2018 AIME I 第 1 题

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1.

SS 为整数有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 的个数,其中 1a1001 \le a \le 100b0b \ge 0,并且多项式 x2+ax+bx^2 + ax + b 可以分解为两个(不一定不同的)整系数一次因式的乘积。求 SS 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let SS be the number of ordered pairs of integers (a,b),(a, b), with 1a1001 \le a \le 100 and b0,b \ge 0, such that the polynomial x2+ax+bx^2 + ax + b can be factored into the product of two (not necessarily distinct) linear factors with integer coefficients. Find the remainder when SS is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:600
知识点:二次方程完全平方数奇偶性
难度评级:2260
解答:

该多项式分解为整系数一次因式,恰好等价于它的根是整数,也就是判别式 a24ba^2 - 4b 等于某个整数 c0c \ge 0 的平方 c2c^2。给定 aa 时,这样的 b0b \ge 0 存在,当且仅当 4b=a2c2=(ac)(a+c)4b = a^2 - c^2 = (a-c)(a+c),其中 cc 满足 0ca0 \le c \le aca(mod2)c \equiv a \pmod 2,不同的 cc 给出不同的 b=a2c24b = \frac{a^2 - c^2}{4}

aa 为奇数时,有效的 cc1,3,,a1, 3, \ldots, a,共有 a+12\frac{a+1}{2} 个;当 aa 为偶数时,有效值是 0,2,,a0, 2, \ldots, a,共有 a2+1\frac{a}{2} + 1 个。

a=1,,100a = 1, \ldots, 100 求和:奇数 aa 贡献 1+2++50=12751 + 2 + \cdots + 50 = 1275,偶数 aa 贡献 2+3++51=13252 + 3 + \cdots + 51 = 1325。因此 S=2600S = 2600,余数为 600600

The polynomial factors into integer linear factors exactly when its roots are integers, that is, when the discriminant a24ba^2 - 4b equals c2c^2 for some integer c0.c \ge 0. Given a,a, such a b0b \ge 0 exists exactly when 4b=a2c2=(ac)(a+c)4b = a^2 - c^2 = (a-c)(a+c) for some cc with 0ca0 \le c \le a and ca(mod2),c \equiv a \pmod 2, and distinct such cc give distinct values b=a2c24.b = \frac{a^2 - c^2}{4}.

For odd aa the valid cc are 1,3,,a,1, 3, \ldots, a, which is a+12\frac{a+1}{2} choices; for even aa they are 0,2,,a,0, 2, \ldots, a, which is a2+1\frac{a}{2} + 1 choices.

Summing over a=1,,100:a = 1, \ldots, 100: the odd aa contribute 1+2++50=1275,1 + 2 + \cdots + 50 = 1275, and the even aa contribute 2+3++51=1325.2 + 3 + \cdots + 51 = 1325. Thus S=2600,S = 2600, and the remainder is 600.600.

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