1990 AMC 12 第 29 题

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29.

整数 1122\ldots100100 的一个子集满足:其中没有一个元素是另一个元素的 33 倍。这样的子集最多可以有多少个元素?

A subset of the integers 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 100100 has the property that none of its members is 33 times another. What is the largest number of members such a subset can have?

5050

6666

6767

7676

7878

答案:D
知识点:extremal combinatoricspowersindependent set
难度评级:2340
小提示:

将整数分成形如 m,3m,9m,m,3m,9m,\ldots 的链,其中 mm 不是 33 的倍数

Group integers into chains m,3m,9m,m,3m,9m,\ldots where mm is not a multiple of 33

大提示:

在每条链中交替选取元素,即可得到允许的最大选择数

Within each chain, alternating entries give a largest allowed selection

解答:

将这些整数分成形如 m,3m,9m,m,3m,9m,\ldots 的链,其中 mm 不是 33 的倍数。在每条链中,两个相邻项不能同时选取,所以最大选择方案是从 mm 开始隔项选取。等价地,选择质因数 33 的指数为偶数的整数。这样的整数有 (1001003)+(100910027)+10081=67+8+1=76 \begin{aligned} &\left(100-\left\lfloor\frac{100}{3}\right\rfloor\right)\\ &\quad+\left(\left\lfloor\frac{100}{9}\right\rfloor -\left\lfloor\frac{100}{27}\right\rfloor\right)\\ &\quad+\left\lfloor\frac{100}{81}\right\rfloor\\ &=67+8+1=76 \end{aligned}\text{。}上述链的论证也证明了不可能选取更多元素。

所以正确答案是 D

Partition the integers into chains m,3m,9m,,m,3m,9m,\ldots, with mm not a multiple of 3.3. In each chain, no two adjacent terms may both be selected, so a maximum selection takes alternating terms starting with m.m. Equivalently, select the integers whose exponent of 33 is even. There are (1001003)+(100910027)+10081=67+8+1=76. \begin{aligned} &\left(100-\left\lfloor\frac{100}{3}\right\rfloor\right)\\ &\quad+\left(\left\lfloor\frac{100}{9}\right\rfloor -\left\lfloor\frac{100}{27}\right\rfloor\right)\\ &\quad+\left\lfloor\frac{100}{81}\right\rfloor\\ &=67+8+1=76. \end{aligned} The chain argument also proves no larger selection is possible.

Thus the correct answer is D.

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