2007 AIME II 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

一个数学组织正在制作一套纪念车牌。每块车牌包含一个由 AIME 中的四个字母和 20072007 中的四个数字选出的五字符序列。任一字符在序列中出现的次数不得超过它在 AIME 的四个字母或 20072007 的四个数字中出现的次数。若一套车牌中每一种可能的序列恰好出现一次,共有 NN 块车牌。求 N10\frac{N}{10}

A mathematical organization is producing a set of commemorative license plates. Each plate contains a sequence of five characters chosen from the four letters in AIME and the four digits in 2007.2007. No character may appear in a sequence more times than it appears among the four letters in AIME or the four digits in 2007.2007. A set of plates in which each possible sequence appears exactly once contains NN license plates. Find N10.\frac{N}{10}.

知识点:排列分类讨论乘法原理
难度评级:1890
小提示:

按序列使用了多少个 00 分类;其他每个字符至多出现一次。

Split into cases by how many 00’s the sequence uses; every other character can appear at most once

大提示:

若有两个 00,先用 (52)\binom{5}{2} 种方法放置它们,再从其余六个字符中填入三个位置。

With two 00’s, place them in (52)\binom{5}{2} ways and fill three spots from the six other characters

解答:

可用的字符是七个不同符号 A、I、M、E、220077,其中 00 最多可用两次,其他每个字符最多用一次。使用至多一个 00 的序列,就是从七个不同字符中选出五个并排序:76543=25207 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 2520

使用两个 00 的序列:先确定两个 00 的位置,共有 (52)=10\binom{5}{2} = 10 种方法;再从其他六个字符中选出三个不同字符按顺序填入,方法数为 654=1206 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 = 120,共 12001200 个序列。

因此 N=2520+1200=3720N = 2520 + 1200 = 3720,所以 N10=372\frac{N}{10} = 372

The available characters are the seven distinct symbols A, I, M, E, 2,2, 0,0, 7,7, where 00 may be used up to twice and every other character at most once. Sequences using at most one 00 consist of five distinct characters chosen from the seven, in order: 76543=2520.7 \cdot 6 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 2520.

Sequences with two 00’s: choose the two positions for the 00’s in (52)=10\binom{5}{2} = 10 ways, then fill the remaining three positions with distinct characters from the other six in 654=1206 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 = 120 ways, for 12001200 sequences.

Thus N=2520+1200=3720,N = 2520 + 1200 = 3720, and N10=372.\frac{N}{10} = 372.

2.

求有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c) 的个数,其中 aabbcc 是正整数,aabb 的因数,aacc 的因数,且 a+b+c=100a + b + c = 100

Find the number of ordered triples (a,b,c)(a, b, c) where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, aa is a factor of b,b, aa is a factor of c,c, and a+b+c=100.a + b + c = 100.

难度评级:2070
小提示:

因为 aa 同时整除 bbcc,它也必须整除 a+b+c=100a + b + c = 100

Since aa divides both bb and c,c, it must divide a+b+c=100a + b + c = 100

大提示:

b=asb = asc=atc = at:则 s+t=100a1s + t = \frac{100}{a} - 1,它有 100a2\frac{100}{a} - 2 个正整数解。

Write b=asb = as and c=at:c = at: then s+t=100a1,s + t = \frac{100}{a} - 1, which has 100a2\frac{100}{a} - 2 positive solutions

解答:

因为 aa 整除 bbcc,所以它整除 a+b+c=100a + b + c = 100。令 b=asb = asc=atc = at,其中 s,t1s, t \ge 1;则 a(1+s+t)=100a(1 + s + t) = 100,所以 s+t=100a1s + t = \frac{100}{a} - 1\text{。}对正整数 sstt,需要 100a3\frac{100}{a} \ge 3,因而 a{1,2,4,5,10,20,25}a \in \{1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25\}

对每个这样的 aa,方程 s+t=100a1s + t = \frac{100}{a} - 1100a2\frac{100}{a} - 2 个有序正整数解。求和得 (100+50+25+20+10+5+4)27=21414=200 \begin{aligned} &\small (100 + 50 + 25 + 20 + 10 + 5 + 4) \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 7 \\ &= 214 - 14 = 200 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Since aa divides bb and c,c, it divides a+b+c=100.a + b + c = 100. Write b=asb = as and c=atc = at with s,t1;s, t \ge 1; then a(1+s+t)=100,a(1 + s + t) = 100, so s+t=100a1.s + t = \frac{100}{a} - 1. For positive ss and tt we need 100a3,\frac{100}{a} \ge 3, so a{1,2,4,5,10,20,25}.a \in \{1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25\}.

For each such a,a, the equation s+t=100a1s + t = \frac{100}{a} - 1 has 100a2\frac{100}{a} - 2 ordered positive solutions. Summing, (100+50+25+20+10+5+4)27=21414=200. \begin{aligned} &\small (100 + 50 + 25 + 20 + 10 + 5 + 4) \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 7 \\ &= 214 - 14 = 200. \end{aligned}

3.

正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 1313。点 EEFF 在正方形外部,满足 BE=DF=5BE = DF = 5AE=CF=12AE = CF = 12。求 EF2EF^2

Square ABCDABCD has side length 13,13, and points EE and FF are exterior to the square such that BE=DF=5BE = DF = 5 and AE=CF=12.AE = CF = 12. Find EF2.EF^2.

难度评级:2300
小提示:

因为 52+122=1325^2 + 12^2 = 13^2,角 AEBAEBCFDCFD 都是直角。

Since 52+122=132,5^2 + 12^2 = 13^2, angles AEBAEB and CFDCFD are right angles

大提示:

EAEA 延长过 AA,将 FDFD 延长过 DD,交于 GG,并寻找与 AEBAEB 全等的直角三角形。

Extend EAEA beyond AA and FDFD beyond DD to meet at G,G, and look for right triangles congruent to AEBAEB

解答:

因为 52+122=1325^2 + 12^2 = 13^2,三角形 AEBAEBCFDCFD 分别在 EEFF 处为直角,且它们全等(边长 5512121313)。将 EAEA 延长过 AA,将 FDFD 延长过 DD,直到两条直线交于 GG

于是 GAD=90EAB=ABE,GDA=90FDC=DCF=BAE \begin{aligned} \angle GAD &= 90^\circ - \angle EAB \\ &= \angle ABE, \\ \angle GDA &= 90^\circ - \angle FDC \\ &= \angle DCF = \angle BAE\text{。} \end{aligned} 这两个角之和为 9090^\circ,所以 AGD=90\angle AGD = 90^\circ,三角形 AGDAGDBEABEA 全等(角相等且斜边 AD=BA=13AD = BA = 13)。因此 GA=EB=5GA = EB = 5GD=EA=12GD = EA = 12

所以 GE=GA+AE=5+12=17GE = GA + AE = 5 + 12 = 17GF=GD+DF=12+5=17GF = GD + DF = 12 + 5 = 17,且它们在 GG 处成直角,因此 EF2=172+172=578EF^2 = 17^2 + 17^2 = 578

Since 52+122=132,5^2 + 12^2 = 13^2, triangles AEBAEB and CFDCFD are right-angled at EE and F,F, and they are congruent (sides 5,5, 12,12, 1313). Extend EAEA beyond AA and FDFD beyond DD until the two lines meet at G.G.

Then GAD=90EAB=ABE,GDA=90FDC=DCF=BAE. \begin{aligned} \angle GAD &= 90^\circ - \angle EAB \\ &= \angle ABE, \\ \angle GDA &= 90^\circ - \angle FDC \\ &= \angle DCF = \angle BAE. \end{aligned} These two angles sum to 90,90^\circ, so AGD=90,\angle AGD = 90^\circ, and triangle AGDAGD is congruent to BEABEA (equal angles and hypotenuse AD=BA=13AD = BA = 13). Hence GA=EB=5GA = EB = 5 and GD=EA=12.GD = EA = 12.

Therefore GE=GA+AE=5+12=17GE = GA + AE = 5 + 12 = 17 and GF=GD+DF=12+5=17,GF = GD + DF = 12 + 5 = 17, with a right angle between them at G,G, so EF2=172+172=578.EF^2 = 17^2 + 17^2 = 578.

4.

一家工厂的工人生产小部件和小装置。对每一种产品,生产时间是固定的,并且对所有工人相同,但两种产品的生产时间不一定相等。在一小时内,100100 名工人可以生产 300300 个小部件和 200200 个小装置。在两小时内,6060 名工人可以生产 240240 个小部件和 300300 个小装置。在三小时内,5050 名工人可以生产 150150 个小部件和 mm 个小装置。求 mm

The workers in a factory produce widgets and whoosits. For each product, production time is constant and identical for all workers, but not necessarily equal for the two products. In one hour, 100100 workers can produce 300300 widgets and 200200 whoosits. In two hours, 6060 workers can produce 240240 widgets and 300300 whoosits. In three hours, 5050 workers can produce 150150 widgets and mm whoosits. Find m.m.

知识点:速率方程组
难度评级:2020
小提示:

aabb 分别为生产一个小部件和一个小装置所需的工时;每种情形给出一个线性方程。

Let aa and bb be the worker-hours needed for one widget and one whoosit; each scenario gives one linear equation

大提示:

前两种情形给出 3a+2b=13a + 2b = 14a+5b=24a + 5b = 2;第三种情形总共提供 150150 个工时。

The first two scenarios give 3a+2b=13a + 2b = 1 and 4a+5b=2;4a + 5b = 2; the third supplies 150150 worker-hours in total

解答:

aabb 分别为生产一个小部件和一个小装置所需的工时。三种情形分别提供 100100120120150150 个工时,所以 300a+200b=100,240a+300b=120,150a+mb=150 \begin{aligned} 300a + 200b &= 100, \\ 240a + 300b &= 120, \\ 150a + mb &= 150 \end{aligned}\text{。}

前两个方程化简为 3a+2b=13a + 2b = 14a+5b=24a + 5b = 2,解得 a=17a = \frac{1}{7}b=27b = \frac{2}{7}。代入第三个方程,1507+2m7=150\frac{150}{7} + \frac{2m}{7} = 150,所以 150+2m=1050150 + 2m = 1050m=450m = 450

Let aa and bb be the worker-hours required to make one widget and one whoosit. The three scenarios supply 100,100, 120,120, and 150150 worker-hours, so 300a+200b=100,240a+300b=120,150a+mb=150. \begin{aligned} 300a + 200b &= 100, \\ 240a + 300b &= 120, \\ 150a + mb &= 150. \end{aligned}

The first two equations simplify to 3a+2b=13a + 2b = 1 and 4a+5b=2,4a + 5b = 2, giving a=17a = \frac{1}{7} and b=27.b = \frac{2}{7}. Substituting into the third, 1507+2m7=150,\frac{150}{7} + \frac{2m}{7} = 150, so 150+2m=1050150 + 2m = 1050 and m=450.m = 450.

5.

方程 9x+223y=20079x + 223y = 2007 的图像画在方格纸上,每个小正方形在两个方向上都表示一个单位。有多少个 1111 的方格纸小正方形,其内部完全位于该图像下方且完全位于第一象限内?

The graph of the equation 9x+223y=20079x + 223y = 2007 is drawn on graph paper with each square representing one unit in each direction. How many of the 11 by 11 graph paper squares have interiors lying entirely below the graph and entirely in the first quadrant?

难度评级:2390
小提示:

线段从 (0,9)(0, 9)(223,0)(223, 0);数一数它穿过 223×9223 \times 9 矩形中的 20072007 个单位方格中的多少个。

The segment runs from (0,9)(0, 9) to (223,0);(223, 0); count how many unit squares it cuts through in the 223×9223 \times 9 rectangle of 20072007 squares

大提示:

因为 gcd(9,223)=1\gcd(9, 223) = 1,线段不经过内部格点,所以它穿过 223+91223 + 9 - 1 个方格;对称性把未被触及的方格平分。

Since gcd(9,223)=1\gcd(9, 223) = 1 the segment hits no interior lattice point, so it crosses 223+91223 + 9 - 1 squares; symmetry splits the untouched squares evenly

解答:

直线与坐标轴交于 (223,0)(223, 0)(0,9)(0, 9),所以所有符合条件的方格都在 223×9223 \times 9 的矩形内,该矩形含有 2239=2007223 \cdot 9 = 2007 个单位方格。因为 gcd(9,223)=1\gcd(9, 223) = 1,线段不经过内部格点;它穿过 222222 条内部竖直网格线和 88 条内部水平网格线,每次穿线都进入一个新方格,所以它经过 223+91=231223 + 9 - 1 = 231 个方格的内部。

其余 2007231=17762007 - 231 = 1776 个方格完全位于线段上方或下方。线段的中点 (2232,92)\left(\frac{223}{2}, \frac{9}{2}\right) 是矩形中心,绕它旋转 180180^\circ 会交换这两组方格。因此恰有一半,即 888888,位于图像下方。

The line meets the axes at (223,0)(223, 0) and (0,9),(0, 9), so all qualifying squares lie inside the 223×9223 \times 9 rectangle, which contains 2239=2007223 \cdot 9 = 2007 unit squares. Because gcd(9,223)=1,\gcd(9, 223) = 1, the segment passes through no interior lattice point; it crosses 222222 interior vertical lines and 88 interior horizontal lines, entering a new square at each crossing, so it passes through the interiors of 223+91=231223 + 9 - 1 = 231 squares.

The other 2007231=17762007 - 231 = 1776 squares lie entirely above or entirely below the segment. The segment’s midpoint (2232,92)\left(\frac{223}{2}, \frac{9}{2}\right) is the center of the rectangle, so rotating by 180180^\circ about it swaps the two groups. Hence exactly half of them, 888,888, lie below the graph.

6.

若一个整数的十进制表示 a1a2a3aka_1 a_2 a_3 \ldots a_k 满足 ai<ai+1a_i \lt a_{i+1}(当 aia_i 为奇数时)以及 ai>ai+1a_i \gt a_{i+1}(当 aia_i 为偶数时),则称它为奇偶单调。有多少个四位奇偶单调整数?

An integer is called parity-monotonic if its decimal representation a1a2a3aka_1 a_2 a_3 \ldots a_k satisfies ai<ai+1a_i \lt a_{i+1} if aia_i is odd, and ai>ai+1a_i \gt a_{i+1} if aia_i is even. How many four-digit parity-monotonic integers are there?

难度评级:2390
小提示:

从右向左构造这个数,数一数某个给定数字前面可以紧挨着放多少个数字。

Build the number from right to left, counting how many digits may immediately precede a given digit

大提示:

对每个数字 dd,恰好有 44 个数字可以在它前面:小于 dd 的奇数,加上大于 dd 的偶数。数字 00 永远不合格。

For every digit d,d, exactly 44 digits can precede it: the odd digits below dd together with the even digits above d.d. The digit 00 never qualifies.

解答:

数字 aia_i 可以紧挨在 ai+1=da_{i+1} = d 前面,当且仅当 aia_i 是小于 dd 的奇数,或者是大于 dd 的偶数。逐一检查 dd0099,总是恰好有 44 个可选数字:例如 d=0d = 0 时可选 22446688d=4d = 4 时可选 11336688d=9d = 9 时可选 11335577。(把 dd 增加 11 时,一些奇数选择会被偶数选择替代,总数仍为 44。)注意 00 永远不能作为前一个数字,因为 00 是偶数但不大于任何数字。

因此最后一位 a4a_41010 种选法,然后 a3a_3a2a_2a1a_1 各有 44 种选法;首位自动非零。总数为 4310=6404^3 \cdot 10 = 640

A digit aia_i may immediately precede ai+1=da_{i+1} = d exactly when aia_i is odd and less than d,d, or even and greater than d.d. Checking each dd from 00 to 9,9, this always allows exactly 44 digits: for example, d=0d = 0 allows 2,2, 4,4, 6,6, 8;8; d=4d = 4 allows 1,1, 3,3, 6,6, 8;8; d=9d = 9 allows 1,1, 3,3, 5,5, 7.7. (Raising dd by 11 trades odd choices for even ones, keeping the total at 4.4.) Note that 00 is never an allowed predecessor, since 00 is even but exceeds no digit.

So choose the last digit a4a_4 in 1010 ways, then each of a3,a_3, a2,a_2, a1a_1 in 44 ways; the leading digit is automatically nonzero. The count is 4310=640.4^3 \cdot 10 = 640.

7.

给定实数 xx,令 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。对某个整数 kk,恰好有 7070 个正整数 n1n_1n2n_2\ldotsn70n_{70} 满足 k=n13=n23==n703 \begin{aligned} k &= \lfloor\sqrt[3]{n_1}\rfloor = \lfloor\sqrt[3]{n_2}\rfloor \\ &= \cdots = \lfloor\sqrt[3]{n_{70}}\rfloor \end{aligned} 并且 kk 整除 nin_i,对所有满足 1i701 \le i \le 70ii 都成立。求 nik\frac{n_i}{k}1i701 \le i \le 70 时的最大值。

Given a real number x,x, let x\lfloor x \rfloor denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x. For a certain integer k,k, there are exactly 7070 positive integers n1,n_1, n2,n_2, ,\ldots, n70n_{70} such that k=n13=n23==n703 \begin{aligned} k &= \lfloor\sqrt[3]{n_1}\rfloor = \lfloor\sqrt[3]{n_2}\rfloor \\ &= \cdots = \lfloor\sqrt[3]{n_{70}}\rfloor \end{aligned} and kk divides nin_i for all ii such that 1i70.1 \le i \le 70. Find the maximum value of nik\frac{n_i}{k} for 1i70.1 \le i \le 70.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

n3=k\lfloor\sqrt[3]{n}\rfloor = k 表示 k3n<k3+3k2+3k+1k^3 \le n \lt k^3 + 3k^2 + 3k + 1;数出这个范围内 kk 的倍数。

n3=k\lfloor\sqrt[3]{n}\rfloor = k means k3n<k3+3k2+3k+1;k^3 \le n \lt k^3 + 3k^2 + 3k + 1; count the multiples of kk in that range

大提示:

这样的倍数有 3k+43k + 4 个,所以解 3k+4=703k + 4 = 70,再取最大的倍数。

There are 3k+43k + 4 such multiples, so solve 3k+4=70,3k + 4 = 70, then take the largest multiple

解答:

条件 n3=k\lfloor\sqrt[3]{n}\rfloor = k 表示 k3n<(k+1)3k^3 \le n \lt (k+1)^3 =k3+3k2+3k+1= k^3 + 3k^2 + 3k + 1。这个范围内 kk 的倍数为 kk2k \cdot k^2k(k2+1)k(k^2 + 1)\ldotsk(k2+3k+3)k(k^2 + 3k + 3),所以恰好有 3k+43k + 4 个。

3k+4=703k + 4 = 70,得 k=22k = 22nik\frac{n_i}{k} 的最大值为 k2+3k+3=484+66+3k^2 + 3k + 3 = 484 + 66 + 3 =553= 553

The condition n3=k\lfloor\sqrt[3]{n}\rfloor = k means k3n<(k+1)3k^3 \le n \lt (k+1)^3 =k3+3k2+3k+1.= k^3 + 3k^2 + 3k + 1. The multiples of kk in this range are kk2,k \cdot k^2, k(k2+1),k(k^2 + 1), ,\ldots, k(k2+3k+3),k(k^2 + 3k + 3), so there are exactly 3k+43k + 4 of them.

Setting 3k+4=703k + 4 = 70 gives k=22.k = 22. The maximum of nik\frac{n_i}{k} is k2+3k+3=484+66+3k^2 + 3k + 3 = 484 + 66 + 3 =553.= 553.

8.

一张长方形纸片的尺寸为 44 单位乘 55 单位。若干条线段被画出,并且都平行于纸片的边。由其中一些线段的交点确定的长方形称为基本长方形,如果 (i) 该长方形的四条边都是所画线段的一部分,且 (ii) 没有所画线段的任何一段位于该长方形内部。

已知所有画出的线段总长度恰好为 20072007 个单位。令 NN 为能确定的基本长方形个数的最大可能值。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

A rectangular piece of paper measures 44 units by 55 units. Several lines are drawn parallel to the edges of the paper. A rectangle determined by the intersections of some of these lines is called basic if (i) all four sides of the rectangle are segments of drawn line segments, and (ii) no segments of drawn lines lie inside the rectangle.

Given that the total length of all lines drawn is exactly 20072007 units, let NN be the maximum possible number of basic rectangles determined. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

若有 hh 条长度为 44 的线段和 vv 条长度为 55 的线段,则 4h+5v=20074h + 5v = 2007,相邻线段对形成 (h1)(v1)(h-1)(v-1) 个基本长方形。

With hh drawn lines of length 44 and vv of length 5,5, we get 4h+5v=2007,4h + 5v = 2007, and adjacent pairs form (h1)(v1)(h-1)(v-1) basic rectangles

大提示:

最大化 xyxy,约束为 4x+5y=19984x + 5y = 1998:取 xx 满足 x2(mod5)x \equiv 2 \pmod 5,并尽量接近顶点 9994\frac{999}{4}

Maximize xyxy over 4x+5y=1998:4x + 5y = 1998: take xx satisfying x2(mod5)x \equiv 2 \pmod 5 and as close as possible to the vertex 9994\frac{999}{4}

解答:

设画出的线段中有 hh 条长度为 44,有 vv 条长度为 55,则 4h+5v=20074h + 5v = 2007。一个基本长方形由每个方向上的两条相邻线段围成,所以这些线段确定 (h1)(v1)(h - 1)(v - 1) 个基本长方形。令 x=h1x = h - 1y=v1y = v - 1,我们要最大化 xyxy,约束为 4x+5y=19984x + 5y = 1998

作为 xx 的函数,乘积 xy=x19984x5xy = x \cdot \frac{1998 - 4x}{5} 是开口向下的抛物线,顶点在 x=9994=249.75x = \frac{999}{4} = 249.75。为了使 yy 为整数,需要 4x1998(mod5)4x \equiv 1998 \pmod 5,即 x2(mod5)x \equiv 2 \pmod 5。最近的候选是 x=247x = 247(此时 y=202y = 202,乘积 4989449894)和 x=252x = 252(此时 y=198y = 198,乘积 4989649896)。

因此 N=49896N = 49896,除以 10001000 的余数为 896896

Suppose hh of the drawn lines have length 44 and vv have length 5,5, so 4h+5v=2007.4h + 5v = 2007. A basic rectangle is bounded by two adjacent lines in each direction, so the lines determine (h1)(v1)(h - 1)(v - 1) basic rectangles. Setting x=h1x = h - 1 and y=v1,y = v - 1, we must maximize xyxy subject to 4x+5y=1998.4x + 5y = 1998.

As a function of x,x, the product xy=x19984x5xy = x \cdot \frac{1998 - 4x}{5} is a downward parabola with vertex at x=9994=249.75.x = \frac{999}{4} = 249.75. For yy to be an integer we need 4x1998(mod5),4x \equiv 1998 \pmod 5, i.e. x2(mod5).x \equiv 2 \pmod 5. The nearest candidates are x=247x = 247 (giving y=202y = 202 and product 4989449894) and x=252x = 252 (giving y=198y = 198 and product 4989649896).

So N=49896,N = 49896, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 896.896.

9.

已知长方形 ABCDABCDAB=63AB = 63BC=448BC = 448。点 EEFF 分别在 AD\overline{AD}BC\overline{BC} 上,满足 AE=CF=84AE = CF = 84。三角形 BEFBEF 的内切圆与 EF\overline{EF} 相切于点 PP,三角形 DEFDEF 的内切圆与 EF\overline{EF} 相切于点 QQ。求 PQPQ

Rectangle ABCDABCD is given with AB=63AB = 63 and BC=448.BC = 448. Points EE and FF lie on AD\overline{AD} and BC\overline{BC} respectively, such that AE=CF=84.AE = CF = 84. The inscribed circle of triangle BEFBEF is tangent to EF\overline{EF} at point P,P, and the inscribed circle of triangle DEFDEF is tangent to EF\overline{EF} at point Q.Q. Find PQ.PQ.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

用勾股定理计算 BEBEBFBFEFEF;三角形 BEFBEFDFEDFE 实际上全等。

Compute BE,BE, BF,BF, and EFEF with the Pythagorean theorem; triangles BEFBEF and DFEDFE turn out congruent

大提示:

切点按照切线长分割 EFEFEP=sBFEP = s - BFFQ=sDEFQ = s - DE,其中 ss 是共同的半周长。然后 PQ=EFEPFQPQ = EF - EP - FQ

The tangency point splits EFEF by tangent lengths: EP=sBFEP = s - BF and FQ=sDE,FQ = s - DE, where ss is the common semiperimeter. Then PQ=EFEPFQ.PQ = EF - EP - FQ.

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(63,0)B = (63, 0)C=(63,448)C = (63, 448)D=(0,448)D = (0, 448),则 E=(0,84)E = (0, 84)F=(63,364)F = (63, 364)。于是 BE=DF=632+842BE = DF = \sqrt{63^2 + 84^2} =2132+42=105= 21\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2} = 105BF=DE=44884=364BF = DE = 448 - 84 = 364,且 EF=632+2802EF = \sqrt{63^2 + 280^2} =792+402=287= 7\sqrt{9^2 + 40^2} = 287。特别地,三角形 BEFBEFDFEDFE 全等,共同半周长为 s=105+364+2872=378s = \frac{105 + 364 + 287}{2} = 378

在任意三角形中,从一个顶点到内切圆在其两边上的切点的距离等于半周长减去对边长。在三角形 BEFBEF 中,EP=sBFEP = s - BF =378364=14= 378 - 364 = 14;在三角形 DEFDEF 中,FQ=sDEFQ = s - DE =378364=14= 378 - 364 = 14

因此 PQ=EFEPFQPQ = EF - EP - FQ =2871414=259= 287 - 14 - 14 = 259

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(63,0),B = (63, 0), C=(63,448),C = (63, 448), D=(0,448),D = (0, 448), so E=(0,84)E = (0, 84) and F=(63,364).F = (63, 364). Then BE=DF=632+842BE = DF = \sqrt{63^2 + 84^2} =2132+42=105,= 21\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2} = 105, BF=DE=44884=364,BF = DE = 448 - 84 = 364, and EF=632+2802EF = \sqrt{63^2 + 280^2} =792+402=287.= 7\sqrt{9^2 + 40^2} = 287. In particular triangles BEFBEF and DFEDFE are congruent, with common semiperimeter s=105+364+2872=378.s = \frac{105 + 364 + 287}{2} = 378.

In any triangle, the distance from a vertex to the incircle’s tangency points on its two sides is the semiperimeter minus the opposite side. In triangle BEF,BEF, EP=sBFEP = s - BF =378364=14;= 378 - 364 = 14; in triangle DEF,DEF, FQ=sDEFQ = s - DE =378364=14.= 378 - 364 = 14.

Therefore PQ=EFEPFQPQ = EF - EP - FQ =2871414=259.= 287 - 14 - 14 = 259.

10.

SS 为一个有六个元素的集合。令 PPSS 的所有子集组成的集合。令 AABBSS 的两个子集,两者可以相同,并从 PP 中相互独立地随机选取。BBAASAS - A 中至少一个集合的子集,这一事件的概率为 mnr\frac{m}{n^r},其中 mmnnrr 是正整数,nn 是质数,且 mmnn 互质。求 m+n+rm + n + r。(集合 SAS - ASS 中不属于 AA 的所有元素组成的集合。)

Let SS be a set with six elements. Let PP be the set of all subsets of S.S. Subsets AA and BB of S,S, not necessarily distinct, are chosen independently and at random from P.P. The probability that BB is contained in at least one of AA or SAS - A is mnr,\frac{m}{n^r}, where m,m, n,n, and rr are positive integers, nn is prime, and mm and nn are relatively prime. Find m+n+r.m + n + r. (The set SAS - A is the set of all elements of SS which are not in A.A.)

难度评级:2840
小提示:

A=k|A| = k 分类,并数集合 BB:它满足 BAB \subseteq ABSAB \subseteq S - A;只有空集同时满足两者。

Condition on A=k|A| = k and count the sets BB with BAB \subseteq A or BSA;B \subseteq S - A; only the empty set satisfies both

大提示:

kk 求和 (6k)(2k+26k1)\binom{6}{k}\left(2^k + 2^{6-k} - 1\right),并使用 k(6k)2k=36\sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^k = 3^6

Sum over kk the expression (6k)(2k+26k1)\binom{6}{k}\left(2^k + 2^{6-k} - 1\right) using k(6k)2k=36\sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^k = 3^6

解答:

固定集合 AA,并设 A=k|A| = k。有 2k2^k 个子集满足 BAB \subseteq A,有 26k2^{6-k} 个子集满足 BSAB \subseteq S - A,且只有空集被重复计算,所以有 2k+26k12^k + 2^{6-k} - 1BB 成功。因为共有 (6k)\binom{6}{k} 个集合 AA,其大小为 kk,且各有 262^6 种选择来确定 AABB,所以概率为 1212k=06(6k)(2k+26k1)=23626212 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2^{12}}\sum_{k=0}^{6} \binom{6}{k}\left(2^k + 2^{6-k} - 1\right) \\ &= \frac{2 \cdot 3^6 - 2^6}{2^{12}} \end{aligned}\text{,}这里用到了 k(6k)2k=k(6k)26k\sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^k = \sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^{6-k} =(1+2)6=36= (1+2)^6 = 3^6

化简为 3625211=697211\frac{3^6 - 2^5}{2^{11}} = \frac{697}{2^{11}}。因为 697=1741697 = 17 \cdot 41 是奇数,所以 m=697m = 697n=2n = 2r=11r = 11,因而 m+n+r=710m + n + r = 710

Fix AA with A=k.|A| = k. There are 2k2^k subsets BAB \subseteq A and 26k2^{6-k} subsets BSA,B \subseteq S - A, and only the empty set is counted twice, so 2k+26k12^k + 2^{6-k} - 1 choices of BB succeed. Since there are (6k)\binom{6}{k} sets AA of size kk and 262^6 choices for each of AA and B,B, the probability is 1212k=06(6k)(2k+26k1)=23626212, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2^{12}}\sum_{k=0}^{6} \binom{6}{k}\left(2^k + 2^{6-k} - 1\right) \\ &= \frac{2 \cdot 3^6 - 2^6}{2^{12}}, \end{aligned} using k(6k)2k=k(6k)26k\sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^k = \sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^{6-k} =(1+2)6=36.= (1+2)^6 = 3^6.

This simplifies to 3625211=697211.\frac{3^6 - 2^5}{2^{11}} = \frac{697}{2^{11}}. Since 697=1741697 = 17 \cdot 41 is odd, we take m=697,m = 697, n=2,n = 2, r=11,r = 11, and m+n+r=710.m + n + r = 710.

11.

两根长度相同但直径不同的长圆柱管彼此平行地放在平面上。较大的圆柱管半径为 7272,沿平面向半径为 2424 的较小圆柱管滚动。它滚过较小圆柱管并继续沿平面滚动,直到它以圆周上的同一点着地而停下,已完成一整圈旋转。如果较小圆柱管始终不动,且滚动无滑动,则较大圆柱管最终离起点的距离为 xx。距离 xx 可表示为 aπ+bca\pi + b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 为整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Two long cylindrical tubes of the same length but different diameters lie parallel to each other on a flat surface. The larger tube has radius 7272 and rolls along the surface toward the smaller tube, which has radius 24.24. It rolls over the smaller tube and continues rolling along the flat surface until it comes to rest on the same point of its circumference as it started, having made one complete revolution. If the smaller tube never moves, and the rolling occurs with no slipping, the larger tube ends up a distance xx from where it starts. The distance xx can be expressed in the form aπ+bc,a\pi + b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

当两根管相切且都接触地面时,连接它们圆心的线段长为 9696,竖直分量为 4848

When the tubes touch while both rest on the ground, the segment joining their centers has length 9696 and vertical component 4848

大提示:

总转角为 360360^\circ:越过小管时,大管的自转角等于圆心扫过的 120120^\circ 加上接触弧所贡献的转角,其余转角来自平地滚动。

Total turning is 360:360^\circ: while crossing the small tube, the big tube’s rotation equals the center’s 120120^\circ sweep plus the angular contribution from the contact arc; the rest is flat rolling

解答:

当滚动的大管同时接触地面和小管时,两圆心之间的距离为 72+24=9672 + 24 = 96,竖直分量为 7224=4872 - 24 = 48,所以该线段与水平线成 3030^\circ 角。大管滚过小管时,它的圆心沿着以小管圆心为圆心、半径 9696 的圆弧运动,从一侧水平线上方 3030^\circ 到另一侧 3030^\circ,扫过 120120^\circ。圆心的水平位移为 296cos30=9632 \cdot 96\cos 30^\circ = 96\sqrt{3}

在这段扫过过程中,小管上的接触弧对应大管圆周的 1202472=40120^\circ \cdot \frac{24}{72} = 40^\circ,而扫角本身也使大管转过 120120^\circ,所以越过小管时大管总共转过 160160^\circ。为了恰好完成一整圈,剩下的 360160=200360^\circ - 160^\circ = 200^\circ 转角发生在平地滚动中,此时圆心前进的滚动距离为 2003602π72=80π\frac{200}{360} \cdot 2\pi \cdot 72 = 80\pi

因此 x=80π+963x = 80\pi + 96\sqrt{3},所以 a+b+c=80+96+3=179a + b + c = 80 + 96 + 3 = 179

When the rolling tube touches both the ground and the small tube, the segment between centers has length 72+24=9672 + 24 = 96 and vertical component 7224=48,72 - 24 = 48, so it makes a 3030^\circ angle with the horizontal. As the big tube rolls over the small one, its center swings along an arc of radius 9696 about the small tube’s center, from 3030^\circ above the horizontal on one side to 3030^\circ on the other: a sweep of 120,120^\circ, advancing the center horizontally by 296cos30=963.2 \cdot 96\cos 30^\circ = 96\sqrt{3}.

During that sweep, the contact arc on the small tube is 1202472=40120^\circ \cdot \frac{24}{72} = 40^\circ worth of the big tube’s circumference, and the sweep itself also rotates the big tube by 120,120^\circ, so crossing the small tube turns the big tube by 160160^\circ in all. To complete exactly one revolution, the remaining 360160=200360^\circ - 160^\circ = 200^\circ of turning happens rolling on flat ground, where the center advances the rolled distance 2003602π72=80π.\frac{200}{360} \cdot 2\pi \cdot 72 = 80\pi.

Hence x=80π+963,x = 80\pi + 96\sqrt{3}, and a+b+c=80+96+3=179.a + b + c = 80 + 96 + 3 = 179.

12.

递增的等比数列 x0x_0x1x_1x2x_2\ldots 完全由 33 的整数次幂组成。已知 n=07log3(xn)=308\sum_{n=0}^{7} \log_3(x_n) = 30856log3(n=07xn)5756 \le \log_3\left(\sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n\right) \le 57\text{,}log3(x14)\log_3(x_{14})

The increasing geometric sequence x0,x_0, x1,x_1, x2,x_2, \ldots consists entirely of integral powers of 3.3. Given that n=07log3(xn)=308\sum_{n=0}^{7} \log_3(x_n) = 308 and 56log3(n=07xn)57,56 \le \log_3\left(\sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n\right) \le 57, find log3(x14).\log_3(x_{14}).

难度评级:2650
小提示:

写成 xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a+bn},其中 aa 为整数,而 b1b \ge 1;对数和条件给出 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77

Write xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a+bn} with integers aa and b1;b \ge 1; the log-sum condition gives 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77

大提示:

x0++x7x_0 + \cdots + x_7 严格大于 x7x_7 且小于 3x73 x_7,所以该和的以 33 为底的对数确定了 a+7ba + 7b

The sum x0++x7x_0 + \cdots + x_7 lies strictly between x7x_7 and 3x7,3 x_7, so its base-33 log pins down a+7ba + 7b

解答:

每一项都是 33 的幂,公比也是两个 33 的幂之商,所以 xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a + bn},其中 aabb 为整数;又因为数列递增,b1b \ge 1。第一个条件给出 n=07(a+bn)=8a+28b=308\sum_{n=0}^{7} (a + bn) = 8a + 28b = 308\text{,}2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77\text{。}

对第二个条件,x7=3a+7bx_7 = 3^{a+7b} 是最大项,并且 x7<n=07xn<x7(1+13+19+)=32x7<3x7 \begin{aligned} x_7 &\lt \sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n \\ &\lt x_7\left(1 + \tfrac{1}{3} + \tfrac{1}{9} + \cdots\right) \\ &= \tfrac{3}{2}\,x_7 \lt 3x_7 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 log3(xn)\log_3\left(\sum x_n\right) 严格介于 a+7ba + 7ba+7b+1a + 7b + 1 之间。给定界限迫使 a+7b=56a + 7b = 56

2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77 中减去它,得 a=21a = 21,进而 b=5b = 5。因此 log3(x14)=a+14b=21+70\log_3(x_{14}) = a + 14b = 21 + 70 =91= 91

Every term is a power of 33 and the ratio is a quotient of powers of 3,3, so xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a + bn} for integers aa and b,b, with b1b \ge 1 since the sequence increases. The first condition gives n=07(a+bn)=8a+28b=308,\sum_{n=0}^{7} (a + bn) = 8a + 28b = 308, i.e. 2a+7b=77.2a + 7b = 77.

For the second condition, x7=3a+7bx_7 = 3^{a+7b} is the largest term, and x7<n=07xn<x7(1+13+19+)=32x7<3x7, \begin{aligned} x_7 &\lt \sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n \\ &\lt x_7\left(1 + \tfrac{1}{3} + \tfrac{1}{9} + \cdots\right) \\ &= \tfrac{3}{2}\,x_7 \lt 3x_7, \end{aligned} so log3(xn)\log_3\left(\sum x_n\right) lies strictly between a+7ba + 7b and a+7b+1.a + 7b + 1. The given bounds then force a+7b=56.a + 7b = 56.

Subtracting from 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77 yields a=21,a = 21, then b=5.b = 5. Therefore log3(x14)=a+14b=21+70\log_3(x_{14}) = a + 14b = 21 + 70 =91.= 91.

13.

一个由正方形组成的三角形阵列,第一行有一个正方形,第二行有两个,依此类推,第 kk 行有 kk 个正方形,其中 1k111 \le k \le 11。除底行外,每个正方形都放在它正下方一行的两个正方形上,如图所示。在第十一行的每个正方形中填入一个 0011。然后在其他正方形中填数,每个正方形中的数等于它下面两个正方形中的数之和。底行中 0011 的初始分布有多少种,使得顶端正方形中的数是 33 的倍数?

A triangular array of squares has one square in the first row, two in the second, and, in general, kk squares in the kkth row for 1k11.1 \le k \le 11. With the exception of the bottom row, each square rests on two squares in the row immediately below, as illustrated in the figure. In each square of the eleventh row, a 00 or a 11 is placed. Numbers are then placed into the other squares, with the entry for each square being the sum of the entries in the two squares below it. For how many initial distributions of 00’s and 11’s in the bottom row is the number in the top square a multiple of 3?3?

难度评级:2920
小提示:

每个条目像帕斯卡三角形一样向上传递:顶端正方形为底行条目 x0x_0\ldotsx10x_{10}i(10i)xi\sum_i \binom{10}{i} x_i

Each entry feeds upward like Pascal’s triangle: for bottom entries x0,x_0, ,\ldots, x10,x_{10}, the top square is i(10i)xi\sum_i \binom{10}{i} x_i

大提示:

33 时,除了 i=0i = 011991010 外,(10i)\binom{10}{i} 都为零,所以只有 x0+x1+x9+x10x_0 + x_1 + x_9 + x_{10} 有影响。

Modulo 3,3, except for i=0,i = 0, 1,1, 9,9, 10,10, the coefficient (10i)\binom{10}{i} vanishes, so only x0+x1+x9+x10x_0 + x_1 + x_9 + x_{10} matters

解答:

将底行条目标为 x0x_0x1x_1\ldotsx10x_{10}。由于每个正方形都是下方两个正方形之和,贡献按帕斯卡三角形的权重累积:顶端正方形等于 i=010(10i)xi\sum_{i=0}^{10} \binom{10}{i} x_i

33 时,直接检查(或对 10=101310 = 101_3 使用卢卡斯定理)可知,当 2i82 \le i \le 8(10i)0\binom{10}{i} \equiv 0,而 (100)=(1010)=1\binom{10}{0} = \binom{10}{10} = 1,且 (101)=(109)=101\binom{10}{1} = \binom{10}{9} = 10 \equiv 1。所以顶端正方形是 33 的倍数,当且仅当 x0+x1+x9+x10x_0 + x_1 + x_9 + x_{10} 0(mod3)\equiv 0 \pmod 3

因为这四个条目都是 0011,所以能被 33 整除的和只有 0033:要么四个全为 00(一种),要么恰好三个为 11(四种),共 55 种选择。其余七个条目 x2x_2\ldotsx8x_8 可自由选择,所以总数为 527=6405 \cdot 2^7 = 640

Label the bottom-row entries x0,x_0, x1,x_1, ,\ldots, x10.x_{10}. Since each square is the sum of the two below it, the contributions accumulate with Pascal’s-triangle weights: the top square equals i=010(10i)xi.\sum_{i=0}^{10} \binom{10}{i} x_i.

Modulo 3,3, direct checking (or Lucas’ theorem with 10=101310 = 101_3) shows that for 2i8,2 \le i \le 8, (10i)0,\binom{10}{i} \equiv 0, while (100)=(1010)=1\binom{10}{0} = \binom{10}{10} = 1 and (101)=(109)=101.\binom{10}{1} = \binom{10}{9} = 10 \equiv 1. So the top square is a multiple of 33 exactly when x0+x1+x9+x10x_0 + x_1 + x_9 + x_{10} 0(mod3).\equiv 0 \pmod 3.

Because the four entries are 00 or 1,1, their sum is divisible by 33 only when it is 00 or 3:3: either all four are 00 (one way) or exactly three are 11 (four ways), for 55 choices. The remaining seven entries x2,x_2, ,\ldots, x8x_8 are free, so the count is 527=640.5 \cdot 2^7 = 640.

14.

f(x)f(x) 是一个实系数多项式,满足 f(0)=1f(0) = 1f(2)+f(3)=125f(2) + f(3) = 125,且对所有 xx 都有 f(x)f(2x2)=f(2x3+x)f(x)f(2x^2) = f(2x^3 + x)。求 f(5)f(5)

Let f(x)f(x) be a polynomial with real coefficients such that f(0)=1,f(0) = 1, f(2)+f(3)=125,f(2) + f(3) = 125, and for all x,x, f(x)f(2x2)=f(2x3+x).f(x)f(2x^2) = f(2x^3 + x). Find f(5).f(5).

难度评级:3060
小提示:

λ\lambda 是一个根,则 2λ3+λ2\lambda^3 + \lambda 也是根;比较首项系数可知 ff 是首一多项式。

If λ\lambda is a root, so is 2λ3+λ;2\lambda^3 + \lambda; compare leading coefficients to see ff is monic

大提示:

没有根可以满足 λ1|\lambda| \ne 1(模长会无限增大,或者根的乘积不可能为 ±1\pm 1);然后 2λ2+1=1|2\lambda^2 + 1| = 1 迫使 λ2=1\lambda^2 = -1

No root can have λ1|\lambda| \ne 1 (moduli would grow forever, or the root product couldn’t be ±1\pm 1); then 2λ2+1=1|2\lambda^2 + 1| = 1 forces λ2=1\lambda^2 = -1

解答:

题中给出的函数值排除了常数多项式。若 ff 的次数为 mm,首项系数为 aa,则 f(x)f(2x2)=f(2x3+x)f(x)f(2x^2) = f(2x^3 + x) 两边的首项系数分别为 a22ma^2 2^ma2ma 2^m,所以 a=1a = 1。该方程还说明,只要 λ\lambda 是根,2λ3+λ2\lambda^3 + \lambda 也是根。

若某个根满足 λ>1|\lambda| \gt 1,则 2λ3+λ2λ3λ>λ|2\lambda^3 + \lambda| \ge 2|\lambda|^3 - |\lambda| \gt |\lambda|,反复迭代会产生无限多个不同的根,这是不可能的。由于 ff 是首一多项式且 f(0)=1f(0) = 1,根的乘积模长为 11,所以也没有根的模长能小于 11;每个根都满足 λ=1|\lambda| = 1。那么 2λ3+λ2\lambda^3 + \lambda 的模长也必须为 11,因此 2λ2+1=1|2\lambda^2 + 1| = 1。写 λ2=cosθ+isinθ\lambda^2 = \cos\theta + i\sin\theta,得 (2cosθ+1)2+4sin2θ=1(2\cos\theta + 1)^2 + 4\sin^2\theta = 1,化简为 cosθ=1\cos\theta = -1,所以 λ2=1\lambda^2 = -1

因此每个根都是 ±i\pm i,且实系数使它们成对出现:f(x)=(x2+1)nf(x) = (x^2 + 1)^n。条件 f(2)+f(3)=5n+10n=125f(2) + f(3) = 5^n + 10^n = 125 给出 n=2n = 2,所以 f(5)=262=676f(5) = 26^2 = 676

The given values rule out a constant polynomial. If ff has degree mm and leading coefficient a,a, the leading coefficients of the two sides of f(x)f(2x2)=f(2x3+x)f(x)f(2x^2) = f(2x^3 + x) are a22ma^2 2^m and a2m,a 2^m, so a=1.a = 1. The equation also shows that whenever λ\lambda is a root, 2λ3+λ2\lambda^3 + \lambda is a root as well.

If some root had λ>1,|\lambda| \gt 1, then 2λ3+λ2λ3λ>λ,|2\lambda^3 + \lambda| \ge 2|\lambda|^3 - |\lambda| \gt |\lambda|, and iterating would produce infinitely many distinct roots — impossible. Since ff is monic with f(0)=1,f(0) = 1, the product of the roots has modulus 1,1, so no root can have modulus less than 11 either: every root satisfies λ=1.|\lambda| = 1. Then 2λ3+λ2\lambda^3 + \lambda must also have modulus 1,1, so 2λ2+1=1.|2\lambda^2 + 1| = 1. Writing λ2=cosθ+isinθ,\lambda^2 = \cos\theta + i\sin\theta, we get (2cosθ+1)2+4sin2θ=1,(2\cos\theta + 1)^2 + 4\sin^2\theta = 1, which simplifies to cosθ=1,\cos\theta = -1, so λ2=1.\lambda^2 = -1.

Thus every root is ±i,\pm i, and real coefficients pair them up: f(x)=(x2+1)n.f(x) = (x^2 + 1)^n. The condition f(2)+f(3)=5n+10n=125f(2) + f(3) = 5^n + 10^n = 125 gives n=2,n = 2, so f(5)=262=676.f(5) = 26^2 = 676.

15.

画出四个半径相同的圆 ω\omegaωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C,它们位于三角形 ABCABC 内部,使得 ωA\omega_A 与边 ABABACAC 相切,ωB\omega_BBCBCBABA 相切,ωC\omega_CCACACBCB 相切,并且 ω\omegaωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 外切。若三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 131314141515,则 ω\omega 的半径可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Four circles ω,\omega, ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, and ωC\omega_C with the same radius are drawn in the interior of triangle ABCABC such that ωA\omega_A is tangent to sides ABAB and AC,AC, ωB\omega_B to BCBC and BA,BA, ωC\omega_C to CACA and CB,CB, and ω\omega is externally tangent to ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, and ωC.\omega_C. If the sides of triangle ABCABC are 13,13, 14,14, and 15,15, the radius of ω\omega can be represented in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

ωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 的圆心在角平分线上,形成一个与 ABCABC 相似的三角形,它是以内心为中心、按比例 rxr\frac{r - x}{r} 缩小得到的。

The centers of ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, ωC\omega_C lie on the angle bisectors, forming a triangle similar to ABCABC shrunk toward the incenter by factor rxr\frac{r - x}{r}

大提示:

ω\omega 的圆心到这三个圆心距离相等,所以 2x2x 等于缩小后三角形的外接圆半径,即 RrxrR \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}

The center of ω\omega is equidistant from those three centers, so 2x2x equals the circumradius of the shrunken triangle, namely RrxrR \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}

解答:

xx 为共同半径,令 OAO_AOBO_BOCO_C 分别为 ωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 的圆心。每个圆心到三角形的两条边距离为 xx,所以每个圆心都在一条角平分线上,且三角形 OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C 的边与 ABCABC 的对应边平行,相距 xx。因此 OAOBOCO_A O_B O_CABCABC 以内心 II 为中心、按比例 rxr\frac{r - x}{r} 位似得到的图形,其中 rr 是内切圆半径;特别地,它的外接圆半径为 RrxrR \cdot \frac{r - x}{r},其中 RRABCABC 的外接圆半径。

ω\omega 的圆心到 OAO_AOBO_BOCO_C 的距离都为 2x2x(等圆外切),所以它是三角形 OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C 的外心,并且 2x=Rrxr2x = R \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}\text{。}1313-1414-1515 三角形,s=21s = 21,海伦公式给出面积 21876=84\sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84,所以 r=8421=4r = \frac{84}{21} = 4,且 R=131415484=658R = \frac{13 \cdot 14 \cdot 15}{4 \cdot 84} = \frac{65}{8}

于是 2x=6584x42x = \frac{65}{8} \cdot \frac{4 - x}{4},得到 64x=26065x64x = 260 - 65x,所以 x=260129x = \frac{260}{129}。因为 129=343129 = 3 \cdot 43260260 无公因数,答案为 m+n=260+129=389m + n = 260 + 129 = 389

Let xx be the common radius, and let OA,O_A, OB,O_B, OCO_C be the centers of ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, ωC.\omega_C. Each is at distance xx from two sides of the triangle, so each lies on an angle bisector, and the sides of triangle OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C are parallel to those of ABCABC at distance x.x. Hence OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C is the image of ABCABC under the homothety centered at the incenter II with ratio rxr,\frac{r - x}{r}, where rr is the inradius; in particular its circumradius is Rrxr,R \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}, where RR is the circumradius of ABC.ABC.

The center of ω\omega is at distance 2x2x from each of OA,O_A, OB,O_B, OCO_C (externally tangent equal circles), so it is the circumcenter of OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C and 2x=Rrxr.2x = R \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}. For the 1313-1414-1515 triangle, s=21s = 21 and Heron’s formula gives area 21876=84,\sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84, so r=8421=4r = \frac{84}{21} = 4 and R=131415484=658.R = \frac{13 \cdot 14 \cdot 15}{4 \cdot 84} = \frac{65}{8}.

Then 2x=6584x42x = \frac{65}{8} \cdot \frac{4 - x}{4} gives 64x=26065x,64x = 260 - 65x, so x=260129.x = \frac{260}{129}. Since 129=343129 = 3 \cdot 43 shares no factor with 260,260, the answer is m+n=260+129=389.m + n = 260 + 129 = 389.