252AB = 252,圆心 OO 满足 AO=ON=AN=126AO = ON = AN = 126,所以三角形 AONAON 为等边三角形,扇形 AONAON 是半圆的三分之一

With AB=252,AB = 252, the center OO satisfies AO=ON=AN=126,AO = ON = AN = 126, so triangle AONAON is equilateral and sector AONAON is one third of the semicircle

大提示:

因为 AU:UB=1:2AU:UB = 1:2 也按 1:21:2 分割矩形,所以 \ellAB\overline{AB} 两侧切出的两个小三角形面积必须相等

Since AU:UB=1:2AU:UB = 1:2 splits the rectangle in ratio 1:21:2 as well, the two small triangles that \ell cuts off on either side of AB\overline{AB} must have equal areas

解答:

这里 AB=84+168=252AB = 84 + 168 = 252,所以半圆的圆心为 OOAB\overline{AB} 的中点),半径为 126126。由于 AN=AO=ON=126AN = AO = ON = 126,三角形 AONAON 是等边三角形,所以 AON=60\angle AON = 60^\circ,扇形 AONAON 正好是半圆的三分之一。同样地,若 QQ 为从 UUDC\overline{DC} 的垂足,则 AU:UB=1:2AU : UB = 1 : 2 使矩形 AUQDAUQD 为矩形 ABCDABCD 的三分之一。

R\mathcal{R}AA 侧(以 \ell 为分界)的部分等于(扇形 AONAON- [NUO][NUO] ++(矩形 AUQDAUQD++ [UQT][UQT]。由于这必须是 R\mathcal{R} 的三分之一,所以需要 [NUO]=[UQT][NUO] = [UQT]。设 PP 为从 NNAB\overline{AB} 的垂足。在 3030-6060-9090 三角形 NOPNOP 中,OP=63OP = 63NP=633NP = 63\sqrt{3},所以 UP=8463=21UP = 84 - 63 = 21,且 UO=12684=42UO = 126 - 84 = 42。三角形 NUPNUPTUQTUQ 是相似直角三角形(在 UU 处有对顶角),因此 [UQT][NUP]=(UQNP)2,[NUO][NUP]=UOUP=2 \begin{aligned} \frac{[UQT]}{[NUP]} &= \left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2, \\ \frac{[NUO]}{[NUP]} &= \frac{UO}{UP} = 2 \end{aligned}\text{,}后一个等式成立,是因为这两个三角形都以 NPNP 为高,底分别为 UOUOUPUP

令两个三角形面积相等,得 (UQNP)2=2\left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2 = 2,所以 DA=UQ=NP2=6332=636 \begin{aligned} DA = UQ &= NP\sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{3} \cdot \sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{6} \end{aligned}\text{,}因此 m+n=63+6=69m + n = 63 + 6 = 69

Here AB=84+168=252,AB = 84 + 168 = 252, so the semicircle has center OO (the midpoint of AB\overline{AB}) and radius 126.126. Since AN=AO=ON=126,AN = AO = ON = 126, triangle AONAON is equilateral, so AON=60\angle AON = 60^\circ and sector AONAON is exactly one third of the semicircle. Likewise, if QQ is the foot of the perpendicular from UU to DC,\overline{DC}, then AU:UB=1:2AU : UB = 1 : 2 makes rectangle AUQDAUQD one third of rectangle ABCD.ABCD.

The part of R\mathcal{R} on the AA-side of \ell equals (sector AONAON) - [NUO][NUO] ++ (rectangle AUQDAUQD) ++ [UQT].[UQT]. Since this must be one third of R,\mathcal{R}, we need [NUO]=[UQT].[NUO] = [UQT]. Let PP be the foot of the perpendicular from NN to AB.\overline{AB}. In the 3030-6060-9090 triangle NOP,NOP, OP=63OP = 63 and NP=633,NP = 63\sqrt{3}, so UP=8463=21UP = 84 - 63 = 21 and UO=12684=42.UO = 126 - 84 = 42. Triangles NUPNUP and TUQTUQ are similar right triangles (vertical angles at UU), so [UQT][NUP]=(UQNP)2,[NUO][NUP]=UOUP=2, \begin{aligned} \frac{[UQT]}{[NUP]} &= \left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2, \\ \frac{[NUO]}{[NUP]} &= \frac{UO}{UP} = 2, \end{aligned} the latter because both triangles have height NPNP over bases UOUO and UP.UP.

Setting the two triangle areas equal gives (UQNP)2=2,\left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2 = 2, so DA=UQ=NP2=6332=636, \begin{aligned} DA = UQ &= NP\sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{3} \cdot \sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{6}, \end{aligned} and m+n=63+6=69.m + n = 63 + 6 = 69.

14.

对每个正整数 nn,令 f(n)=k=1100log10(kn)f(n) = \sum_{k=1}^{100} \lfloor \log_{10}(kn) \rfloor。求最大的 nn,使其满足 f(n)300f(n) \le 300

注:x\lfloor x \rfloor 是小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。

For each positive integer n,n, let f(n)=k=1100log10(kn).f(n) = \sum_{k=1}^{100} \lfloor \log_{10}(kn) \rfloor. Find the largest value of nn for which f(n)300.f(n) \le 300.

Note: x\lfloor x \rfloor is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x.

答案:109
难度评级:3060
小提示:

每项 log10(kn)\lfloor \log_{10}(kn) \rfloor 都随 nn 的增大而不减,所以 ff 单调不减;先计算基准值 f(100)=292f(100) = 292

Each term log10(kn)\lfloor \log_{10}(kn) \rfloor never decreases as nn grows, so ff is nondecreasing; compute f(100)=292f(100) = 292 as a baseline

大提示:

nn 略大于 100100 时,数出有多少个 kk 满足 kn1000kn \ge 1000,再数出有多少个 kk 满足 kn10000kn \ge 10000,就能看出 f(n)f(n) 何时达到 300300

For nn slightly above 100,100, count the kk with kn1000kn \ge 1000 and the kk with kn10000kn \ge 10000 to see exactly when f(n)f(n) reaches 300300

解答:

每项 log10(kn)\lfloor \log_{10}(kn) \rfloornn 单调不减,所以 ff 单调不减,我们只需确定它何时超过 300300。当 n=100n = 100 时,乘积 knkn10010010410^4,于是 log10=2\lfloor \log_{10} \rfloor = 2 对应 k9k \le 933 对应 10k9910 \le k \le 9944 对应 k=100k = 100,所以 f(100)=92+903f(100) = 9 \cdot 2 + 90 \cdot 3 +4=292+ 4 = 292

n=109n = 109,因为 9109=981<10009 \cdot 109 = 981 \lt 1000,且 91109=9919<10491 \cdot 109 = 9919 \lt 10^4,各项分别为 22k9k \le 9)、3310k9110 \le k \le 91)和 4492k10092 \le k \le 100):f(109)=92+823+94=300 \begin{aligned} f(109) &= 9 \cdot 2 + 82 \cdot 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 9 \cdot 4 = 300 \end{aligned}\text{。}n=110n = 110,此时 91110=1001010491 \cdot 110 = 10010 \ge 10^4,所以有十项等于 44,且 f(110)=18+813f(110) = 18 + 81 \cdot 3 +104=301>300+ 10 \cdot 4 = 301 \gt 300

由单调性可知,最大的有效 nn109109

Each term log10(kn)\lfloor \log_{10}(kn) \rfloor is nondecreasing in n,n, so ff is nondecreasing and we just locate where it passes 300.300. For n=100:n = 100: the products knkn run from 100100 to 104,10^4, giving log10=2\lfloor \log_{10} \rfloor = 2 for k9,k \le 9, 33 for 10k99,10 \le k \le 99, and 44 for k=100,k = 100, so f(100)=92+903f(100) = 9 \cdot 2 + 90 \cdot 3 +4=292.+ 4 = 292.

For n=109:n = 109: since 9109=981<10009 \cdot 109 = 981 \lt 1000 and 91109=9919<104,91 \cdot 109 = 9919 \lt 10^4, the terms are 22 for k9,k \le 9, 33 for 10k91,10 \le k \le 91, and 44 for 92k100:92 \le k \le 100: f(109)=92+823+94=300. \begin{aligned} f(109) &= 9 \cdot 2 + 82 \cdot 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 9 \cdot 4 = 300. \end{aligned} For n=110:n = 110: now 91110=10010104,91 \cdot 110 = 10010 \ge 10^4, so ten terms equal 44 and f(110)=18+813f(110) = 18 + 81 \cdot 3 +104=301>300.+ 10 \cdot 4 = 301 \gt 300.

By monotonicity, the largest valid nn is 109.109.

15.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=12AB = 12BC=13BC = 13AC=15AC = 15,设 MMAC\overline{AC} 上一点,使得 ABM\triangle ABMBCM\triangle BCM 的内切圆半径相等。设 ppqq 是互质的正整数,满足 AMCM=pq\frac{AM}{CM} = \frac{p}{q}。求 p+qp + q

In ABC\triangle ABC with AB=12,AB = 12, BC=13,BC = 13, and AC=15,AC = 15, let MM be a point on AC\overline{AC} such that the incircles of ABM\triangle ABM and BCM\triangle BCM have equal radii. Let pp and qq be positive relatively prime integers such that AMCM=pq.\frac{AM}{CM} = \frac{p}{q}. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:45
难度评级:3370
小提示:

将面积记为 KK,则 r=Ksr = \frac{K}{s}。因此内切圆半径相等意味着两个三角形的面积比和周长比相同,而且这两个比都等于 AMCM\frac{AM}{CM}

Writing the area as K,K, we have r=Ks.r = \frac{K}{s}. Thus equal inradii mean the two triangles’ areas and perimeters are in the same ratio, and both ratios equal AMCM\frac{AM}{CM}

大提示:

k=AMCMk = \frac{AM}{CM};周长条件给出 BM=13k121kBM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k},而对塞瓦线 BMBM 使用 Stewart 定理会给出 BM2BM^2 的另一个表达式

Set k=AMCM;k = \frac{AM}{CM}; the perimeter condition gives BM=13k121k,BM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k}, and Stewart’s theorem on cevian BMBM gives a second expression for BM2BM^2

解答:

k=AMCMk = \frac{AM}{CM}。三角形 ABMABMCBMCBM 共用从 BB 作出的高,所以 [ABM][CBM]=k\frac{[ABM]}{[CBM]} = k。因为三角形的内切圆半径等于面积除以半周长,内切圆半径相等迫使 12+AM+BM13+CM+BM=k\frac{12 + AM + BM}{13 + CM + BM} = k。由 AM+CM=15AM + CM = 15,得 AM=15kk+1AM = \frac{15k}{k+1}CM=15k+1CM = \frac{15}{k+1};由于 AM=kCMAM = k \cdot CM,周长方程化简为 BM(1k)=13k12BM(1 - k) = 13k - 12,所以 BM=13k121kBM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k}\text{,}BM>0BM \gt 0 迫使 1213<k<1\frac{12}{13} \lt k \lt 1

对塞瓦线 BM\overline{BM} 使用 Stewart 定理,给出 AB2CM+BC2AMAB^2 \cdot CM + BC^2 \cdot AM =AC(BM2+AMCM)= AC\left(BM^2 + AM \cdot CM\right),所以 BM2=144+169kk+1225k(k+1)2 \begin{aligned} BM^2 &= \frac{144 + 169k}{k + 1} \\ &\quad {}- \frac{225k}{(k+1)^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}令它等于 (13k12)2(1k)2\frac{(13k-12)^2}{(1-k)^2},并清除分母,得到 (169k2+88k+144)(1k)2(169k^2 + 88k + 144)(1-k)^2 =(13k12)2(k+1)2= (13k-12)^2(k+1)^2,化简为 4k(69k2112k+44)=04k\left(69k^2 - 112k + 44\right) = 0

根为 k=0k = 0k=23k = \frac{2}{3},和 k=2223k = \frac{22}{23},其中只有 k=2223k = \frac{22}{23} 大于 1213\frac{12}{13}(此时 AM=223AM = \frac{22}{3}CM=233CM = \frac{23}{3}BM=10BM = 10)。因此 p+q=22+23=45p + q = 22 + 23 = 45

Let k=AMCM.k = \frac{AM}{CM}. Triangles ABMABM and CBMCBM share the altitude from B,B, so [ABM][CBM]=k.\frac{[ABM]}{[CBM]} = k. Since the inradius of a triangle is its area divided by its semiperimeter, equal inradii force 12+AM+BM13+CM+BM=k\frac{12 + AM + BM}{13 + CM + BM} = k as well. From AM+CM=15AM + CM = 15 we get AM=15kk+1AM = \frac{15k}{k+1} and CM=15k+1;CM = \frac{15}{k+1}; since AM=kCM,AM = k \cdot CM, the perimeter equation simplifies to BM(1k)=13k12,BM(1 - k) = 13k - 12, so BM=13k121k,BM = \frac{13k - 12}{1 - k}, and BM>0BM \gt 0 forces 1213<k<1.\frac{12}{13} \lt k \lt 1.

Stewart’s theorem on cevian BM\overline{BM} gives AB2CM+BC2AMAB^2 \cdot CM + BC^2 \cdot AM =AC(BM2+AMCM),= AC\left(BM^2 + AM \cdot CM\right), so BM2=144+169kk+1225k(k+1)2. \begin{aligned} BM^2 &= \frac{144 + 169k}{k + 1} \\ &\quad {}- \frac{225k}{(k+1)^2}. \end{aligned} Setting this equal to (13k12)2(1k)2\frac{(13k-12)^2}{(1-k)^2} and clearing denominators yields (169k2+88k+144)(1k)2(169k^2 + 88k + 144)(1-k)^2 =(13k12)2(k+1)2,= (13k-12)^2(k+1)^2, which simplifies to 4k(69k2112k+44)=0.4k\left(69k^2 - 112k + 44\right) = 0.

The roots are k=0,k = 0, k=23,k = \frac{2}{3}, and k=2223,k = \frac{22}{23}, and only k=2223k = \frac{22}{23} exceeds 1213\frac{12}{13} (then AM=223,AM = \frac{22}{3}, CM=233,CM = \frac{23}{3}, BM=10BM = 10). Hence p+q=22+23=45.p + q = 22 + 23 = 45.