1959 AMC 12 真题
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1.
一个立方体的每条棱都增加 。其表面积增加的百分数为:
Each edge of a cube is increased by The percent of increase of the surface area of the cube is:
答案:B
小提示:
比较新棱长与原棱长
Compare the new edge length with the old edge length
大提示:
表面积按线性缩放倍数的平方变化
Surface area changes by the square of the linear scale factor
解答:
若原棱长为 ,则新棱长为 。因此表面积变为原来的 倍。增加量是原表面积的 倍,即 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
If the original edge length is the new edge length is Thus the surface area is multiplied by The increase is times the original area, or
Thus, the correct answer is B.
2.
过三角形 内一点 作一条平行于底边 的直线,将三角形分成面积相等的两部分。若 边上的高为 ,则点 到 的距离为:
Through a point inside triangle a line is drawn parallel to the base dividing the triangle into two equal areas. If the altitude to has length then the distance from to is:
小提示:
设 到底边的距离为
Let be the distance from to the base
大提示:
平行线上方小三角形的高为 ,面积为原三角形的一半
The small triangle above the parallel line has altitude and half the original area
解答:
设所求距离为 。平行线上方的三角形与原三角形相似,线性比为 。其面积为原三角形的一半,所以 因为 ,所以 ,从而
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the requested distance. The triangle above the parallel line is similar to the original triangle, with linear ratio Its area is half the original area, so Since we have and therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
3.
若一个四边形的两条对角线互相垂直,则该图形一定属于下列哪一大类:
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular to each other, the figure would always be included under the general classification:
菱形
rhombus
矩形
rectangle
正方形
square
等腰梯形
isosceles trapezoid
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
找一个对角线垂直、但不属于前四种特殊类型的四边形
Look for a quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals that is not one of the four named special types
大提示:
一般的筝形可作为反例
A general kite supplies a useful counterexample
解答:
筝形的对角线可以互相垂直,但它未必是菱形、矩形、正方形或等腰梯形。因此,仅有对角线垂直这一条件不能保证它属于前四类中的任何一类。
因此,正确答案是 E。
A kite can have perpendicular diagonals without being a rhombus, rectangle, square, or isosceles trapezoid. Therefore perpendicular diagonals alone do not force any of the first four classifications.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
4.
5.
6.
已知真命题:“若一个四边形是正方形,则它是矩形。”关于该真命题的逆命题和否命题,可以推出:
Given the true statement: If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle. It follows that, of the converse and the inverse of this true statement:
只有逆命题为真
only the converse is true
只有否命题为真
only the inverse is true
二者都为真
both are true
二者都不为真
neither is true
否命题为真,但逆命题有时为真
the inverse is true, but the converse is sometimes true
小提示:
明确写出逆命题和否命题
Write the converse and inverse explicitly
大提示:
用非正方形的矩形检验逆命题,并用非矩形的非正方形检验否命题
Use a nonsquare rectangle to test the converse and a nonrectangular nonsquare to test the inverse
解答:
逆命题声称每个矩形都是正方形,这是假的。否命题声称每个不是正方形的四边形都不是矩形,这也是假的,因为非正方形的矩形就是一个反例。
因此两个命题都不为真,正确答案是 D。
The converse says that every rectangle is a square, which is false. The inverse says that every quadrilateral that is not a square is not a rectangle, which is also false because a nonsquare rectangle is a counterexample.
Thus neither statement is true, and the correct answer is D.
7.
一个直角三角形的三边为 、、,其中 和 均为正数。 与 的比为:
The sides of a right triangle are and with and both positive. The ratio of to is:
小提示:
最长边 必为斜边
The longest side must be the hypotenuse
大提示:
应用勾股定理,并将所得关于 的二次式因式分解
Apply the Pythagorean theorem and factor the resulting quadratic in
解答:
由勾股定理得 化简得 因为二者为正,所以排除 ,故 。
因此比为 ,正确答案是 D。
The Pythagorean theorem gives Simplifying, Positivity excludes so
Thus the ratio is and the correct answer is D.
8.
9.
一位农场主把共有 头的牛群分给四个儿子:第一个儿子得到牛群的一半,第二个得到四分之一,第三个得到五分之一,第四个得到 头牛。则 为:
A farmer divides his herd of cows among his four sons so that one son gets one-half the herd, a second son one-fourth, a third son one-fifth, and the fourth son cows. Then is:
10.
在三角形 中,。在 上取一点 ,使其到 的距离为 。连接点 与 延长线上的点 ,使三角形 与三角形 面积相等。则 等于:
In triangle with a point is taken on at a distance from Point is joined to point in the prolongation of so that triangle is equal in area to triangle Then equals:
小提示:
比较从 和 到直线 的高
Compare the altitudes from and to the line
大提示:
因为 ,所以从 引出的高是从 引出的高的三分之一
Because the altitude from is one-third the altitude from
解答:
三角形 和 的底边位于同一直线 上。由于 点 到直线 的垂直距离是点 到该直线相应距离的三分之一。要使面积相等,必须有 因此 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Triangles and use bases on the same line Since the perpendicular distance from to line is one-third the corresponding distance from Equality of areas therefore requires so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
11.
12.
分别给 、、 加上同一个常数后,所得三数构成等比数列。其公比为:
By adding the same constant to each of a geometric progression results. The common ratio is:
小提示:
设所加常数为
Let be the added constant
大提示:
对三个连续的等比数列项,中间项的平方等于两端项之积
For three consecutive geometric terms, the square of the middle term equals the product of the outer terms
解答:
等比数列的条件为 展开并消去 得 ,所以 。公比为
因此,正确答案是 A。
The geometric-progression condition is Expanding and cancelling gives so The common ratio is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
13.
一组 个数的算术平均数为 。若去掉 和 这两个数,则其余各数的平均数为:
The arithmetic mean (average) of a set of numbers is If two numbers, namely, and are discarded, the mean of the remaining set of numbers is:
答案:D
小提示:
利用平均数和项数求出原来的总和
Recover the original sum from the mean and number of entries
大提示:
减去 ,再除以剩余的 项
Subtract and divide by the remaining entries
解答:
原来的总和为 。去掉 和 后,剩余总和为 ,所以新的平均数为
因此,正确答案是 D。
The original sum is After removing and the remaining sum is so the new mean is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
14.
给定集合 ,其元素为零以及所有正、负偶数。对其中任意两个元素施行以下五种运算: 加法, 减法, 乘法, 除法, 求算术平均数。结果一定仍属于 的运算有:
Given the set whose elements are zero and the even integers, positive and negative. Of the five operations applied to any pair of elements: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, finding the arithmetic mean (average), those operations that yield only elements of are:
全部
all
、、、
、、、
、、
、、
小提示:
检验每种运算是否总能把两个偶数变成偶数
Test whether each operation always takes two even integers to an even integer
大提示:
用较小的数为除法和平均数构造反例
Use small counterexamples for division and averaging
解答:
偶数在加法、减法和乘法下封闭。除法不成立,因为 。求平均数也不成立,因为 与 的平均数是 。
因此只有运算 、 和 总是成立,正确答案是 D。
Even integers are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Division fails, since Averaging fails, since the mean of and is
Thus only operations and always work, and the correct answer is D.
15.
在一个直角三角形中,斜边的平方等于两条直角边乘积的两倍。该三角形的一个锐角为:
In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to twice the product of the legs. One of the acute angles of the triangle is:
小提示:
将已知关系与勾股定理结合
Combine the given relation with the Pythagorean theorem
大提示:
比较 与
Compare with
解答:
若两条直角边为 ,斜边为 ,则 因此 ,所以两条直角边相等。这个直角三角形是等腰三角形,其锐角均为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If the legs are and the hypotenuse is then Hence so the legs are equal. The right triangle is isosceles and its acute angles are
Thus, the correct answer is C.
16.
表达式 化简后为:
The expression when simplified, is:
小提示:
将四个二次式完全因式分解
Factor all four quadratics completely
大提示:
把除法改写为乘以倒数
Replace division by multiplication by the reciprocal
解答:
因式分解并乘以倒数得 对原表达式定义域内的每个值都成立。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Factoring and multiplying by the reciprocal gives for every value in the domain of the original expression.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
17.
若 ,其中 和 为常数;当 时 ,当 时 ,则 等于:
If where and are constants, and if when and when then equals:
18.
前 个正整数的算术平均数为:
The arithmetic mean (average) of the first positive integers is:
19.
使用 磅、 磅和 磅三个不同的砝码;若待称物体和这些砝码均可放在天平任意一盘中,可以称出多少种不同重量的物体?
With the use of three different weights, namely, lb., lb., and lb., how many objects of different weights can be weighed, if the objects to be weighed and the given weights may be placed in either pan of the scale?
小提示:
每个砝码可以与物体同盘、放在另一盘,或不使用
Each weight may go with the object, against the object, or remain unused
大提示:
砝码 可以表示从 到它们总和之间的每个整数
The weights can represent every integer from through their sum
解答:
对砝码 使用系数 ,平衡三进制可以表示从 到 的每个整数重量。因此可以称量 种不同的正重量。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Using coefficients for the weights balanced ternary represents every integer weight from through Thus there are different positive object weights that can be measured.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
20.
已知 与 成正比、与 的平方成反比;当 且 时,。那么当 且 时, 等于:
It is given that varies directly as and inversely as the square of and that when and Then, when and equals:
21.
若内接于一个圆的等边三角形周长为 ,则该圆的面积为:
If is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle, the area of the circle is:
答案:C
小提示:
三角形边长为
The triangle side length is
大提示:
边长为 的等边三角形外接圆半径为
An equilateral triangle with side has circumradius
解答:
边长为 ,所以外接圆半径为 因此圆的面积为
因此,正确答案是 C。
The side length is so the circumradius is Therefore the circle’s area is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
连接一个梯形两条对角线中点的线段长为 。若较长的底边长为 ,则较短的底边长为:
The line joining the midpoints of the diagonals of a trapezoid has length If the longer base is then the shorter base is:
小提示:
回忆梯形两条对角线中点连线的长度
Recall the length of the segment joining the diagonal midpoints of a trapezoid
大提示:
它等于两底边长度之差的一半
It equals half the difference of the base lengths
解答:
若较短底边为 ,则对角线中点连线的长度为两底边之差的一半:因此 ,且 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If the shorter base is the diagonal-midpoint segment has length half the difference of the bases: Thus and
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
23.
方程 的解集包含:
The set of solutions for the equation consists of:
两个整数
two integers
一个整数和一个分数
one integer and one fraction
两个无理数
two irrational numbers
两个非实数
two non-real numbers
没有数,即空集
no numbers, that is, the set is empty
小提示:
将对数方程化为指数形式
Convert the logarithmic equation to exponential form
大提示:
解 ,并检验对数的真数为正
Solve and check that the logarithm’s argument is positive
解答:
该方程等价于 即 。因此 或 。两种情况下对数的真数都是 ,所以两个解都是有效的整数。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The equation is equivalent to or Thus or In both cases the logarithm’s argument is so both solutions are valid integers.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
24.
一位化学家有 盎司含盐量为 的盐水。他必须加入多少盎司盐,才能使溶液的含盐量变为 ?
A chemist has ounces of salt water that is salt. How many ounces of salt must he add to make a solution that is salt?
小提示:
原有盐的质量为 盎司
The original amount of salt is ounces
大提示:
若加入 盎司纯盐,令 等于
If ounces of pure salt are added, equate to
解答:
设加入 盎司盐。浓度方程为 两边同乘分母并合并含 的项,得 所以 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let ounces of salt be added. The concentration equation is Multiplying through and collecting the -terms gives so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
25.
若 大于或等于零,符号 表示 ;若 小于或等于零,则表示 。符号 表示“小于”,符号 表示“大于”。满足不等式 的 的取值集合,由所有满足下列条件的 组成:
The symbol means if is greater than or equal to zero, and if is less than or equal to zero; the symbol means “less than”; the symbol means “greater than.” The set of values satisfying the inequality consists of all such that:
26.
一个等腰三角形的底边长为 。两条腰上的中线互相垂直。该三角形的面积为:
The base of an isosceles triangle is The medians to the legs intersect each other at right angles. The area of the triangle is:
小提示:
将底边两端点关于原点对称放置,并把第三个顶点置于底边的垂直平分线上
Place the base endpoints symmetrically about the origin and the third vertex on the perpendicular bisector
大提示:
写出两条中线的方向向量,并令其点积为零
Write direction vectors for the two medians and set their dot product equal to zero
解答:
将底边两端点置于 和 ,并设第三个顶点为 。从 出发的中线方向为 从 出发的中线方向为 两者点积为零,所以 且 。因此面积为
因此,正确答案是 A。
Put the base endpoints at and and let the third vertex be The median from has direction while the median from has direction Their dot product is zero, so and Thus the area is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
27.
对于方程
其中 ,下列哪一个陈述不正确?
Which one of the following statements is not true for the equation
where
两根之和为
The sum of the roots is
判别式为
The discriminant is
两根都是虚数
The roots are imaginary
可用求根公式求出两根
The roots can be found by using the quadratic formula
可在虚数范围内因式分解来求出两根
The roots can be found by factoring, using imaginary numbers
小提示:
在解方程之前,先用韦达定理求两根之和
Use Vieta’s formula for the sum of the roots before solving the equation
大提示:
两根之和等于 项系数的相反数除以 项系数
The sum is the negative of the -coefficient divided by the -coefficient
解答:
由韦达定理,两根之和为 而不是 。判别式为 求根公式给出虚根 和 ,所以其余陈述都正确。
因此,正确答案是 A。
By Vieta’s formula, the sum of the roots is not Also the discriminant is The quadratic formula gives the imaginary roots and so the remaining statements are true.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
28.
在三角形 中, 平分角 , 平分角 。点 和 分别位于 和 上。三角形 的三边为 、 和 。若 ,则 为:
In triangle bisects angle and bisects angle Points and are on and respectively. The sides of triangle are and Then where is:
29.
一场考试共有 道题,一名学生在前 道题中答对了 道,其余题目中答对了三分之一。每道题分值相同。若该生得分为 ,则 有多少个不同的可能值?
On an examination of questions a student answers correctly of the first Of the remaining questions he answers one third correctly. All the questions have the same credit. If the student’s mark is how many different values of can there be?
无法确定
the problem cannot be solved
小提示:
用 表示答对的总题数
Express the total number correct in terms of
大提示:
令 等于
Set equal to
解答:
得分条件给出 两边乘以 得 ,所以 。此值也使其余题目中答对的题数为整数。因此 恰有一个可能值。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The score condition gives Multiplying by yields so This value also makes the number of remaining correct answers an integer. Hence there is exactly one possible value of
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
30.
跑完一圈圆形跑道需 秒。 沿相反方向跑,每隔 秒与 相遇一次。 跑完一圈需多少秒?
can run around a circular track in seconds. running in the opposite direction, meets every seconds. What is ’s time to run around the track, expressed in seconds?
小提示:
用每秒多少圈表示两人的速度
Measure each runner’s speed in laps per second
大提示:
因为两人方向相反,所以速度之和为每秒 圈
Because they run in opposite directions, their speeds add to lap per second
解答:
若 跑一圈的时间为 ,则两人的相对速度为 因此 ,所以 秒。
因此,正确答案是 B。
If ’s lap time is their relative speed is Thus so seconds.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
31.
一个面积为 的正方形内接于半圆。若在同一半径的整圆中内接一个正方形,则其面积为:
A square, with an area of is inscribed in a semicircle. The area of a square that could be inscribed in the entire circle with the same radius is:
小提示:
设第一个正方形边长为 ,并将其下边放在半圆直径上
Let the first square have side and place its lower side on the semicircle’s diameter
大提示:
相对于圆心,一个上顶点的横坐标为 ,纵坐标为
A top vertex has horizontal coordinate and vertical coordinate relative to the center
解答:
设半圆半径为 ,正方形边长为 ,其中 。正方形一个上顶点相对圆心的水平距离为 ,竖直距离为 ,所以 内接于整圆的正方形对角线长为 ,故面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the semicircle have radius and the square have side where A top vertex of the square is horizontally and vertically from the center, so A square inscribed in the full circle has diagonal hence area
Thus, the correct answer is B.
32.
从点 向一个圆所作切线段长 是半径 的 。点 到该圆的最短距离为:
The length of a tangent, drawn from a point to a circle, is of the radius The (shortest) distance from to the circle is:
介于 与 之间的一个值
a value between and
小提示:
连接 与圆心及切点
Join to the center and to the point of tangency
大提示:
利用两直角边为 和 的直角三角形
Use the right triangle with legs and
解答:
若 为圆心, 为切点,则 。因此 点 到圆的最短距离为 。由于 ,此距离等于 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If is the center and the point of tangency, then Hence The shortest distance from to the circle is Since this distance equals
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
33.
调和数列是指其各项的倒数组成等差数列的数列。令 表示调和数列前 项之和;例如, 表示前三项之和。若某调和数列前三项为 、、,则:
A harmonic progression is a sequence of numbers such that their reciprocals are in arithmetic progression. Let represent the sum of the first terms of the harmonic progression; for example, represents the sum of the first three terms. If the first three terms of a harmonic progression are then:
小提示:
写出倒数 ,并确定其公差
Write the reciprocals and identify their common difference
大提示:
将倒数组成的等差数列再延续一项
Continue the arithmetic progression of reciprocals one more term
解答:
各项的倒数开始为 公差为 。下一个倒数是 ,所以第四项为 。因此
因此,正确答案是 B。
The reciprocals begin with common difference The next reciprocal is so the fourth term is Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is B.
34.
设 的两根为 和 。则表达式 是:
Let the roots of be and Then the expression is:
正整数
a positive integer
大于 的正分数
a positive fraction greater than
小于 的正分数
a positive fraction less than
无理数
an irrational number
虚数
an imaginary number
35.
符号 表示“大于或等于”,符号 表示“小于或等于”。在方程 中, 是固定正数, 是固定负数。满足该方程的 的集合为:
The symbol means “greater than or equal to”; the symbol means “less than or equal to.” In the equation is a fixed positive number, and is a fixed negative number. The set of values satisfying the equation is:
所有实数的集合
the set of all real numbers
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
将左边的平方差因式分解
Factor the difference of squares on the left
大提示:
因为 ,除以 并解出
Because divide by and solve for
解答:
将左边因式分解得 因为 ,除以 得 ,所以 。这个唯一的负值不属于选项 A 至 D 中的任何一种情况。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Factoring the left side gives Since division by yields so This single negative value is not any of choices A through D.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
36.
一个三角形的底边长为 ,其中一个底角为 ,另两边长度之和为 。最短边长为:
The base of a triangle is and one of the base angles is The sum of the lengths of the other two sides is The shortest side is:
小提示:
设与 角相邻的边长为 ,则第三边长为
Let the side adjacent to the angle be , so the third side is
大提示:
对夹角两边 和 应用余弦定理
Apply the law of cosines with included sides and
解答:
设与 底角相邻的边长为 ,对边长为 。由余弦定理 化简得 ,所以 。三边长为 和 ,最短边为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let the side adjacent to the base angle be and let the opposite side be The law of cosines gives Simplifying yields so The side lengths are and and the shortest is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
37.
38.
若 ,则 :
If then
是整数
is an integer
是分数
is fractional
是无理数
is irrational
是虚数
is imaginary
可能有两个不同的值
may have two different values
39.
设 为下列数列前九项之和:
则 等于:
Let be the sum of the first nine terms of the sequence
Then equals:
小提示:
将 的幂与 的倍数分开
Separate the powers of from the multiples of
大提示:
对 使用等比数列求和公式
Use the geometric-series sum for
解答:
将前九项相加,得 因此 当 时按连续性理解此表达式,此时两种形式都等于 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Adding the first nine terms gives Therefore The expression is understood by continuity at where both forms equal
Thus, the correct answer is D.
40.
在三角形 中, 是一条中线。 与 相交于 ,且 。点 位于 上。若 ,则 等于:
In triangle is a median. intersects at so that Point is on Then, if equals:
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
使用坐标法或质量点法,并注意 是 的中点, 是 的中点
Use coordinates or masses, noting that is the midpoint of and is the midpoint of
大提示:
分别把 写成 以及直线 上的一点
Write both as and as a point on line
解答:
使用向量,令 ,且 。因为 ,且 是 的中点,所以 上一点 可写成 。由于 位于 上,比较 的系数可得 。于是 所以 。因此 ,且 。由于 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Use vectors with and Since and is the midpoint of A point on has the form Since lies on comparison of the -coefficient shows that Hence so Thus and Since
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
41.
在一条直线的同一侧画三个圆:一个半径为 英寸的圆与该直线相切,另两个圆全等,且每个圆都与该直线及另外两个圆相切。两个全等圆的半径为:
On the same side of a straight line three circles are drawn as follows: a circle with a radius of inches is tangent to the line, the other two circles are equal, and each is tangent to the line and to the other two circles. The radius of the equal circles is:
小提示:
小圆对称地位于两个全等圆之间
The small circle lies symmetrically between the two equal circles
大提示:
若全等圆半径为 ,比较圆心距 与
If an equal circle has radius compare the center distance with
解答:
设两个全等圆的半径为 。它们的圆心相距 ,所以半径为 的圆的圆心位于两者正中间。小圆圆心与任一大圆圆心的水平距离和竖直距离分别为 和 。由相切条件得 化简得 ,由正性知 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let the equal circles have radius Their centers are apart, so the center of the radius- circle lies midway between them. The horizontal and vertical separations between its center and either large center are and Tangency gives Simplifying yields and positivity gives
Thus, the correct answer is D.
42.
给定三个正整数 、 和 。它们的最大公因数为 ,最小公倍数为 。下列哪两个陈述正确?
乘积 不可能小于 。
乘积 不可能大于 。
当且仅当 、、 都是质数时, 等于 。
当且仅当 、、 两两互质时, 等于 。(即任意两个数都没有大于 的公因数。)
Given three positive integers and Their greatest common divisor is their least common multiple is Then, which two of the following statements are true?
The product cannot be less than
The product cannot be greater than
equals if and only if are each prime.
equals if and only if are relatively prime in pairs. (This means: no two have a common factor greater than )
、
、
、
、
、
小提示:
对任一质数,将它在 中的指数按 排列
For one prime, order its exponents in as
大提示:
比较它在 中的指数 与在 中的指数
Compare the exponent in with the exponent in
解答:
对任一质数,设它在 中的指数为 。它在 中的指数为 ,而在 中的指数为 。因此 ,证明了陈述 。对每个质数都恰有 时等号成立,这意味着没有任何质数同时整除 中的两个数。这正是两两互质,证明了陈述 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
For any prime, let its exponents in be Its exponent in is while its exponent in is Thus proving statement Equality holds exactly when for every prime, meaning no prime divides two of That is precisely pairwise relative primality, proving statement
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
43.
一个三角形的三边长为 、、。其外接圆直径为:
The sides of a triangle are and The diameter of the circumscribed circle is:
答案:B
小提示:
使用半周长为 的海伦公式
Use Heron’s formula with semiperimeter
大提示:
求出面积 后,使用 ,再将外接圆半径加倍
After finding the area use and double the circumradius
解答:
半周长为 ,所以由海伦公式 若 为外接圆半径,则 因此直径为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The semiperimeter is so Heron’s formula gives If is the circumradius, then Hence the diameter is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
44.
方程 的两根均为大于 的实数。令 。则 :
The roots of are both real and greater than Let Then
可能小于零
may be less than zero
可能等于零
may be equal to zero
必大于零
must be greater than zero
必小于零
must be less than zero
必介于 与 之间
must be between and
45.
46.
一名学生在为期 天的假期中观察到:
上午或下午共下雨 次;
若下午下雨,则当天上午晴朗;
有五个晴朗的下午;
有六个晴朗的上午。
则 等于:
A student on vacation for days observed that
it rained times, morning or afternoon;
when it rained in the afternoon, it was clear in the morning;
there were five clear afternoons;
there were six clear mornings.
Then equals:
小提示:
根据晴朗上午和下午的数量,分别计算下雨的上午与下午
Count rainy mornings and rainy afternoons from the numbers of clear half-days
大提示:
条件 保证下雨的下午与下雨的上午不会发生在同一天
Condition ensures that a rainy afternoon and rainy morning never occur on the same day
解答:
下雨的上午有 个,下雨的下午有 个。由条件 ,可知这些下雨时段互不重合,总数为 。因此 所以 ,且 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
There are rainy mornings and rainy afternoons. By condition these are distinct rainy occasions, and their total is Hence so and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
47.
假设下列三个陈述为真:
I. 所有新生都是人。
II. 所有学生都是人。
III. 有些学生会思考。
考虑下列四个陈述:
所有新生都是学生。
有些人会思考。
没有新生会思考。
有些会思考的人不是学生。
其中可由 I、II、III 逻辑推出的是:
Assume that the following three statements are true:
I. All freshmen are human.
II. All students are human.
III. Some students think.
Given the following four statements:
All freshmen are students.
Some humans think.
No freshmen think.
Some humans who think are not students.
Those which are logical consequences of I, II, and III are:
、
、
、
小提示:
使用陈述 III 所断言存在的那个人
Use the person whose existence is asserted in statement III
大提示:
将“有些学生会思考”与“所有学生都是人”结合
Combine “some students think” with “all students are human”
解答:
陈述 III 保证至少存在一名会思考的学生。由陈述 II,该学生是人,所以有些人会思考,从而推出陈述 。题设没有说明新生与学生的关系,也没有说明新生是否会思考,更不能保证存在不属于学生的、会思考的人。因此 、 或 都不能推出。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Statement III supplies at least one student who thinks. By statement II, that student is human, so some human thinks and statement follows. Nothing relates freshmen to students, says whether freshmen think, or guarantees a thinking human outside the students. Thus none of or follows.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
48.
给定多项式 其中 为正整数或零, 为正整数,其余各个 为整数或零。令 【例题 说明了 的含义。】满足 的多项式个数为:
Given the polynomial where is a positive integer or zero, and is a positive integer. The remaining ’s are integers or zero. Set [See example for the meaning of ] The number of polynomials with is:
小提示:
因为 且 ,只需考虑
Since and consider only
大提示:
对每个次数,计算绝对值之和满足要求的整系数元组数量
For each degree, count the integer coefficient tuples with the required sum of absolute values
解答:
按次数分类计数。若 ,则 ,得到一个多项式。若 ,则 此时 或 ,共有三个多项式。若 ,则 且 ,再得一个。次数不可能更高。总数为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
We count by degree. If then giving one polynomial. If then This gives or for three polynomials. If then and giving one more. No higher degree is possible. The total is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
49.
对无穷级数 设其极限和为 。则 等于:
For the infinite series let be the (limiting) sum. Then equals:
小提示:
将各项依次每三项分成一组
Group the terms in consecutive blocks of three
大提示:
每一组都是前一组的
Each block is times the preceding block
解答:
将级数分组为 第一组为 ,各组构成公比为 的等比级数。因此
因此,正确答案是 B。
Group the series as The first block is and successive blocks form a geometric series with ratio Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
50.
一个有 名成员的俱乐部按以下两条规则组成四个委员会:
每名成员属于且只属于两个委员会。
任意两个委员会恰有一名共同成员。
则 :
A club with members is organized into four committees in accordance with these two rules:
Each member belongs to two and only two committees.
Each pair of committees has one and only one member in common.
Then
无法确定
cannot be determined
在 与 之间恰有一个值
has a single value between and
在 与 之间有两个值
has two values between and
在 与 之间恰有一个值
has a single value between and
在 与 之间有两个值
has two values between and
小提示:
将每名成员与其所属的两个委员会组成的无序对对应
Associate each member with the pair of committees to which that member belongs
大提示:
规则 表明四个委员会中的每一对恰好出现一次
Rule says every pair of the four committees occurs exactly once
解答:
每名成员恰好对应一对无序的委员会。反之,每对委员会恰有一名共同成员。因此成员与四个委员会的两两组合一一对应,所以 这是 与 之间的唯一值。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Each member belongs to exactly one unordered pair of committees. Conversely, each pair of committees has exactly one common member. Thus the members are in one-to-one correspondence with the pairs of four committees, so This is a single value between and
Therefore, the correct answer is D.