2024 AIME I 第 3 题

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3.

Alice 和 Bob 玩如下游戏。他们面前有一堆 nn 个筹码。两人轮流操作,Alice 先手。每一轮,当前玩家 从筹码堆中取走 11 个或 44 个筹码。取走最后一个筹码的玩家获胜。求不超过 20242024 的正整数 nn 的个数,使得无论 Alice 如何行动,Bob 都有保证获胜的策略。

Alice and Bob play the following game. A stack of nn tokens lies before them. The players take turns with Alice going first. On each turn, the player removes 11 token or 44 tokens from the stack. The player who removes the last token wins. Find the number of positive integers nn less than or equal to 20242024 such that there is a strategy that guarantees that Bob wins, regardless of Alice's moves.

答案:809
知识点:组合游戏模运算小情形
难度评级:2110
解答:

若轮到行动的玩家在最优游戏下会输,就称 nn 为必败位置。我们断言必败位置正是 n0n \equiv 02(mod5)2 \pmod 5。从这样的 nn 出发,取走 11 个或 44 个筹码会留下 n4,1,3(mod5)n \equiv 4, 1, 3 \pmod 5,不会再次留下 0022。而从任何 n1,3,4(mod5)n \equiv 1, 3, 4 \pmod 5 出发,一步就能到达 0\equiv 02(mod5)2 \pmod 5 的位置(分别取走 111144 个筹码)。由于 n=0n = 0 对轮到行动的玩家是败局,归纳可确认这个模式。

Bob 获胜当且仅当 nn 对 Alice 是必败位置。在 1n20241 \le n \le 2024 中,55 的倍数有 404404 个,满足 n2(mod5)n \equiv 2 \pmod 5 的数有 405405 个(从 2220222022), 总共为 404+405=809404 + 405 = 809

Call nn a losing position if the player about to move loses with best play. We claim the losing positions are exactly n0n \equiv 0 or 2(mod5).2 \pmod 5. From such an n,n, removing 11 or 44 tokens leaves n4,1,3(mod5)n \equiv 4, 1, 3 \pmod 5 — never again 00 or 22 — while from any n1,3,4(mod5)n \equiv 1, 3, 4 \pmod 5 one move reaches a position 0\equiv 0 or 2(mod5)2 \pmod 5 (remove 1,1, 1,1, 44 tokens respectively). Since n=0n = 0 is a loss for the player to move, induction confirms the pattern.

Bob wins exactly when nn is a losing position for Alice. Among 1n20241 \le n \le 2024 there are 404404 multiples of 55 and 405405 values n2(mod5)n \equiv 2 \pmod 5 (from 22 to 20222022), for a total of 404+405=809.404 + 405 = 809.

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