2025 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

33 维坐标空间中,位于平面 x+y+z=75x + y + z = 75 且坐标满足不等式 x−yz<y−zx<z−xyx - yz \lt y - zx \lt z - xy 的点集形成三个不相交的凸区域。其中恰有一个区域面积有限。这个有限区域的面积可表示为 aba\sqrt{b},其中 aa 和 bb 是正整数,且 bb 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+ba + b。

The set of points in 33-dimensional coordinate space that lie in the plane x+y+z=75x + y + z = 75 whose coordinates satisfy the inequalities x−yz<y−zx<z−xyx - yz \lt y - zx \lt z - xy forms three disjoint convex regions. Exactly one of those regions has finite area. The area of this finite region can be expressed in the form ab,a\sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b.a + b.

答案:510
知识点:不等式因式分解三角形面积向量
难度评级:3060
小提示:

第一个不等式可整理为 (x−y)(1+z)<0(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0,第二个可整理为 (y−z)(1+x)<0(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0

The first inequality rearranges to (x−y)(1+z)<0,(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0, and the second to (y−z)(1+x)<0(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0

大提示:

有界部分是在该平面上的 −1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z;它的顶点来自边界 x=−1x = -1、x=yx = y,和 y=zy = z

The bounded piece is −1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z on the plane; its corners come from the boundaries x=−1,x = -1, x=y,x = y, and y=zy = z

解答:

因为 x−yz−(y−zx)x - yz - (y - zx) =(x−y)+z(x−y)= (x - y) + z(x - y) =(x−y)(1+z)= (x - y)(1 + z),同理 y−zx−(z−xy)y - zx - (z - xy) =(y−z)(1+x)= (y - z)(1 + x),所以两个条件分别为 (x−y)(1+z)<0(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0 以及 (y−z)(1+x)<0。(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0\text{。} 每个条件都有两种符号模式,共有四种组合。组合 x>yx \gt y、z<−1z \lt -1、y>zy \gt z、x<−1x \lt -1 在平面上不可能:x,z<−1x, z \lt -1 会迫使 y>77y \gt 77,与 x>yx \gt y 矛盾。剩下的组合中有两种允许某个坐标趋于无穷,从而产生两个无界区域。

有界区域为 x<yx \lt y、y<zy \lt z、x>−1x \gt -1(第四个限制 z>−1z \gt -1 随之自动成立):即平面上的集合 −1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z。其闭包是一个三角形,顶点来自边界线两两相交:x=−1x = -1、x=yx = y 给出 (−1,−1,77)(-1, -1, 77);x=−1x = -1、y=zy = z 给出 (−1,38,38)(-1, 38, 38);而 x=y=zx = y = z 给出 (25,25,25)(25, 25, 25)。

令 A=(−1,−1,77)A = (-1, -1, 77),两条边向量为 B−A=(0,39,−39)B - A = (0, 39, -39) 和 C−A=(26,26,−52)C - A = (26, 26, -52)。它们的叉积为 −1014 (1,1,1)-1014\,(1, 1, 1),长度为 101431014\sqrt{3},所以面积为 101432=5073\frac{1014\sqrt{3}}{2} = 507\sqrt{3}。因此 a+b=507+3=510a + b = 507 + 3 = 510。

Since x−yz−(y−zx)x - yz - (y - zx) =(x−y)+z(x−y)= (x - y) + z(x - y) =(x−y)(1+z),= (x - y)(1 + z), and similarly y−zx−(z−xy)y - zx - (z - xy) =(y−z)(1+x),= (y - z)(1 + x), the conditions are (x−y)(1+z)<0(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0 and (y−z)(1+x)<0.(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0. Each condition offers two sign patterns, giving four combinations. The combination x>y,x \gt y, z<−1,z \lt -1, y>z,y \gt z, x<−1x \lt -1 is impossible on the plane: x,z<−1x, z \lt -1 forces y>77,y \gt 77, contradicting x>y.x \gt y. Two of the remaining combinations allow a coordinate to run off to infinity, producing the two unbounded regions.

The bounded region is x<y,x \lt y, y<z,y \lt z, x>−1x \gt -1 (the fourth constraint z>−1z \gt -1 is then automatic): the set −1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z on the plane. Its closure is the triangle whose vertices come from intersecting the boundary lines pairwise: x=−1,x = -1, x=yx = y gives (−1,−1,77);(-1, -1, 77); x=−1,x = -1, y=zy = z gives (−1,38,38);(-1, 38, 38); and x=y=zx = y = z gives (25,25,25).(25, 25, 25).

With A=(−1,−1,77),A = (-1, -1, 77), the edge vectors are B−A=(0,39,−39)B - A = (0, 39, -39) and C−A=(26,26,−52),C - A = (26, 26, -52), whose cross product is −1014 (1,1,1),-1014\,(1, 1, 1), of length 10143.1014\sqrt{3}. The area is 101432=5073,\frac{1014\sqrt{3}}{2} = 507\sqrt{3}, so a+b=507+3=510.a + b = 507 + 3 = 510.

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