1990 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
若 ,则
If then
小提示:
先化简两个复合分数
Simplify both complex fractions first
大提示:
清除分母后,解关于 的方程
After clearing denominators, solve the resulting equation in
解答:
方程化简为 。由于 ,两边乘以 ,得 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The equation simplifies to Since multiplying by gives so
Thus the correct answer is E.
2.
小提示:
负指数表示取倒数
A negative exponent takes the reciprocal
大提示:
把 写成 的幂
Rewrite as a power of
解答:
取倒数后得到 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Taking the reciprocal gives
Thus the correct answer is E.
3.
一个梯形的四个连续内角构成等差数列。若最小角为 ,则最大角为
The consecutive angles of a trapezoid form an arithmetic sequence. If the smallest angle is then the largest angle is
小提示:
将四个角写成
Write the four angles as
大提示:
利用四边形的内角和
Use the angle sum of a quadrilateral
解答:
四个角的和为 ,因此 所以 ,最大角为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The four angles sum to so Thus and the largest angle is
Thus the correct answer is C.
4.
设 为平行四边形,其中 、、。将 经过 延长到 ,使 。若 与 交于 ,则 最接近
Let be a parallelogram with and Extend through to so that If intersects at then is closest to
小提示:
利用
Use that
大提示:
三角形 与 相似
Triangles and are similar
解答:
由于 ,三角形 与 相似。因此 又因 ,所以 ,从而 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Because triangles and are similar. Hence Since we get so
Thus the correct answer is B.
5.
下列各数中,哪一个最大?
Which of these numbers is largest?
小提示:
所有选项均为正数,因此可分别取六次方
Every choice is positive, so raise each one to the sixth power
大提示:
将每个六次方写成 的形式
Express each sixth power as
解答:
对五个正数分别取六次方不改变它们的大小顺序,依次得到 其中第二个最大。
所以正确答案是 B。
Raising the five positive choices to the sixth power preserves their order and gives, respectively, The largest is the second.
Thus the correct answer is B.
6.
点 与 相距 个单位。在一个给定的、包含 和 的平面内,有多少条直线到这两点的距离分别为 个单位(到 )和 个单位(到 )?
Points and are units apart. How many lines in a given plane containing and are units from and units from
多于 条
more than
小提示:
将距离条件转化为两圆的切线条件
Replace the distance conditions by tangencies to two circles
大提示:
两圆的半径分别为 和 ,且两圆外切
The circles have radii and and are externally tangent
解答:
符合条件的直线,是以 为圆心、半径为 的圆与以 为圆心、半径为 的圆的公切线。两圆的圆心距等于半径之和,所以两圆外切。它们有两条外公切线,并在切点处另有一条公切线,共有 条。
所以正确答案是 D。
A qualifying line is a common tangent to the circle centered at with radius and the circle centered at with radius Their center distance equals the sum of their radii, so they are externally tangent. They have two external common tangents and one common tangent at their point of contact, for a total of
Thus the correct answer is D.
7.
一个边长均为整数的三角形,其周长为 。这个三角形的面积是
A triangle with integral sides has perimeter The area of the triangle is
小提示:
列出和为 的所有无序正整数三元组
List the unordered triples of positive integers summing to
大提示:
只有一个三元组满足严格的三角不等式
Only one triple satisfies the strict triangle inequality
解答:
和为 且满足三角不等式的无序正整数边长只有 。半周长为 ,因此海伦公式给出
所以正确答案是 A。
The only unordered positive integral side lengths summing to and satisfying the triangle inequality are Their semiperimeter is so Heron’s formula gives
Thus the correct answer is A.
8.
方程 的实数解的个数是
The number of real solutions of the equation is
多于 个
more than
小提示:
把两个绝对值理解为数轴上的距离
Interpret the two absolute values as distances on a number line
大提示:
对每个 ,考察它位于 与 之间的情形
Consider every between and
解答:
对每个 ,因此整个区间 中的数都是解,所以解的个数多于 。
所以正确答案是 E。
For every Thus the entire interval consists of solutions, so there are more than
Thus the correct answer is E.
9.
一个立方体的每条棱都被涂成红色或黑色。立方体的每个面都至少有一条黑棱。黑棱数的最小可能值是
Each edge of a cube is colored either red or black. Every face of the cube has at least one black edge. The smallest possible number of black edges is
小提示:
每条棱恰好属于两个面
Each edge belongs to exactly two faces
大提示:
为构造达到下界的情形,选择三条互不相邻的棱
For the matching upper bound, choose three mutually nonadjacent edges
解答:
每条黑棱只能覆盖与它相邻的两个面,所以要覆盖全部 个面,至少需要 条黑棱。选择分别属于“顶面与前面”“底面与左面”“后面与右面”这三对面的棱。这三条棱覆盖全部六个面,所以最小值为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Each black edge can cover only its two incident faces, so covering all faces requires at least black edges. Choose edges incident to the face-pairs top/front, bottom/left, and back/right. These three edges cover all six faces, so the minimum is
Thus the correct answer is B.
10.
一个 的木质立方体由 个单位立方体粘成。从一个观察点最多能看到多少个单位立方体?
An wooden cube is formed by gluing together unit cubes. What is the greatest number of unit cubes that can be seen from a single point?
小提示:
从一个观察点至多能看到立方体的三个面
At most three faces of a cube are visible from one point
大提示:
对三个两两相邻的 面应用容斥原理
Use inclusion-exclusion on three mutually adjacent faces
解答:
从适当的观察点可以看到三个两两相邻的面。它们共包含 个不同的单位立方体:减去三条重复计算的公共棱,再补回顶角处的单位立方体。
所以正确答案是 D。
From a suitable point one can see three mutually adjacent faces. They contain distinct unit cubes: subtract the three shared edges and restore the corner cube.
Thus the correct answer is D.
11.
小于 的正整数中,有多少个数的正因数个数为奇数?
How many positive integers less than have an odd number of positive integer divisors?
小提示:
因数通常成对出现,即 与
Divisors normally pair as and
大提示:
只有完全平方数会出现未配对的因数
An unpaired divisor occurs exactly for a perfect square
解答:
一个正整数的因数个数为奇数,当且仅当它是完全平方数。小于 的完全平方数为 所以共有 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
A positive integer has an odd number of divisors exactly when it is a perfect square. The squares below are so there are
Thus the correct answer is C.
12.
设函数 定义为 ,其中 为正数。若 ,则
Let be the function defined by for some positive If then
小提示:
当 为正数时, 何时等于 ?
For positive when can equal
大提示:
令内层的值 等于零
Set the inner value equal to zero
解答:
由于 ,方程 迫使 。因此 所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Because the equation forces Hence so
Thus the correct answer is D.
13.
如果计算机执行以下指令,那么 会因指令 打印出哪个值?
。将 的初值设为 ,将 的初值设为 。
。将 的值增加 。
。将 的值增加 的值。
。若 至少为 ,则转到指令 ;否则转到指令 ,并从那里继续执行。
。打印 的值。
。停止。
If the following instructions are carried out by a computer, which value of will be printed because of instruction
START AT AND AT
INCREASE THE VALUE OF BY
INCREASE THE VALUE OF BY THE VALUE OF
IF IS AT LEAST THEN GO TO INSTRUCTION OTHERWISE, GO TO INSTRUCTION AND PROCEED FROM THERE.
PRINT THE VALUE OF
STOP.
小提示:
经过 轮指令 和 后,求出 和
After passes through instructions and find and
大提示:
加到 上的数是从 开始的连续奇数
The values added to are consecutive odd numbers beginning with
解答:
执行 轮后,,且 由于 ,而 ,循环在 时停止,此时 。
所以正确答案是 E。
After passes, and Now while Thus the loop stops at when
Thus the correct answer is E.
14.
锐角等腰三角形 内接于一个圆。过 和 分别作圆的切线,两条切线交于点 。若 ,且 是 的弧度数,则
An acute isosceles triangle, is inscribed in a circle. Through and tangents to the circle are drawn, meeting at point If and is the radian measure of then
小提示:
用 表示每个底角
Express each base angle in terms of
大提示:
两条切线所成的角为
The angle between the tangents is
解答:
两个底角均为 。小弧 对应的圆心角为 ,所以两条切线所成的角为 。由已知关系可得 因此 ,即 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The two base angles are each The minor arc has central angle so the angle between the tangents is The given relation yields Therefore or
Thus the correct answer is A.
15.
四个非负整数每次取三个相加,得到的和分别为 、、 和 。这四个数中最大的是多少?
Four whole numbers, when added three at a time, give the sums and What is the largest of the four numbers?
无法由已知信息确定
cannot be determined from the given information
小提示:
把给出的四个三数之和相加
Add the four given triple-sums
大提示:
每个原数恰好在这些和中出现三次
Each original number appears in exactly three of those sums
解答:
设四个数的和为 。将四个三数之和相加,得 所以 。被省略的四个数分别为 、、 和 ,其中最大的是 。
所以正确答案是 C。
If is the sum of the four numbers, adding the four triple-sums gives so The omitted numbers are and whose largest is
Thus the correct answer is C.
16.
在乔治·华盛顿的一次聚会上,每位男士都与除自己配偶以外的所有人握手,而女士之间互不握手。如果有 对夫妇参加,那么这 人之间一共握了多少次手?
At one of George Washington’s parties, each man shook hands with everyone except his spouse, and no handshakes took place between women. If married couples attended, how many handshakes were there among these people?
小提示:
先考虑 位宾客中所有无序的两人组合
Begin with all unordered pairs of the guests
大提示:
去掉夫妻组合和由两位女士组成的组合
Remove spouse pairs and pairs consisting of two women
解答:
所有可能的两人组合共有 个。去掉 对夫妻和 个由两位女士组成的组合。握手次数为
所以正确答案是 C。
There are possible pairs. Exclude the married pairs and the pairs of women. The number of handshakes is
Thus the correct answer is C.
17.
从 、、、 中,有多少个数的三个数字互不相同,并且按递增或递减顺序排列?
How many of the numbers have three different digits in increasing order or in decreasing order?
小提示:
选定三个不同的数字后,它们的递增顺序或递减顺序就唯一确定
Choosing three distinct digits fixes their increasing or decreasing order
大提示:
在递增情形中,要谨慎处理数字
Treat the digit carefully in the increasing case
解答:
递增的三位数不能使用 ,所以递增数共有 个。从 到 中任取三个数字,都能组成一个有效的递减三位数,因为最大的数字位于首位;这样的数有 个。总数为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
An increasing three-digit number cannot use so there are increasing numbers. Any three digits chosen from through form a valid decreasing three-digit number, because the largest digit comes first; this gives The total is
Thus the correct answer is C.
18.
先随机选择 ,它来自集合 ;再从同一集合中随机选择 。整数 的个位数字为 的概率是
First is chosen at random from the set and then is chosen at random from the same set. The probability that the integer has units digit is
小提示:
这两个幂的个位数字都以 为周期重复
The units digits of both powers repeat with period
大提示:
列出余数对 中能使个位数字为 的情形
List the residue pairs that produce a units digit of
解答:
在 时的个位数字依次为 ;而 的个位数字依次为 。和的个位数字为 时,余数对为 每种余数都出现 次(在 中),所以所求概率为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The units digits of for are while those of are A sum ending in occurs for the residue pairs Each residue occurs times among so the probability is
Thus the correct answer is C.
19.
有多少个整数 介于 和 之间,使假分数 不是最简分数?
For how many integers between and is the improper fraction not in lowest terms?
小提示:
将 对 取模化简
Reduce modulo
大提示:
唯一可能的公质因数是 的因数
The only possible common prime factor is a divisor of
解答:
对 取模,有 ,所以 因此,该分数可约分,当且仅当 能被 整除,即 。这些值为 ,一共有 个。
所以正确答案是 B。
Modulo we have so Thus the fraction is reducible exactly when is divisible by or The values are a total of
Thus the correct answer is B.
20.
图中, 是一个四边形, 和 均为直角。点 和 位于 上,且 和 都垂直于 。若 、、,则
In the figure, is a quadrilateral with right angles at and Points and are on and and are perpendicular to If and then
小提示:
将 放在 轴上,并令
Place on the -axis with
大提示:
利用点积表示 和 处的直角条件
Use dot products for the right angles at and
解答:
令 、、、、,其中 。因为 ,所以 。因为 ,所以 。代入可得 和 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Set and where Since so Since so Substitution gives and
Thus the correct answer is C.
21.
考虑一个棱锥 ,其底面 是正方形,顶点 到 、、 和 的距离相等。若 ,且 ,则该棱锥的体积为
Consider a pyramid whose base is square and whose vertex is equidistant from and If and then the volume of the pyramid is
小提示:
在等腰三角形 中表示 ,其中要利用弦长
In isosceles triangle express using the chord
大提示:
把 与棱锥的高以及正方形中心到顶点的距离联系起来
Relate to the pyramid height and the center-to-vertex distance of the square
解答:
令 。在等腰三角形 中,所以 。若 为棱锥的高,则正方形中心到 的水平距离为 ,因此 所以 ,体积为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let In isosceles triangle so If is the pyramid height, the horizontal distance from the square’s center to is hence Thus and the volume is
Thus the correct answer is E.
22.
若方程 的六个解写成 的形式,其中 和 都是实数,那么所有满足 的解的乘积为
If the six solutions of are written in the form where and are real, then the product of those solutions with is
小提示:
将 写成极形式,并列出它的六个六次方根
Write in polar form and list its six sixth roots
大提示:
实部为正的两个根构成一对共轭复数
The roots with positive real part form a conjugate pair
解答:
这些根的模为 ,辐角为 实部为正的两个根的辐角分别为 和 。它们互为共轭,模均为 ,所以乘积为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The roots have modulus and arguments The roots with positive real part have arguments and They are conjugates of modulus so their product is
Thus the correct answer is D.
23.
若 、、,且 ,则
If and then
小提示:
令 ,则
Let so that
大提示:
的两个可能值表明, 中一个是另一个的立方
The resulting values of show that one of is the cube of the other
解答:
令 。则 所以 ,从而 或 。因此, 中一个是另一个的立方。设较小者为 。则 ,所以 ,且 。因此
所以正确答案是 B。
Let Then so giving or Thus one of is the cube of the other. Let the smaller be Then so and Therefore
Thus the correct answer is B.
24.
亚当斯高中和贝克高中的全体学生都参加了某项考试。表中列出了两所学校男生、女生以及全体学生各自的平均分,并列出了两校男生合在一起的平均分。两校女生合在一起的平均分是多少?
亚当斯 贝克 亚当斯与贝克 男生: 女生: ? 男生与女生:
All students at Adams High School and at Baker High School take a certain exam. The average scores for boys, for girls, and for boys and girls combined, at Adams HS and Baker HS are shown in the table, as is the average for boys at the two schools combined. What is the average score for the girls at the two schools combined?
Adams Baker Adams & Baker Boys: Girls: ? Boys & Girls:
小提示:
利用每所学校的全体平均分,求出该校女生人数与男生人数之比
Use each school’s combined average to find its ratio of girls to boys
大提示:
利用两校男生合在一起的平均分,求出两校男生人数之间的关系
Use the combined boys’ average to relate the numbers of boys at the two schools
解答:
设亚当斯高中有 名男生和 名女生。由该校的平均分,所以 。若贝克高中有 名男生和 名女生,则该校的平均分给出 。两校男生合在一起的平均分给出 所以 ,且 。因此,两校女生合在一起的平均分为
所以正确答案是 D。
Let Adams have boys and girls. From its average, so If Baker has boys and girls, its average gives The combined boys’ average gives so and Hence the combined girls’ average is
Thus the correct answer is D.
25.
九个全等的球装入一个单位立方体中,其中一个球的球心位于立方体中心,其余每个球都与中心球以及立方体的三个面相切。每个球的半径是多少?
Nine congruent spheres are packed inside a unit cube in such a way that one of them has its center at the center of the cube and each of the others is tangent to the center sphere and to three faces of the cube. What is the radius of each sphere?
小提示:
将一个角落球的球心置于
Place one corner sphere’s center at
大提示:
它到 的距离等于
Its distance from equals
解答:
若半径为 ,则一个角落球的球心为 ,中心球的球心为 。相切条件给出 解方程并将分母有理化,
所以正确答案是 B。
If the radius is a corner sphere has center and the central sphere has center Tangency gives Solving and rationalizing,
Thus the correct answer is B.
26.
十个人围成一圈。每个人选取一个数,并将它告诉圆圈中与自己相邻的两个人。然后,每个人计算并公布自己两位邻居所选数字的平均数。图中显示的是每个人公布的平均数(不是此人原来选取的数)。公布平均数 的人所选的数是
Ten people form a circle. Each picks a number and tells it to the two neighbors adjacent to him in the circle. Then each person computes and announces the average of the numbers of his two neighbors. The figure shows the average announced by each person (not the original number the person picked). The number picked by the person who announced the average was
无法根据已知信息唯一确定
not uniquely determined from the given information
小提示:
若 是选取的数, 是图中显示的平均数,则
If is a picked number and the displayed average, then
大提示:
从相邻的两个未知原数开始,沿圆圈递推
Start with two unknown adjacent picked numbers and propagate around the circle
解答:
按顺时针方向,将图中显示的平均数 依次编号为 ,并令 为相应位置所选的数。记 。由 ,依次得到 最后两个闭合方程给出 和 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Index the displayed averages clockwise as and let be the corresponding picked numbers. Write From successive values are The two closing equations give and Hence
Thus the correct answer is A.
27.
下列哪一组三个数不可能是一个三角形的三条高的长度?
Which of these triples could not be the lengths of the three altitudes of a triangle?
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
小提示:
对于固定的面积 ,与高 对应的边长等于
For fixed area a side corresponding to altitude equals
大提示:
检验每组数的倒数是否满足三角不等式
Test the triangle inequality on the reciprocals of each triple
解答:
若三条高为 ,则对应的三条边长分别与 成正比。对于 ,所以它们的倒数不满足三角不等式。直接检验可知,其余各组数的倒数都满足所有严格的三角不等式。
所以正确答案是 C。
If the altitudes are then the corresponding sides are proportional to For so the reciprocals fail the triangle inequality. Direct checking shows that the reciprocals of each other listed triple satisfy all strict triangle inequalities.
Thus the correct answer is C.
28.
一个四边形的连续四条边长依次为 、、 和 。它既内接于一个圆,又有一个圆内切于它。内切圆与长度为 的边相切,切点将该边分成长度为 和 的两段。求 。
A quadrilateral that has consecutive sides of lengths and is inscribed in a circle and also has a circle inscribed in it. The point of tangency of the inscribed circle to the side of length divides that side into segments of lengths and Find
小提示:
在每个顶点处设一个切线段长,使相邻的两个切线段长之和等于对应边长
Assign one tangent length to each vertex, so adjacent pairs sum to the four side lengths
大提示:
对于互补的两个对角,两个顶点处的切线段长之积相等
For supplementary opposite angles, the products of the tangent lengths at opposite vertices are equal
解答:
设从连续四个顶点引出的切线段长为 。则 因此 、、。若内切圆半径为 ,则角 所在顶点的切线段长为 。两个对角互补,所以 。因此 解得 。所以长度为 的边上的两段分别为 和 ,两者之差为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the tangent lengths from the four consecutive vertices be Then Thus and If the inradius is a vertex with angle has tangent length Opposite angles are supplementary, so Therefore giving Hence the two segments of the -side are and whose difference is
Thus the correct answer is B.
29.
整数 、、、 的一个子集满足:其中没有一个元素是另一个元素的 倍。这样的子集最多可以有多少个元素?
A subset of the integers has the property that none of its members is times another. What is the largest number of members such a subset can have?
小提示:
将整数分成形如 的链,其中 不是 的倍数
Group integers into chains where is not a multiple of
大提示:
在每条链中交替选取元素,即可得到允许的最大选择数
Within each chain, alternating entries give a largest allowed selection
解答:
将这些整数分成形如 的链,其中 不是 的倍数。在每条链中,两个相邻项不能同时选取,所以最大选择方案是从 开始隔项选取。等价地,选择质因数 的指数为偶数的整数。这样的整数有 上述链的论证也证明了不可能选取更多元素。
所以正确答案是 D。
Partition the integers into chains with not a multiple of In each chain, no two adjacent terms may both be selected, so a maximum selection takes alternating terms starting with Equivalently, select the integers whose exponent of is even. There are The chain argument also proves no larger selection is possible.
Thus the correct answer is D.
30.
若 ,其中 、,且 、、、,则 是整数。它的个位数字为
If where and then is an integer. Its units digit is
小提示:
利用 和 ,求出 的递推关系
Use and to obtain a recurrence for
大提示:
对 取模计算该递推关系,并寻找一个较短的周期
Compute the recurrence modulo and look for a short period
解答:
因为 是方程 的根,从 开始,个位数字依次为 周期为 。因为 ,所求个位数字与 的个位数字相同,即 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Because are roots of Starting with the units digits are with period Since the units digit is the same as that of namely
Thus the correct answer is E.