2017 AIME II 第 7 题

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7.

求闭区间 [500,500][-500, 500] 中整数 kk 的个数,使得方程 log(kx)=2log(x+2)\log(kx) = 2\log(x + 2) 恰好有一个实数解。

Find the number of integer values of kk in the closed interval [500,500][-500, 500] for which the equation log(kx)=2log(x+2)\log(kx) = 2\log(x + 2) has exactly one real solution.

答案:501
知识点:对数二次方程分类讨论
难度评级:2740
解答:

方程要求 x+2>0x + 2 \gt 0kx>0kx \gt 0,在这些限制下它等价于 kx=(x+2)2kx = (x + 2)^2,也就是 x2+(4k)x+4=0x^2 + (4 - k)x + 4 = 0

k<0k \lt 0 时,限制条件迫使 2<x<0-2 \lt x \lt 0。在这个区间上,kxkx2k>0-2k \gt 0 下降到 00,而 (x+2)2(x + 2)^200 增加到 44,所以两图像 恰好相交一次。因此 500500 个负的 kk 全部满足条件,而 k=0k = 0 会使 log(kx)\log(kx) 无定义。

k>0k \gt 0 时,限制条件迫使 x>0x \gt 0。二次方程的根的乘积为 44,所以若有实根, 两根同号;判别式 (4k)216=k(k8)(4 - k)^2 - 16 = k(k - 8)0<k<80 \lt k \lt 8 时为负。 当 k>8k \gt 8 时,有两个不同的正根(根和 k4>0k - 4 \gt 0),给出两个解;只有 k=8k = 8 给出恰好一个解,即重根 x=2x = 2。总共有 500+1=501500 + 1 = 501kk 满足条件。

The equation requires x+2>0x + 2 \gt 0 and kx>0,kx \gt 0, and under those restrictions it is equivalent to kx=(x+2)2,kx = (x + 2)^2, that is, x2+(4k)x+4=0.x^2 + (4 - k)x + 4 = 0.

For k<0k \lt 0 the restrictions force 2<x<0.-2 \lt x \lt 0. On this interval kxkx decreases from 2k>0-2k \gt 0 to 00 while (x+2)2(x + 2)^2 increases from 00 to 4,4, so the graphs cross exactly once. Hence every one of the 500500 negative values of kk works, while k=0k = 0 makes log(kx)\log(kx) undefined.

For k>0k \gt 0 the restrictions force x>0.x \gt 0. The quadratic has root product 4,4, so any real roots have the same sign, and the discriminant (4k)216=k(k8)(4 - k)^2 - 16 = k(k - 8) is negative for 0<k<8.0 \lt k \lt 8. When k>8k \gt 8 there are two distinct positive roots (root sum k4>0k - 4 \gt 0), giving two solutions; only k=8k = 8 gives exactly one solution, the double root x=2.x = 2. In total 500+1=501500 + 1 = 501 values of kk work.

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