2004 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

设 ABCDABCD 是等腰梯形,其边长为 AB=6AB = 6、BC=5=DABC = 5 = DA、CD=4CD = 4。作半径为 33、圆心分别为 AA 和 BB 的两个圆,再作半径为 22、圆心分别为 CC 和 DD 的两个圆。有一个位于梯形内部的圆与这四个圆都相切。它的半径为 −k+mnp\frac{-k + m\sqrt{n}}{p},其中 kk、mm、nn、pp 是正整数,nn 不被任何质数的平方整除,且 kk 与 pp 互质。求 k+m+n+pk + m + n + p。

Let ABCDABCD be an isosceles trapezoid, whose dimensions are AB=6,AB = 6, BC=5=DA,BC = 5 = DA, and CD=4.CD = 4. Draw circles of radius 33 centered at AA and B,B, and circles of radius 22 centered at CC and D.D. A circle contained within the trapezoid is tangent to all four of these circles. Its radius is −k+mnp,\frac{-k + m\sqrt{n}}{p}, where k,k, m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, nn is not divisible by the square of any prime, and kk and pp are relatively prime. Find k+m+n+p.k + m + n + p.

答案:134
知识点:相切圆梯形勾股定理根式
难度评级:3060
小提示:

梯形的高为 24\sqrt{24}。内圆圆心在对称轴上;相切条件表明,圆心到 AA、BB 的距离均为 x+3x + 3,到 CC、DD 的距离均为 x+2x + 2。

The trapezoid’s height is 24.\sqrt{24}. Center the inner circle on the axis of symmetry; tangency means its center is at distance x+3x + 3 from AA and B,B, and x+2x + 2 from CC and DD

大提示:

距离 x2+6x\sqrt{x^2 + 6x} 表示圆心高出 AB‾\overline{AB} 的高度,而距离 x2+4x\sqrt{x^2 + 4x} 表示圆心低于 CD‾\overline{CD} 的高度;两者之和为 24\sqrt{24}。

The center lies x2+6x\sqrt{x^2 + 6x} above AB‾\overline{AB} and x2+4x\sqrt{x^2 + 4x} below CD‾,\overline{CD}, and those two heights add to 24\sqrt{24}

解答:

从 CC 和 DD 作垂线可知,每条长为 55 的腰对应的水平偏移为 6−42=1\frac{6 - 4}{2} = 1,所以梯形高度为 25−1=24\sqrt{25 - 1} = \sqrt{24}。由对称性,内圆圆心 OO 位于竖直对称轴上;该轴经过点 EE,即 AB‾\overline{AB} 的中点,也经过点 FF,即 CD‾\overline{CD} 的中点。若内圆半径为 xx,外切条件给出 OA=x+3OA = x + 3 和 OC=x+2OC = x + 2。又因为 AE=3AE = 3、CF=2CF = 2,所以 OE=(x+3)2−9=x2+6x,OF=(x+2)2−4=x2+4x。 \begin{aligned} OE &= \sqrt{(x+3)^2 - 9} \\ &= \sqrt{x^2 + 6x}, \\ OF &= \sqrt{(x+2)^2 - 4} \\ &= \sqrt{x^2 + 4x} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 OE+OF=24OE + OF = \sqrt{24},移项后平方得 24(x2+4x)=12−x\sqrt{24(x^2 + 4x)} = 12 - x,再次平方得到 24x2+96x=144−24x+x224x^2 + 96x = 144 - 24x + x^2,即 23x2+120x−144=023x^2 + 120x - 144 = 0。

正根为 x=−120+14400+1324846=−120+96346=−60+48323, \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{-120 + \sqrt{14400 + 13248}}{46} \\ &= \frac{-120 + 96\sqrt{3}}{46} \\ &= \frac{-60 + 48\sqrt{3}}{23} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 k+m+n+pk + m + n + p =60+48+3+23= 60 + 48 + 3 + 23 =134= 134。

Dropping perpendiculars from CC and DD shows each leg of length 55 spans a horizontal offset of 6−42=1,\frac{6 - 4}{2} = 1, so the height of the trapezoid is 25−1=24.\sqrt{25 - 1} = \sqrt{24}. By symmetry the inner circle’s center OO lies on the vertical axis through the midpoints EE of AB‾\overline{AB} and FF of CD‾.\overline{CD}. If its radius is x,x, external tangency gives OA=x+3OA = x + 3 and OC=x+2,OC = x + 2, so with AE=3AE = 3 and CF=2,CF = 2, OE=(x+3)2−9=x2+6x,OF=(x+2)2−4=x2+4x. \begin{aligned} OE &= \sqrt{(x+3)^2 - 9} \\ &= \sqrt{x^2 + 6x}, \\ OF &= \sqrt{(x+2)^2 - 4} \\ &= \sqrt{x^2 + 4x}. \end{aligned}

Since OE+OF=24,OE + OF = \sqrt{24}, moving one radical across and squaring gives 24(x2+4x)=12−x,\sqrt{24(x^2 + 4x)} = 12 - x, and squaring again yields 24x2+96x=144−24x+x2,24x^2 + 96x = 144 - 24x + x^2, that is 23x2+120x−144=0.23x^2 + 120x - 144 = 0.

The positive root is x=−120+14400+1324846=−120+96346=−60+48323, \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{-120 + \sqrt{14400 + 13248}}{46} \\ &= \frac{-120 + 96\sqrt{3}}{46} \\ &= \frac{-60 + 48\sqrt{3}}{23}, \end{aligned} so k+m+n+pk + m + n + p =60+48+3+23= 60 + 48 + 3 + 23 =134.= 134.

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