1983 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
若 、,且 ,则 等于
If and then equals
小提示:
利用 将 表示成 的式子
Use to express in terms of
大提示:
代入后,舍去使 的解
After substitution, discard the solution that makes
解答:
第二个方程给出 。代入第一个方程,得到 ,所以 。条件 排除 ,于是 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The second equation gives Substituting into the first gives so The condition rules out leaving and
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
2.
点 位于平面内圆 的外部。圆 上至多有多少个点与 相距 厘米?
Point is outside circle on the plane. At most how many points on are cm from
小提示:
与 距离固定的点构成另一个圆
Points at a fixed distance from form another circle
大提示:
数出这两个圆的公共点;两圆相交时取到最大值
Count the common points of the two circles; the maximum occurs when they cross
解答:
与 相距 厘米的点构成一个以 为圆心的圆。两个不同的圆至多相交于两点,而且确实可能有两个交点。
所以正确答案是 B。
The points cm from form a circle centered at Two distinct circles intersect in at most two points, and two intersections are possible.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
3.
三个素数 、、 满足 和 。则 等于
Three primes, and satisfy and Then equals
小提示:
除一个素数外,其余素数都是奇数
Every prime except one is odd
大提示:
若两个加数都是奇数,它们的和就是一个大于 的偶数
If both addends were odd, their sum would be an even number greater than
解答:
若 和 都是奇数,则 是大于 的偶数,因而不是素数。所以其中一个加数是唯一的偶素数 。由于 ,这个加数就是 。
所以正确答案是 A。
If both and were odd, then would be even and greater than so it would not be prime. Thus one addend is the only even prime, Since that addend is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
4.
在附图的平面图形中,边 与 平行,边 与 平行,边 与 平行。每条边的长度均为 。此外,。该图形的面积为
In the adjoining plane figure, sides and are parallel, as are sides and and sides and Each side has length Also, The area of the figure is
小提示:
将 与 竖直放置,并利用 角为各点设坐标
Place and vertically and use the angles to assign coordinates
大提示:
六个顶点的横坐标变化都可以用 表示
The six vertices can be written using horizontal changes of
解答:
由平行方向和 角可知,在刚性运动意义下,各顶点可以取为 对这六个顶点应用鞋带公式,得到面积 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The parallel directions and angles place the vertices, up to rigid motion, at Applying the shoelace formula to these six vertices gives area
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
5.
6.
将 、 和 相乘,所得多项式的次数为
When and are multiplied, the product is a polynomial of degree
小提示:
从每个因式中各取一项,追踪所得项的最大指数
Track the largest exponent produced by choosing one term from each factor
大提示:
最高次项来自
The leading term comes from
解答:
最大指数来自 。其余各项的指数都更小,而最小的可能指数为 ,所以乘积确实是一个多项式。它的次数为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The greatest exponent comes from Every other term has smaller exponent, and the smallest possible exponent is so the product is indeed a polynomial. Its degree is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
7.
爱丽丝以比标价低 的价格卖出一件商品,并得到售价的 作为佣金。鲍勃以比标价低 的价格卖出同一件商品,并得到售价的 作为佣金。若两人的佣金相同,则标价为
Alice sells an item at less than the list price and receives of her selling price as her commission. Bob sells the same item at less than the list price and receives of his selling price as his commission. If they both get the same commission, then the list price is
8.
9.
在某个人群中,女性人数与男性人数之比为 比 。若女性的平均(算术平均)年龄为 ,男性的平均年龄为 ,则该人群的平均年龄为
In a certain population the ratio of the number of women to the number of men is to If the average (arithmetic mean) age of the women is and the average age of the men is then the average age of the population is
10.
线段 既是一个半径为 的圆的直径,也是等边三角形 的一条边。该圆还分别在点 和 处与 和 相交。 的长度为
Segment is both a diameter of a circle of radius and a side of an equilateral triangle The circle also intersects and at points and respectively. The length of is
小提示:
由于 是直径,所以 是直角
Because is a diameter, is a right angle
大提示:
三角形 是一个斜边 的 -- 三角形
Triangle is a -- triangle with hypotenuse
解答:
由于 位于以 为直径的圆上,所以 。又因为 是等边三角形,所以 。因此 是一个斜边 的 -- 三角形,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since is on the circle with diameter Also because is equilateral. Thus is a -- triangle with hypotenuse so
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
11.
12.
若 ,则 等于
If then equals
以上都不是
none of these
13.
若 、、,且这些量都不为 ,则 等于
If and and none of these quantities is then equals
14.
的个位数字为
The units digit of is
小提示:
求个位数字时,将 化为
Reduce to when considering units digits
大提示:
合并两个 的幂,并利用长度为 的个位数字循环
Combine the two powers of and use the length- units-digit cycles
解答:
模 时,因为 的幂每 次循环一次。另外,。因此乘积的个位数字为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Modulo because powers of repeat every Also Thus the product has units digit
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
15.
将标有 、、 的三个球放入一个罐中。抽出一个球,记录其编号,再将球放回罐中。这个过程再重复两次,每次抽取各球的可能性都相同。若记录的三个编号之和为 ,则三次都抽到编号为 的球的概率是多少?
Three balls marked and are placed in an urn. One ball is drawn, its number is recorded, and then the ball is returned to the urn. This process is repeated and then repeated once more, and each ball is equally likely to be drawn on each occasion. If the sum of the numbers recorded is what is the probability that the ball numbered was drawn all three times?
小提示:
列出由 中元素组成且和为 的有序三元组
List the ordered triples from whose sum is
大提示:
所有可能是 的排列以及
The possibilities are the permutations of together with
解答:
和为 的有序三元组为 的六个排列和三元组 。它们的可能性相同,七个三元组中恰有一个含有三个 。因此条件概率为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The ordered triples with sum are the six permutations of and the triple They are equally likely, and exactly one of the seven has three ’s. The conditional probability is therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
16.
令 其中小数部分的数字是将整数 到 依次写下而得到的。小数点右侧第 位数字是
Let where the digits are obtained by writing the integers through in order. The rd digit to the right of the decimal point is
小提示:
先数一位数和两位数共提供多少位数字
First count the digits contributed by the one- and two-digit integers
大提示:
经过前 位后,在三位数中定位剩余的位置
After digits, locate the remaining position within the three-digit integers
解答:
一位数提供 位,两位数提供 位,共 位。因此所求数字是三位数部分中的第 位。由于 ,它是第 个三位数的末位数字;该三位数为 。所以这位数字是 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The one-digit integers contribute digits and the two-digit integers contribute for total. Thus the desired digit is the th digit among the three-digit integers. Since it is the last digit of the th three-digit integer, namely That digit is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
17.
右图在复平面上标出了若干个数。图中的圆是以原点为圆心的单位圆。其中一个数是 的倒数。它是哪一个?
The diagram to the right shows several numbers in the complex plane. The circle is the unit circle centered at the origin. One of these numbers is the reciprocal of Which one?
小提示:
若 ,则其倒数的模为
For its reciprocal has modulus
大提示:
取倒数会把辐角关于实轴反射,并将点移到单位圆内部
The reciprocal reflects the argument across the real axis and moves inside the unit circle
解答:
若 ,则 。由于 位于第一象限且在单位圆外,其倒数位于第四象限的单位圆内,辐角与原来关于实轴对称。只有点 具有这些性质。
所以正确答案是 C。
If then Because is outside the unit circle in quadrant I, its reciprocal is inside the unit circle in quadrant IV, with the reflected argument. Only point has those properties.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
18.
设 为一个多项式函数,且对所有实数 ,都有 则对所有实数 , 为
Let be a polynomial function such that, for all real For all real is
以上都不是
none of these
19.
点 位于三角形 的边 上。若 、、,则 的长度为
Point is on side of triangle If and then the length of is
小提示:
角平分线定理给出
The angle bisector theorem gives
大提示:
令 、、;再对两个三角形应用余弦定理
Set and then apply the law of cosines to the two triangles
解答:
由角平分线定理,可令 、。再令 。三角形 与 在 处的角均为 ,对它们应用余弦定理,得到 用第二个方程减去第一个方程的四倍,得到 。由于 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
By the angle bisector theorem, write and Let The law of cosines in triangles and whose angles at are both gives Subtracting four times the first equation from the second yields Since
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
20.
若 和 是 的根,而 和 是 的根,则 必定为
If and are the roots of and and are the roots of then is necessarily
小提示:
第二个二次方程的根是第一个二次方程各根的倒数
The roots of the second quadratic are reciprocals of the roots of the first
大提示:
利用韦达定理,以 表示它们的和与积
Use Vieta’s formulas to express their sum and product in terms of
解答:
令第一组根为 和 。则 ,且 。第二组根为 和 ,所以 因此 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the first roots be and Then and The second roots are and so Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
21.
从下列各数中找出最小的正数
Find the smallest positive number from the numbers below
小提示:
比较平方,判断所列各差中哪些为正
Compare the squares to determine which listed differences are positive
大提示:
利用 将每个正的差有理化
Rationalize each positive difference using
解答:
由于 ,选项 A 为正;由于 ,选项 C 为负;又因 ,选项 D 为正而 E 为负。两个正数满足 第二个分母较大,所以选项 D 是较小的正数。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since choice A is positive; since choice C is negative; and since choice D is positive while E is negative. The two positive values satisfy The second denominator is larger, so choice D is the smaller positive number.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
22.
考虑两个函数 其中变量 以及常数 和 都是实数。每一对这样的常数 和 都可以看作 平面内的一点 。令 为所有这类点 的集合,使得 与 的图像在 平面内不相交。则 的面积为
Consider the two functions where the variable and the constants and are real numbers. Each such pair of constants and may be considered as a point in an -plane. Let be the set of such points for which the graphs of and do not intersect (in the -plane). The area of is
无穷大
infinite
小提示:
令 ,并要求所得二次方程没有实根
Set and require the resulting quadratic to have no real roots
大提示:
将判别式为负的条件化简为关于 和 的条件
Simplify the negative-discriminant condition in terms of and
解答:
交点对应于方程的实根:没有实根当且仅当其判别式为负:因此 是 平面内单位圆的内部,面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Intersections correspond to roots of There are no real roots exactly when its discriminant is negative: Thus is the interior of the unit circle in the -plane, with area
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
23.
在附图中,五个圆依次彼此相切,并且都与直线 和 相切。若最大圆的半径为 ,最小圆的半径为 ,则中间圆的半径为
In the adjoining figure the five circles are tangent to one another consecutively and to the lines and If the radius of the largest circle is and that of the smallest one is then the radius of the middle circle is
小提示:
任意两个相邻相切圆的图形缩放后形状相同
Every pair of consecutive tangent circles has the same shape after scaling
大提示:
这些半径组成等比数列,所以中间半径的平方等于两个极端半径的乘积
The radii form a geometric sequence, so the middle radius squared is the product of the extremes
解答:
各圆心都位于 与 的角平分线上。任意两个相邻圆的构型都相似,因此相邻半径之比为常数。所以五个半径组成等比数列。若中间半径为 ,五项等比数列的对称性给出 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The centers lie on the angle bisector of and Similarity of the configuration for any two consecutive circles shows that consecutive radii have a constant ratio. Thus the five radii form a geometric sequence. If the middle radius is symmetry of a five-term geometric sequence gives so
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
24.
周长(以厘米计)与面积(以 计)的数值相等的互不全等直角三角形有多少个?
How many non-congruent right triangles are there such that the perimeter in cm and area in are numerically equal?
一个也没有
none
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
从任意形状的直角三角形开始,将所有边长缩放 倍
Start with any shape of right triangle and scale all its side lengths by
大提示:
缩放后,周长乘以 ,而面积乘以
Under scaling, perimeter is multiplied by while area is multiplied by
解答:
从任意一个周长为 、面积为 的直角三角形开始。将每条边缩放 倍后,周长为 ,面积为 ,两者相等。互不相似的直角三角形形状有无穷多个,所以所得三角形也互不全等。
所以正确答案是 E。
Start with any right triangle having perimeter and area Scaling every side by produces perimeter and area which are equal. Infinitely many nonsimilar right-triangle shapes exist, and the resulting triangles are therefore noncongruent.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
25.
26.
事件 发生的概率为 ;事件 发生的概率为 。令 为 和 都发生的概率。必定包含 的最小区间是
The probability that event occurs is the probability that event occurs is Let be the probability that both and occur. The smallest interval necessarily containing is the interval
小提示:
对事件 和 应用容斥原理
Apply inclusion-exclusion to events and
大提示:
将 限制在 与 之间
Bound between and
解答:
容斥原理给出 由于 ,可得 两个端点都能取到,所以这是必定成立的最小区间。
所以正确答案是 D。
Inclusion-exclusion gives Since it follows that Both endpoints can occur, so this is the smallest necessary interval.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
27.
在一个晴天,一个大球体放在水平地面上。某一时刻,球体的影子从球体与地面的接触点起延伸 米。同一时刻,一根米尺竖直放置,一端接触地面,投下长度为 米的影子。该球体的半径是多少米?(假设太阳光线互相平行,并将米尺视为线段。)
A large sphere is on a horizontal field on a sunny day. At a certain time the shadow of the sphere reaches out a distance of m from the point where the sphere touches the ground. At the same instant a meter stick (held vertically with one end on the ground) casts a shadow of length m. What is the radius of the sphere in meters? (Assume the sun’s rays are parallel and the meter stick is a line segment.)
小提示:
在竖直截面中,影子边界处的太阳光线与一个圆相切
In a vertical cross-section, the limiting sun ray is tangent to a circle
大提示:
米尺表明光线每水平前进 个单位就竖直上升 个单位
The meter stick shows that the ray rises unit for every horizontal units
解答:
以球体与地面的接触点为 ,圆心为 。影子边界处的太阳光线经过影子端点 ,斜率为 ,所以方程为 。相切意味着点 到这条直线的距离等于 :因此 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Take the sphere’s ground-contact point as and its center as The limiting sun ray passes through the shadow endpoint and has slope so its equation is Tangency means the distance from to this line equals Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
28.
图中的三角形 面积为 。互不相同且都不同于 、、 的点 、、 分别位于边 、、 上,并且 、。若三角形 与四边形 的面积相等,则该面积为
Triangle in the figure has area Points and all distinct from and are on sides and respectively, and If triangle and quadrilateral have equal areas, then that area is
无法唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
作 ,再从两个相等的面积中消去公共三角形
Draw and cancel the common triangle from the equal areas
大提示:
三角形 与 面积相等,推出 ;然后比较三角形 与
Equal areas of and imply ; then compare triangles and
解答:
作 。由 可知面积相等意味着 。它们共有底 ,所以 ,从而三角形 与 相似。因此 。三角形 与 共有从 到 的高,所以 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Draw From equality implies Their common base then gives so triangles and are similar. Hence Triangles and share the altitude from to so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
29.
点 与一个给定的边长为 的正方形共面。将正方形的顶点按逆时针顺序记为 、、、。再令 到 、、 的距离分别为 、、。若 ,则 到 的最大可能距离是多少?
A point lies in the same plane as a given square of side Let the vertices of the square, taken counterclockwise, be and Also, let the distances from to and respectively, be and What is the greatest distance that can be from if
小提示:
令 、、、
Place and
大提示:
将 代入距离方程并配方
Substitute into the distance equation and complete the square
解答:
令 、、、,并令 。则 化简得 。因此 位于一个圆上,该圆的圆心与 相距 ,半径为 。所以它到 的最大距离为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Place and with Then which simplifies to Thus lies on a circle centered units from with radius Its greatest distance from is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
30.
不同的点 和 位于以 为直径、 为圆心的半圆上。点 位于 上,并且 。若 ,则 等于
Distinct points and are on a semicircle with diameter and center The point is on and If then equals
小提示:
弧 给出
The arc gives
大提示:
利用 和正弦定理比较三角形 与
Compare triangles and using and the law of sines
解答:
由于 ,所以圆心角 ,从而 。于是 。在三角形 和 中应用正弦定理,并利用 ,得到 。由于 与 不同,所以 。因此 所以 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since the central angle so Hence Applying the law of sines in triangles and and using gives Because and are distinct, Therefore so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.