1983 AMC 12 第 27 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

27.

在一个晴天,一个大球体放在水平地面上。某一时刻,球体的影子从球体与地面的接触点起延伸 1010 米。同一时刻,一根米尺竖直放置,一端接触地面,投下长度为 22 米的影子。该球体的半径是多少米?(假设太阳光线互相平行,并将米尺视为线段。)

A large sphere is on a horizontal field on a sunny day. At a certain time the shadow of the sphere reaches out a distance of 1010 m from the point where the sphere touches the ground. At the same instant a meter stick (held vertically with one end on the ground) casts a shadow of length 22 m. What is the radius of the sphere in meters? (Assume the sun’s rays are parallel and the meter stick is a line segment.)

52\frac52

9459-4\sqrt5

810238\sqrt{10}-23

6156-\sqrt{15}

1052010\sqrt5-20

答案:E
知识点:切线距离公式相似
难度评级:2310
小提示:

在竖直截面中,影子边界处的太阳光线与一个圆相切

In a vertical cross-section, the limiting sun ray is tangent to a circle

大提示:

米尺表明光线每水平前进 22 个单位就竖直上升 11 个单位

The meter stick shows that the ray rises 11 unit for every 22 horizontal units

解答:

以球体与地面的接触点为 (0,0)(0,0),圆心为 (0,r)(0,r)。影子边界处的太阳光线经过影子端点 (10,0)(10,0),斜率为 12-\frac{1}{2},所以方程为 x+2y10=0x+2y-10=0。相切意味着点 (0,r)(0,r) 到这条直线的距离等于 rr102r5=r \frac{10-2r}{\sqrt5}=r\text{。}因此 r=102+5=10520r=\frac{10}{2+\sqrt5}=10\sqrt5-20

所以正确答案是 E

Take the sphere’s ground-contact point as (0,0)(0,0) and its center as (0,r).(0,r). The limiting sun ray passes through the shadow endpoint (10,0)(10,0) and has slope 12,-\frac{1}{2}, so its equation is x+2y10=0.x+2y-10=0. Tangency means the distance from (0,r)(0,r) to this line equals r:r: 102r5=r. \frac{10-2r}{\sqrt5}=r. Hence r=102+5=10520.r=\frac{10}{2+\sqrt5}=10\sqrt5-20.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

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