There's $3 + \frac{1}{3} = \frac{10}{3}$ glasses of juice in all. Split four ways, each glass ends up with $\frac{10}{3} \div 4 = \frac{5}{6}.$ So a full glass has to pour out $1 - \frac{5}{6} = \frac{1}{6}.$ Thus, C is the correct answer.

Let $P$ be the original price. After the discount and tax, Carlos pays $0.8P \times 1.075 = 0.86P.$ He can afford it when $0.86P \le 43,$ which means $P \le 50.$ So the priciest shoes he can swing start at $\$50.$ Therefore, the answer is B.

The hypotenuse of a right triangle is a diameter of the circle around it. So circle $A$ has diameter $5$ and circle $B$ has diameter $13.$ Areas scale as the square of that, giving $\left(\frac{5}{13}\right)^2 = \frac{25}{169}.$ Thus, D is the correct answer.

Put everything in centimeters first. The strip is $6.5$ mm $= 0.65$ cm wide and $25$ m $= 2500$ cm long. Its area is $0.65 \times 2500 = 1625$ square centimeters. Therefore, the answer is C.

Let $S$ be the original sum and $n$ the number of entries. Maddy adds $3$ to each, so her total is $S + 3n = 45.$ Lara triples each, so hers is $3S = 45,$ giving $S = 15.$ Then $15 + 3n = 45,$ so $n = 10.$ Thus, A is the correct answer.

Track the parities: $1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, \ldots$ run odd, odd, even, then repeat with period $3.$ So $L_n$ is even exactly when $3 \mid n.$ Among $1 \le n \le 2023,$ that's $\lfloor 2023/3 \rfloor = 674$ multiples of $3.$ Therefore, the answer is E.

Let $O$ be the shared center. The rotation carries $A$ to $E,$ so $OA = OE$ and $\angle AOE = 20^\circ.$ That makes triangle $OAE$ isosceles, with base angles $\angle OAE = \frac{180^\circ - 20^\circ}{2} = 80^\circ.$ The diagonal $AC$ splits the right angle at $A,$ so $\angle OAB = 45^\circ.$ Subtracting, $\angle EAB = 80^\circ - 45^\circ = 35^\circ.$ Thus, B is the correct answer.

Only the units digits matter. Powers of $2$ cycle $2, 4, 8, 6$ with period $4,$ and $2023 \equiv 3 \pmod 4,$ so $2022^{2023}$ ends in $8.$ Powers of $3$ cycle $3, 9, 7, 1,$ and $2022 \equiv 2 \pmod 4,$ so $2023^{2022}$ ends in $9.$ Add them: $8 + 9 = 17,$ so the units digit is $7.$ Therefore, the answer is A.

Consecutive squares $k^2$ and $(k+1)^2$ differ by $(k+1)^2 - k^2 = 2k + 1.$ We need $2k + 1 \le 2023,$ which gives $k \le 1011.$ So $k$ runs $1, 2, \ldots, 1011,$ for $1011$ pairs. Thus, B is the correct answer.

Suppose every guess misses. Then the domino lies entirely on unguessed squares, so those squares include two adjacent cells. To force a hit, we need the unguessed squares to have no two adjacent. Color the grid like a checkerboard. The biggest set of pairwise non-adjacent squares has $5$ cells, one color's worth: the four corners and the center. So we must guess at least $9 - 5 = 4$ squares. And $4$ is enough: guess the four edge midpoints, since every domino covers one square of each color, hence one edge midpoint. Therefore, the answer is C.

Let $a, b, c \ge 1$ count the $\$20, \$50, \$100$ bills. Then $20a + 50b + 100c = 800,$ which divides down to $2a + 5b + 10c = 80.$ Both $2a$ and $10c$ are even, so $5b$ is too, forcing $b = 2t.$ Now $a = 40 - 5t - 5c \ge 1$ means $t + c \le 7.$ With $t, c \ge 1,$ the pairs number $1 + 2 + \cdots + 6 = 21.$ Thus, B is the correct answer.

For $x \gt 10,$ every factor $(x - i)^i$ is positive, so $P(x) \gt 0.$ Now move left. Crossing $x = i$ flips the sign only when $i$ is odd, that is at $i = 9, 7, 5, 3, 1.$ So the eleven intervals, right to left, carry signs $+, +, -, -, +, +, -, -, +, +, -.$ Six are positive. Therefore, the answer is C.

Substitute $u = |x|,$ $v = |y|.$ Then $|u - 1| + |v - 1| \le 1$ is a diamond centered at $(1, 1)$ with diagonals of length $2,$ so it has area $2,$ and it sits entirely in $u, v \ge 0.$ The map $(x, y) \mapsto (|x|, |y|)$ is four-to-one over $u, v \gt 0,$ so the full region has area $4 \times 2 = 8.$ Thus, B is the correct answer.

If $m = 0,$ the equation forces $n^2 = 0,$ giving $(0, 0).$ Otherwise both are nonzero; assume $|m| \le |n|.$ Then $m^2 n^2 = m^2 + mn + n^2 \le 3n^2,$ so $m^2 \le 3$ and $m = \pm 1.$ Take $m = 1:$ $1 + n + n^2 = n^2$ gives $n = -1.$ Take $m = -1:$ $n = 1.$ That leaves $(0,0), (1,-1), (-1,1),$ three in all. Therefore, the answer is C.

Group the product as $(2!\,3!)(4!\,5!)\cdots(14!\,15!)\cdot 16!.$ Since $(2k)!(2k+1)!$ $= \bigl((2k)!\bigr)^2(2k+1),$ each pair is a perfect square times an odd number. Those odd numbers $3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15$ multiply to $3^4 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13,$ with squarefree part $7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13.$ And $16! = 2^{15} 3^6 5^3 7^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13$ has squarefree part $2 \cdot 5 \cdot 11 \cdot 13.$ Multiply the two: the squarefree part of the whole thing is $2 \cdot 5 \cdot 7.$ That's the smallest $m,$ namely $2 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 = 70.$ Thus, C is the correct answer.

An upno is just a choice of at least $2$ digits, written in increasing order. A $0$ can never appear: it can't lead and can't follow a smaller digit. So the digits come from $\{1, \ldots, 9\},$ giving $U = 2^9 - 1 - 9 = 502.$ A downno can end in $0,$ so its digits are any subset of $\{0, \ldots, 9\}$ of size $\ge 2,$ giving $D = 2^{10} - 1 - 10 = 1013.$ So $|U - D| = |502 - 1013| = 511.$ Therefore, the answer is E.

The $12$ edges give $4(a + b + c) = 13,$ so $a + b + c = \frac{13}{4}.$ The $6$ faces give $2(ab + bc + ca) = \frac{11}{2},$ so $ab + bc + ca = \frac{11}{4}.$ The space diagonal is $$\begin{gathered} \sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2} \\ = \small \sqrt{(a+b+c)^2 - 2(ab+bc+ca)} \\ = \sqrt{\frac{169}{16} - \frac{11}{2}} \\ = \sqrt{\frac{81}{16}} = \frac{9}{4}. \end{gathered}$$ Thus, D is the correct answer.

Clear denominators to get $c = 15a + 14b.$ Reduce modulo the primes of $210 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7:$ $c \equiv a \pmod 2,$ $c \equiv 2b \pmod 3,$ $c \equiv 4b \pmod 5,$ and $c \equiv a \pmod 7.$ So $\gcd(c, 210) = 1$ iff $2 \nmid a,$ $7 \nmid a,$ $3 \nmid b,$ $5 \nmid b,$ which is exactly $\gcd(a, 14) = 1$ and $\gcd(b, 15) = 1.$ That settles III, and it makes II true since the "and" implies the "or." Statement I fails, though: take $a = 1, b = 3.$ Then $\gcd(a, 14) = 1,$ yet $c = 57$ is divisible by $3.$ So only II and III hold. Therefore, the answer is E.

The four directions behave the same by symmetry, so say she hops east. She lands outside exactly when her $x$-coordinate plus the hop distance $d$ tops $6.$ Fix $d.$ Her $x$-coordinate is uniform on $[0, 6],$ so it beats $6 - d$ with probability $\frac{d}{6}.$ Now average over $d$ uniform on $[0, 1]:$ $\frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{12}.$ Thus, B is the correct answer.

The curve is four congruent semicircular arcs, so its length is $4$ times one semicircle, $\pi r,$ where $r$ is the arc radius. The arcs meet at four points that form a square inscribed in a great circle of the radius-$2$ sphere, and each arc's diameter is a side of that square, a chord of length $2\sqrt2.$ So $r = \sqrt2.$ (Check it another way: the small circle sits in a plane at distance $\frac{2}{\sqrt2} = \sqrt2$ from the center, giving radius $\sqrt{2^2 - (\sqrt2)^2} = \sqrt2.$) The total length is $4 \cdot \pi\sqrt2 = \pi\sqrt{32},$ so $n = 32.$ Therefore, the answer is A.