2017 AIME II 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\} 的子集中,有多少个既不是 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 的子集,也不是 {4,5,6,7,8}\{4, 5, 6, 7, 8\} 的子集。

Find the number of subsets of {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\} that are subsets of neither {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} nor {4,5,6,7,8}.\{4, 5, 6, 7, 8\}.

知识点:子集容斥原理
难度评级:1890
小提示:

计算补集:完全包含在 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} 中,或完全包含在 {4,5,6,7,8}\{4,5,6,7,8\} 中的子集

Count the complement: subsets that lie entirely inside {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} or entirely inside {4,5,6,7,8}\{4,5,6,7,8\}

大提示:

用容斥,重叠部分是 {4,5}\{4, 5\} 的子集,所以从 282^8 中减去 25+25222^5 + 2^5 - 2^2

By inclusion-exclusion, the overlap consists of the subsets of {4,5},\{4, 5\}, so subtract 25+25222^5 + 2^5 - 2^2 from 282^8

解答:

总共有 28=2562^8 = 256 个子集。要排除的是包含在 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} 中的子集(有 25=322^5 = 32 个),或包含在 {4,5,6,7,8}\{4,5,6,7,8\} 中的子集(也有 3232 个)。同时属于两者的子集正好是交集 {4,5}\{4, 5\} 的子集,共有 22=42^2 = 4 个。

由容斥,不符合条件的子集有 32+324=6032 + 32 - 4 = 60 个,因此满足要求的子集有 25660=196256 - 60 = 196 个。

There are 28=2562^8 = 256 subsets in all. The ones to exclude are those contained in {1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} (there are 25=322^5 = 32) or contained in {4,5,6,7,8}\{4,5,6,7,8\} (another 3232). A subset of both is exactly a subset of the intersection {4,5},\{4, 5\}, and there are 22=42^2 = 4 of those.

By inclusion-exclusion, 32+324=6032 + 32 - 4 = 60 subsets fail, so 25660=196256 - 60 = 196 subsets have the required property.

2.

队伍 T1T_1T2T_2T3T_3T4T_4 进入季后赛。半决赛中,T1T_1 对阵 T4T_4T2T_2 对阵 T3T_3。这两场比赛的胜者将在决赛中相遇,决出冠军。当 TiT_i 对阵 TjT_j 时,TiT_i 获胜的概率为 ii+j\frac{i}{i+j},并且所有比赛结果相互独立。T4T_4 获得冠军的概率为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Teams T1,T_1, T2,T_2, T3,T_3, and T4T_4 are in the playoffs. In the semifinal matches, T1T_1 plays T4,T_4, and T2T_2 plays T3.T_3. The winners of those two matches will play each other in the final match to determine the champion. When TiT_i plays Tj,T_j, the probability that TiT_i wins is ii+j,\frac{i}{i+j}, and the outcomes of all the matches are independent. The probability that T4T_4 will be the champion is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:2070
小提示:

T4T_4 必须先在半决赛击败 T1T_1,再击败 T2T_2T3T_3 中赢下另一场半决赛的队伍

T4T_4 must beat T1T_1 in its semifinal, then beat whichever of T2T_2 and T3T_3 wins the other semifinal

大提示:

按另一场半决赛分类:T2T_2 进入决赛的概率是 25\frac{2}{5},而 T4T_4 击败 T2T_2T3T_3 的概率分别是 46\frac{4}{6}47\frac{4}{7}

Split into cases by the other semifinal: T2T_2 reaches the final with probability 25,\frac{2}{5}, and T4T_4 beats T2T_2 or T3T_3 with probability 46\frac{4}{6} or 47\frac{4}{7}

解答:

要成为冠军,T4T_4 首先必须击败 T1T_1,概率为 44+1=45\frac{4}{4+1} = \frac{4}{5}。另一场半决赛中,T2T_2 进入决赛的概率为 22+3=25\frac{2}{2+3} = \frac{2}{5}T3T_3 进入决赛的概率为 35\frac{3}{5};决赛中,T4T_4 击败 T2T_2 的概率为 44+2=23\frac{4}{4+2} = \frac{2}{3},击败 T3T_3 的概率为 44+3=47\frac{4}{4+3} = \frac{4}{7}

因此 T4T_4 成为冠军的概率为 45(2523+3547)=4564105=256525 \begin{aligned} &\frac{4}{5}\left(\frac{2}{5} \cdot \frac{2}{3} + \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{4}{7}\right) \\ &= \frac{4}{5} \cdot \frac{64}{105} \\ &= \frac{256}{525} \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 256=28256 = 2^8,且 525=3527525 = 3 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7,这个分数已经最简,所以 p+q=256+525=781p + q = 256 + 525 = 781

To be champion, T4T_4 must first beat T1,T_1, which happens with probability 44+1=45.\frac{4}{4+1} = \frac{4}{5}. The other semifinal sends T2T_2 to the final with probability 22+3=25\frac{2}{2+3} = \frac{2}{5} and T3T_3 with probability 35;\frac{3}{5}; in the final, T4T_4 beats T2T_2 with probability 44+2=23\frac{4}{4+2} = \frac{2}{3} and beats T3T_3 with probability 44+3=47.\frac{4}{4+3} = \frac{4}{7}.

The probability that T4T_4 is champion is therefore 45(2523+3547)=4564105=256525. \begin{aligned} &\frac{4}{5}\left(\frac{2}{5} \cdot \frac{2}{3} + \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{4}{7}\right) \\ &= \frac{4}{5} \cdot \frac{64}{105} \\ &= \frac{256}{525}. \end{aligned} Since 256=28256 = 2^8 and 525=3527,525 = 3 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7, this is in lowest terms, and p+q=256+525=781.p + q = 256 + 525 = 781.

3.

一个三角形的顶点为 A(0,0)A(0, 0)B(12,0)B(12, 0)C(8,10)C(8, 10)。在三角形内随机选一点,它到顶点 BB 的距离比到顶点 AA 和顶点 CC 的距离都近的概率可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

A triangle has vertices A(0,0),A(0, 0), B(12,0),B(12, 0), and C(8,10).C(8, 10). The probability that a randomly chosen point inside the triangle is closer to vertex BB than to either vertex AA or vertex CC can be written as pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

BB 比到 AA 更近的点位于 AB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线一侧;对 CC 也一样

The points closer to BB than to AA lie on one side of the perpendicular bisector of AB;\overline{AB}; likewise for CC

大提示:

两条垂直平分线是 x=6x = 6y=25x+1y = \frac{2}{5}x + 1;求出它们在 BB 附近截出的四边形面积,再除以 6060

The bisectors are x=6x = 6 and y=25x+1;y = \frac{2}{5}x + 1; find the area of the quadrilateral they cut off near BB and divide by 6060

解答:

BB 比到 AA 更近的点位于 AB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线右侧,即直线 x=6x = 6 的右侧。到 BB 比到 CC 更近的点位于 BC\overline{BC} 的垂直平分线下方。这条线经过中点 (10,5)(10, 5),斜率为 25\frac{2}{5}(边 BCBC 的斜率 52-\frac{5}{2} 的负倒数),所以方程是 y=25x+1y = \frac{2}{5}x + 1

在三角形内部,有利区域是一个四边形,其顶点为 (6,0)(6, 0)B(12,0)B(12, 0)BC\overline{BC} 的中点 (10,5)(10, 5),以及两条垂直平分线的交点 (6,175)\left(6, \frac{17}{5}\right)。沿 (6,0)(6, 0)(10,5)(10, 5) 的线段把它分成两块,面积为 121754+1265=345+15=1095 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{17}{5} \cdot 4 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 5 \\ &= \frac{34}{5} + 15 \\ &= \frac{109}{5} \end{aligned}\text{。}

整个三角形面积为 121210=60\frac{1}{2} \cdot 12 \cdot 10 = 60,所以概率为 109560=109300\frac{\frac{109}{5}}{60} = \frac{109}{300},从而 p+q=109+300=409p + q = 109 + 300 = 409

The points closer to BB than to AA lie to the right of the perpendicular bisector of AB,\overline{AB}, the line x=6.x = 6. The points closer to BB than to CC lie below the perpendicular bisector of BC,\overline{BC}, which passes through the midpoint (10,5)(10, 5) with slope 25\frac{2}{5} (the negative reciprocal of the slope 52-\frac{5}{2} of BCBC): the line y=25x+1.y = \frac{2}{5}x + 1.

Inside the triangle, the favorable region is the quadrilateral with vertices (6,0),(6, 0), B(12,0),B(12, 0), the midpoint (10,5)(10, 5) of BC,\overline{BC}, and (6,175),\left(6, \frac{17}{5}\right), where the two bisectors meet. Splitting it along the segment from (6,0)(6, 0) to (10,5),(10, 5), its area is 121754+1265=345+15=1095. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{17}{5} \cdot 4 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 5 \\ &= \frac{34}{5} + 15 \\ &= \frac{109}{5}. \end{aligned}

The triangle has area 121210=60,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 12 \cdot 10 = 60, so the probability is 109560=109300,\frac{\frac{109}{5}}{60} = \frac{109}{300}, and p+q=109+300=409.p + q = 109 + 300 = 409.

4.

求不超过 20172017 的正整数中,有多少个的三进制表示不含数字 00

Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to 20172017 whose base-three representation contains no digit equal to 0.0.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

一个三进制表示不含数字 00,等价于每一位都是 1122;这样的 kk 位数有 2k2^k

A base-three representation avoids the digit 00 exactly when every digit is 11 or 2;2; there are 2k2^k such kk-digit numbers

大提示:

因为 2017=220220132017 = 2202201_3,判断哪些由 1122 组成的 77 位字符串不超过上界时,只需看前两位

Since 2017=22022013,2017 = 2202201_3, decide which 77-digit strings of 11s and 22s stay below the bound by looking at the first two digits

解答:

一个正整数的三进制表示没有 00,当且仅当每一位都是 1122。对于 k=1,2,,6k = 1, 2, \ldots, 6,这样的 kk 位数有 2k2^k 个,并且它们全都不超过 2222223=728<2017222222_3 = 728 \lt 2017

因为 2017=220220132017 = 2202201_3,一个由 1122 组成的七位字符串不超过 20172017,当且仅当它以 111112122121 开头:任何以 2222 开头的字符串都会在第三位超过 220220132202201_3,因为它的各位都非零。因此有 325=963 \cdot 2^5 = 96 个七位数。

总数为 2+4+8+16+32+642 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 +96=222+ 96 = 222

A positive integer has no 00 in base three exactly when every digit is 11 or 2.2. For k=1,2,,6k = 1, 2, \ldots, 6 there are 2k2^k such kk-digit numbers, and all of them are at most 2222223=728<2017.222222_3 = 728 \lt 2017.

Since 2017=22022013,2017 = 2202201_3, a seven-digit string of 11s and 22s is at most 20172017 exactly when it begins with 11,11, 12,12, or 21:21: any string beginning 2222 already beats 220220132202201_3 at the third digit, since its digits are nonzero. That gives 325=963 \cdot 2^5 = 96 seven-digit numbers.

The total is 2+4+8+16+32+642 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 +96=222.+ 96 = 222.

5.

一个集合含有四个数。这个集合中不同元素两两相加得到的六个和,顺序不定,分别是 189189320320287287234234xxyy。求 x+yx + y 的最大可能值。

A set contains four numbers. The six pairwise sums of distinct elements of the set, in no particular order, are 189,189, 320,320, 287,287, 234,234, x,x, and y.y. Find the greatest possible value of x+y.x + y.

难度评级:2390
小提示:

六个两两和可以分成三对互补的和,每一对的总和都等于集合所有元素的和 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

The six pairwise sums split into three complementary pairs, each pair adding up to the total a+b+c+da + b + c + d of the set

大提示:

所以 x+y=3s1030x + y = 3s - 1030,其中共同的配对总和 ss 是四个已知数中某两个的和;让 ss 尽可能大

So x+y=3s1030,x + y = 3s - 1030, where the common pair total ss is a sum of two of the four given numbers; make ss as large as possible

解答:

设集合为 {a,b,c,d}\{a, b, c, d\},总和为 s=a+b+c+ds = a + b + c + d。六个两两和可以分成三对互补的和:(a+b)+(c+d)=(a+c)+(b+d)=(a+d)+(b+c)=s \begin{aligned} &(a+b) + (c+d) \\ &= (a+c) + (b+d) \\ &= (a+d) + (b+c) = s \end{aligned}\text{。}189189320320287287234234 两两配对,没有任何一种配法能让两对总和相等(509521509 \ne 521476554476 \ne 554423607423 \ne 607),所以 xxyy 不会互相配对;它们各自与一个已知和配对,剩下两个已知和互相配对。把六个数全部相加,x+yx + y =3s(189+320+287+234)= 3s - (189 + 320 + 287 + 234) =3s1030= 3s - 1030,其中 ss 是两个已知数的和。

最大选择是 s=320+287=607s = 320 + 287 = 607,得到 x+y=36071030=791x + y = 3 \cdot 607 - 1030 = 791。这个值可以由集合 {51.5, 137.5, 182.5, 235.5}\{51.5,\ 137.5,\ 182.5,\ 235.5\} 达到,其两两和为 189189234234287287320320373373418418,且 373+418=791373 + 418 = 791

Let the set be {a,b,c,d}\{a, b, c, d\} with total s=a+b+c+d.s = a + b + c + d. The six pairwise sums come in three complementary pairs: (a+b)+(c+d)=(a+c)+(b+d)=(a+d)+(b+c)=s. \begin{aligned} &(a+b) + (c+d) \\ &= (a+c) + (b+d) \\ &= (a+d) + (b+c) = s. \end{aligned} No two of the pairings of 189,189, 320,320, 287,287, 234234 into two pairs give equal totals (509521,509 \ne 521, 476554,476 \ne 554, 423607423 \ne 607), so xx and yy are not paired with each other; each is paired with a given sum, and the remaining two given sums are paired together. Adding all six values, x+yx + y =3s(189+320+287+234)= 3s - (189 + 320 + 287 + 234) =3s1030,= 3s - 1030, where ss is the sum of two of the given numbers.

The largest choice is s=320+287=607,s = 320 + 287 = 607, giving x+y=36071030=791.x + y = 3 \cdot 607 - 1030 = 791. This is attained by the set {51.5, 137.5, 182.5, 235.5},\{51.5,\ 137.5,\ 182.5,\ 235.5\}, whose pairwise sums are 189,189, 234,234, 287,287, 320,320, 373,373, and 418,418, with 373+418=791.373 + 418 = 791.

6.

求所有正整数 nn 的和,使得 n2+85n+2017\sqrt{n^2 + 85n + 2017} 是整数。

Find the sum of all positive integers nn such that n2+85n+2017\sqrt{n^2 + 85n + 2017} is an integer.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

n2+85n+2017=m2n^2 + 85n + 2017 = m^2,并乘以 44,使左边变成 (2n+85)2+843(2n + 85)^2 + 843

Set n2+85n+2017=m2n^2 + 85n + 2017 = m^2 and multiply by 44 so the left side becomes (2n+85)2+843(2n + 85)^2 + 843

大提示:

4m2(2n+85)24m^2 - (2n + 85)^2 分解为平方差;843=3281843 = 3 \cdot 281 只有两种分解方式

Factor 4m2(2n+85)24m^2 - (2n + 85)^2 as a difference of squares; 843=3281843 = 3 \cdot 281 has only two factorizations

解答:

n2+85n+2017=m2n^2 + 85n + 2017 = m^2,其中 mm 是正整数。两边乘以 44 并配方,得到 (2n+85)2+843=4m2(2n + 85)^2 + 843 = 4m^2,所以 (2m2n85)(2m+2n+85)=843=3281 \begin{aligned} &(2m - 2n - 85)(2m + 2n + 85) \\ &= 843 = 3 \cdot 281 \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 281281 是质数。两个因数都是正数,且第二个更大,所以要么 2m2n85=12m - 2n - 85 = 12m+2n+85=8432m + 2n + 85 = 843,要么 2m2n85=32m - 2n - 85 = 32m+2n+85=2812m + 2n + 85 = 281

第一个方程组给出 m=211m = 211n=168n = 168,并且确实有 1682+85168+2017168^2 + 85 \cdot 168 + 2017 =44521=2112= 44521 = 211^2。第二个方程组给出 m=71m = 71n=27n = 27,且 272+8527+201727^2 + 85 \cdot 27 + 2017 =5041=712= 5041 = 71^2

所求和为 168+27=195168 + 27 = 195

Suppose n2+85n+2017=m2n^2 + 85n + 2017 = m^2 for a positive integer m.m. Multiplying by 44 and completing the square gives (2n+85)2+843=4m2,(2n + 85)^2 + 843 = 4m^2, so (2m2n85)(2m+2n+85)=843=3281, \begin{aligned} &(2m - 2n - 85)(2m + 2n + 85) \\ &= 843 = 3 \cdot 281, \end{aligned} where 281281 is prime. Both factors are positive with the second one larger, so either 2m2n85=12m - 2n - 85 = 1 and 2m+2n+85=843,2m + 2n + 85 = 843, or 2m2n85=32m - 2n - 85 = 3 and 2m+2n+85=281.2m + 2n + 85 = 281.

The first system gives m=211m = 211 and n=168,n = 168, and indeed 1682+85168+2017168^2 + 85 \cdot 168 + 2017 =44521=2112.= 44521 = 211^2. The second gives m=71m = 71 and n=27,n = 27, with 272+8527+201727^2 + 85 \cdot 27 + 2017 =5041=712.= 5041 = 71^2.

The requested sum is 168+27=195.168 + 27 = 195.

7.

求闭区间 [500,500][-500, 500] 中整数 kk 的个数,使得方程 log(kx)=2log(x+2)\log(kx) = 2\log(x + 2) 恰好有一个实数解。

Find the number of integer values of kk in the closed interval [500,500][-500, 500] for which the equation log(kx)=2log(x+2)\log(kx) = 2\log(x + 2) has exactly one real solution.

难度评级:2740
小提示:

方程等价于 kx=(x+2)2kx = (x + 2)^2,但需满足定义域限制 kx>0kx \gt 0x>2x \gt -2;分别处理 k<0k \lt 0k>0k \gt 0

The equation says kx=(x+2)2kx = (x + 2)^2 with the domain restrictions kx>0kx \gt 0 and x>2;x \gt -2; treat k<0k \lt 0 and k>0k \gt 0 separately

大提示:

对每个 k<0k \lt 0,两图像在 (2,0)(-2, 0) 上恰好相交一次;对 k>0k \gt 0,二次方程 x2+(4k)x+4x^2 + (4 - k)x + 4 需要有一个重正根

For every k<0k \lt 0 the two graphs cross exactly once on (2,0);(-2, 0); for k>0k \gt 0 the quadratic x2+(4k)x+4x^2 + (4 - k)x + 4 needs a repeated positive root

解答:

方程要求 x+2>0x + 2 \gt 0kx>0kx \gt 0,在这些限制下它等价于 kx=(x+2)2kx = (x + 2)^2,也就是 x2+(4k)x+4=0x^2 + (4 - k)x + 4 = 0

k<0k \lt 0 时,限制条件迫使 2<x<0-2 \lt x \lt 0。在这个区间上,kxkx2k>0-2k \gt 0 下降到 00,而 (x+2)2(x + 2)^200 增加到 44,所以两图像恰好相交一次。因此 500500 个负的 kk 全部满足条件,而 k=0k = 0 会使 log(kx)\log(kx) 无定义。

k>0k \gt 0 时,限制条件迫使 x>0x \gt 0。二次方程的根的乘积为 44,所以若有实根,两根同号;判别式 (4k)216=k(k8)(4 - k)^2 - 16 = k(k - 8)0<k<80 \lt k \lt 8 时为负。当 k>8k \gt 8 时,有两个不同的正根(根和 k4>0k - 4 \gt 0),给出两个解;只有 k=8k = 8 给出恰好一个解,即重根 x=2x = 2。总共有 500+1=501500 + 1 = 501kk 满足条件。

The equation requires x+2>0x + 2 \gt 0 and kx>0,kx \gt 0, and under those restrictions it is equivalent to kx=(x+2)2,kx = (x + 2)^2, that is, x2+(4k)x+4=0.x^2 + (4 - k)x + 4 = 0.

For k<0k \lt 0 the restrictions force 2<x<0.-2 \lt x \lt 0. On this interval kxkx decreases from 2k>0-2k \gt 0 to 00 while (x+2)2(x + 2)^2 increases from 00 to 4,4, so the graphs cross exactly once. Hence every one of the 500500 negative values of kk works, while k=0k = 0 makes log(kx)\log(kx) undefined.

For k>0k \gt 0 the restrictions force x>0.x \gt 0. The quadratic has root product 4,4, so any real roots have the same sign, and the discriminant (4k)216=k(k8)(4 - k)^2 - 16 = k(k - 8) is negative for 0<k<8.0 \lt k \lt 8. When k>8k \gt 8 there are two distinct positive roots (root sum k4>0k - 4 \gt 0), giving two solutions; only k=8k = 8 gives exactly one solution, the double root x=2.x = 2. In total 500+1=501500 + 1 = 501 values of kk work.

8.

求小于 20172017 的正整数 nn 的个数,使得 1+n+n22!+n33!+n44!+n55!+n66! \begin{aligned} &1 + n + \frac{n^2}{2!} + \frac{n^3}{3!} + \frac{n^4}{4!} \\ &{}+ \frac{n^5}{5!} + \frac{n^6}{6!} \end{aligned} 是整数。

Find the number of positive integers nn less than 20172017 such that 1+n+n22!+n33!+n44!+n55!+n66! \begin{aligned} &1 + n + \frac{n^2}{2!} + \frac{n^3}{3!} + \frac{n^4}{4!} \\ &{}+ \frac{n^5}{5!} + \frac{n^6}{6!} \end{aligned} is an integer.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

乘以 6!=7206! = 720:原和为整数当且仅当 720720 整除 n6+6n5+30n4n^6 + 6n^5 + 30n^4 +120n3+360n2+ 120n^3 + 360n^2 成立

Multiply by 6!=720:6! = 720: the sum is an integer exactly when 720720 divides n6+6n5+30n4n^6 + 6n^5 + 30n^4 +120n3+360n2+ 120n^3 + 360n^2

大提示:

22 和模 33 检查会迫使 nn66 的倍数;写成 n=6kn = 6k 后,只剩下 55 整除 k(k+1)k(k + 1) 这个条件

Checking mod 22 and mod 33 forces nn to be a multiple of 6;6; write n=6k,n = 6k, and only the condition that 55 divides k(k+1)k(k + 1) survives

解答:

乘以 6!=7206! = 720 后,原和为整数当且仅当 n6+6n5+30n4+120n3+360n2是 720 的倍数 \begin{aligned} &n^6 + 6n^5 + 30n^4 \\ &{}+ 120n^3 + 360n^2 \\ &\text{是 } 720 \text{ 的倍数} \end{aligned}\text{。}如果 nn 是奇数,除 n6n^6 外每一项都是偶数,总和为奇数。若 nn 不是 33 的倍数,则模 33 时除 n6n^6 外每一项都为零,而 n61(mod3)n^6 \equiv 1 \pmod 3。所以 nn 必须是 66 的倍数。

n=6kn = 6k。此时 30n4=72054k430n^4 = 720 \cdot 54k^4120n3=72036k3120n^3 = 720 \cdot 36k^3,且 360n2=72018k2360n^2 = 720 \cdot 18k^2 都能被 720720 整除;而 n6+6n5=66k5(k+1)n^6 + 6n^5 = 6^6 k^5(k + 1)。由于 66=26366^6 = 2^6 3^6 已经提供了 720=24325720 = 2^4 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5 中的 242^4323^2,条件化为 k(k+1)k(k + 1)55 的倍数,即 k0k \equiv 04(mod5)4 \pmod 5

n=6k<2017n = 6k \lt 2017,需要 1k3361 \le k \le 336。这个范围内有 676755 的倍数,也有 6767 个满足 k4(mod5)k \equiv 4 \pmod 5 的数,所以这样的 nn 共有 67+67=13467 + 67 = 134 个。

Multiplying by 6!=720,6! = 720, the sum is an integer exactly when n6+6n5+30n4+120n3+360n2is divisible by 720. \begin{aligned} &n^6 + 6n^5 + 30n^4 \\ &{}+ 120n^3 + 360n^2 \\ &\text{is divisible by } 720. \end{aligned} If nn were odd, every term except n6n^6 would be even, making the total odd. If nn is not divisible by 3,3, then modulo 33 every term except n6n^6 vanishes while n61(mod3).n^6 \equiv 1 \pmod 3. So nn must be a multiple of 6.6.

Write n=6k.n = 6k. Then 30n4=72054k4,30n^4 = 720 \cdot 54k^4, 120n3=72036k3,120n^3 = 720 \cdot 36k^3, and 360n2=72018k2360n^2 = 720 \cdot 18k^2 are all divisible by 720,720, while n6+6n5=66k5(k+1).n^6 + 6n^5 = 6^6 k^5(k + 1). Since 66=26366^6 = 2^6 3^6 supplies the factors 242^4 and 323^2 of 720=24325,720 = 2^4 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5, the condition reduces to k(k+1)k(k + 1) being divisible by 5,5, that is, k0k \equiv 0 or 4(mod5).4 \pmod 5.

For n=6k<2017n = 6k \lt 2017 we need 1k336.1 \le k \le 336. That range contains 6767 multiples of 55 and 6767 values with k4(mod5),k \equiv 4 \pmod 5, so there are 67+67=13467 + 67 = 134 such n.n.

9.

一副特殊纸牌有 4949 张牌,每张牌标有 1177 中的一个数字,并涂有七种颜色中的一种。每一种数字与颜色的组合恰好出现一次。Sharon 将从这副牌中随机选出八张。已知她至少有一张每种颜色的牌,且至少有一张每个数字的牌,Sharon 能够弃掉其中一张牌,并且仍然至少有一张每种颜色的牌且至少有一张每个数字的牌的概率为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

A special deck of cards contains 4949 cards, each labeled with a number from 11 to 77 and colored with one of seven colors. Each number-color combination appears on exactly one card. Sharon will select a set of eight cards from the deck at random. Given that she gets at least one card of each color and at least one card with each number, the probability that Sharon can discard one of her cards and still have at least one card of each color and at least one card with each number is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

这样的手牌中恰好有一个数字重复、一个颜色重复;只有当同一张牌同时承载这两个重复时,才可以弃掉一张牌

In such a hand exactly one number and exactly one color repeat; a card can be discarded only if a single card carries both repeats

大提示:

分别计数两类手牌:一组彩虹 77 张牌加任意一张额外牌,以及重复数字和重复颜色落在四张不同牌上的手牌

Count each type of hand: a rainbow 77-card set plus any extra card, versus hands where the repeated number and repeated color sit on four distinct cards

解答:

因为八张牌覆盖全部七个数字和全部七种颜色,所以恰好有一个数字出现两次,且恰好有一种颜色出现两次。Sharon 能弃掉一张牌,当且仅当某一张牌同时带有重复的数字和重复的颜色:这张牌就是唯一可弃的牌;如果没有这样的牌,去掉任何一张都会失去某个数字或某种颜色。

第一类手牌由一组彩虹七张牌组成,也就是每个数字和每种颜色各出现一次,这样的对应方式有 7!7! 种;再加上剩余 4242 张牌中的任意一张,并且每手牌只会这样产生一次。因此有 7!42=2116807! \cdot 42 = 211680 手。第二类中,先选重复的数字(77 种)和它的两种颜色((72)=21\binom{7}{2} = 21 种);重复的颜色必须是另外 55 种颜色之一,它对应的两个数字来自剩下的 66 个数字((62)=15\binom{6}{2} = 15 种);最后把剩下四个数字匹配给剩下四种颜色(4!=244! = 24 种)。共有 72151524=2646007 \cdot 21 \cdot 5 \cdot 15 \cdot 24 = 264600 手。

所求概率为 211680211680+264600=49\frac{211680}{211680 + 264600} = \frac{4}{9},所以 p+q=4+9=13p + q = 4 + 9 = 13

Since the eight cards cover all seven numbers and all seven colors, exactly one number and exactly one color appear twice. Sharon can discard a card exactly when a single card carries both the repeated number and the repeated color: that card is then the unique discardable one, while if no card carries both, removing any card loses a number or a color.

Hands of the first type consist of a rainbow set of seven cards — one of each number and each color, which is one of 7!7! permutation patterns — plus any of the remaining 4242 cards, and every such hand arises exactly once this way: 7!42=2116807! \cdot 42 = 211680 hands. For the second type, choose the repeated number (77 ways) and the two colors of its cards ((72)=21\binom{7}{2} = 21 ways); the repeated color must be one of the other 55 colors, and the numbers of its two cards come from the remaining 66 numbers ((62)=15\binom{6}{2} = 15 ways); finally match the last four numbers to the last four colors (4!=244! = 24 ways). That is 72151524=2646007 \cdot 21 \cdot 5 \cdot 15 \cdot 24 = 264600 hands.

The probability is 211680211680+264600=49,\frac{211680}{211680 + 264600} = \frac{4}{9}, so p+q=4+9=13.p + q = 4 + 9 = 13.

10.

长方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 AB=84AB = 84AD=42AD = 42。点 MMAD\overline{AD} 的中点,点 NNAB\overline{AB} 上靠近 AA 的三等分点,点 OOCM\overline{CM}DN\overline{DN} 的交点。点 PP 位于四边形 BCONBCON 上,且 BP\overline{BP} 平分 BCONBCON 的面积。求 CDP\triangle CDP 的面积。

Rectangle ABCDABCD has side lengths AB=84AB = 84 and AD=42.AD = 42. Point MM is the midpoint of AD,\overline{AD}, point NN is the trisection point of AB\overline{AB} closer to A,A, and point OO is the intersection of CM\overline{CM} and DN.\overline{DN}. Point PP lies on the quadrilateral BCON,BCON, and BP\overline{BP} bisects the area of BCON.BCON. Find the area of CDP.\triangle CDP.

难度评级:2920
小提示:

使用坐标 A(0,0)A(0,0)B(84,0)B(84,0)C(84,42)C(84,42)D(0,42)D(0,42);直线 CMCMDNDN 交于 O(12,24)O(12, 24)

Use coordinates A(0,0),A(0,0), B(84,0),B(84,0), C(84,42),C(84,42), D(0,42);D(0,42); the lines CMCM and DNDN meet at O(12,24)O(12, 24)

大提示:

[BCON]=2184[BCON] = 2184,而 [BCO]=1512[BCO] = 1512,所以 PP 位于 CO\overline{CO} 上;令它满足 [BPC]=1092[BPC] = 1092

[BCON]=2184[BCON] = 2184 while [BCO]=1512,[BCO] = 1512, so PP lies on CO;\overline{CO}; place it so that [BPC]=1092[BPC] = 1092

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(84,0)B = (84, 0)C=(84,42)C = (84, 42)D=(0,42)D = (0, 42),于是 M=(0,21)M = (0, 21)N=(28,0)N = (28, 0)。直线 CMCMy=x4+21y = \frac{x}{4} + 21,直线 DNDNy=423x2y = 42 - \frac{3x}{2},两者交于 O=(12,24)O = (12, 24)

由鞋带公式,四边形 BCONBCON 的面积为 21842184,所以每一半面积为 10921092。单独的三角形 BCOBCO 面积为 124272=1512>1092\frac{1}{2} \cdot 42 \cdot 72 = 1512 \gt 1092 (底边为 BC\overline{BC},且 OO 到它的水平距离为 7272),所以平分面积的线段终点 PPCO\overline{CO} 上。若 [BPC]=1092[BPC] = 1092,则 PP 到直线 BCBC 的距离 dd 满足 1242d=1092\frac{1}{2} \cdot 42 \cdot d = 1092,所以 d=52d = 52,从而 PPxx-坐标为 8452=3284 - 52 = 32。因为 PP 位于直线 COCO 上,而该直线的方程为 y=x4+21y = \frac{x}{4} + 21,所以 P=(32,29)P = (32, 29)

三角形 CDPCDP 的底 CD=84CD = 84 在直线 y=42y = 42 上,高为 4229=1342 - 29 = 13,所以面积为 128413=546\frac{1}{2} \cdot 84 \cdot 13 = 546

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(84,0),B = (84, 0), C=(84,42),C = (84, 42), D=(0,42),D = (0, 42), so M=(0,21)M = (0, 21) and N=(28,0).N = (28, 0). Line CMCM is y=x4+21y = \frac{x}{4} + 21 and line DNDN is y=423x2,y = 42 - \frac{3x}{2}, which meet at O=(12,24).O = (12, 24).

By the Shoelace Formula, quadrilateral BCONBCON has area 2184,2184, so each half must have area 1092.1092. Triangle BCOBCO alone has area 124272=1512>1092\frac{1}{2} \cdot 42 \cdot 72 = 1512 \gt 1092 (base BC,\overline{BC}, and OO is at horizontal distance 7272 from it), so the bisecting segment ends at a point PP on CO.\overline{CO}. For [BPC]=1092,[BPC] = 1092, the distance dd from PP to line BCBC must satisfy 1242d=1092,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 42 \cdot d = 1092, so d=52,d = 52, giving PP the xx-coordinate 8452=32.84 - 52 = 32. Since PP lies on line CO,CO, which is y=x4+21,y = \frac{x}{4} + 21, we get P=(32,29).P = (32, 29).

Triangle CDPCDP has base CD=84CD = 84 on the line y=42y = 42 and height 4229=13,42 - 29 = 13, so its area is 128413=546.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 84 \cdot 13 = 546.

11.

五个城镇由道路系统连接。每一对城镇之间恰好有一条道路。求有多少种方法把所有道路改成单行道,使得仍然可以从任意一个城镇沿道路到达任意另一个城镇(途中可以经过其他城镇)。

Five towns are connected by a system of roads. There is exactly one road connecting each pair of towns. Find the number of ways there are to make all the roads one-way in such a way that it is still possible to get from any town to any other town using the roads (possibly passing through other towns on the way).

难度评级:3060
小提示:

这些单行道可行,当且仅当没有任何城镇的四条道路全都指向它,或全都从它指出

The one-way roads work if and only if no town has all four of its roads inbound or all four outbound

大提示:

计数不可行的方向分配:有一个全出城镇的有 5265 \cdot 2^6 种,全入城镇同样多;再减去被重复计数的 54235 \cdot 4 \cdot 2^3

Count the bad assignments: 5265 \cdot 2^6 with an all-outbound town, the same with an all-inbound town, minus 54235 \cdot 4 \cdot 2^3 counted twice

解答:

方向分配可行,当且仅当没有城镇的四条道路全入或全出。一方面很明显:全入的城镇无法离开,全出的城镇无法到达。反过来,假设每个城镇都有入路和出路,但从城镇 AA 无法到达城镇 BB。令 SS 为从 AA 可到达的城镇集合(包括 AA),令 TT 为可以到达 BB 的城镇集合(包括 BB)。这两个集合不相交,SS 中城镇的每条出路都仍留在 SS 中,TT 中城镇的每条入路都来自 TT 中。因为 AA 有出路,所以 S2|S| \ge 2,同理 T2|T| \ge 2;又因为 S+T5|S| + |T| \le 5,两个集合中有一个恰好有两个城镇。若 S={A,X}S = \{A, X\},则 AAXX 的出路都必须留在 SS 内,迫使它们之间唯一的道路同时指向两个方向,产生矛盾(T=2|T| = 2 的情况对称)。

现在在 210=10242^{10} = 1024 种总方向分配中计数含有全入或全出城镇的情况。选择一个城镇全出(55 种),剩余 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 条道路任意定向,得到 526=3205 \cdot 2^6 = 320 种分配;并且全出城镇最多只有一个。同理,有全入城镇的分配也有 320320 种。同时有全出和全入城镇的分配被重复计数:选全出城镇(55 种),选全入城镇(44 种),其他 33 条道路任意定向,有 5423=1605 \cdot 4 \cdot 2^3 = 160 种。因此不符合条件的分配有 320+320160=480320 + 320 - 160 = 480 种。

可行的数量为 1024480=5441024 - 480 = 544

The assignment works if and only if no town has all four roads inbound or all four outbound. One direction is clear: an all-inbound town cannot be left, and an all-outbound town cannot be reached. Conversely, suppose every town has an inbound and an outbound road, yet town BB cannot be reached from town A.A. Let SS be the set of towns reachable from AA (including AA) and TT the set of towns from which BB is reachable (including BB). These sets are disjoint, every outbound road of a town in SS stays inside S,S, and every inbound road of a town in TT comes from inside T.T. Since AA has an outbound road, S2,|S| \ge 2, and similarly T2;|T| \ge 2; as S+T5,|S| + |T| \le 5, one of the two sets has exactly two towns. If S={A,X},S = \{A, X\}, the outbound roads of AA and of XX must both stay inside S,S, forcing the single road between them to point both ways — a contradiction (and T=2|T| = 2 is symmetric).

Now count assignments with a bad town among the 210=10242^{10} = 1024 total. Choosing a town to be all-outbound (55 ways) and orienting the remaining (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 roads freely gives 526=3205 \cdot 2^6 = 320 assignments, and there can be at most one all-outbound town. Similarly 320320 assignments have an all-inbound town. Assignments with both are counted twice: choose the all-outbound town (55), the all-inbound town (44), and the other 33 roads freely, 5423=160.5 \cdot 4 \cdot 2^3 = 160. So 320+320160=480320 + 320 - 160 = 480 assignments fail.

The number that work is 1024480=544.1024 - 480 = 544.

12.

C0C_0 的半径为 11,点 A0A_0 在该圆上。圆 C1C_1 的半径为 r<1r \lt 1,且在点 A0A_0 处内切于 C0C_0。点 A1A_1 位于圆 C1C_1 上,并且 A1A_1C1C_1 上从 A0A_0 逆时针转过 9090^\circ 的位置。圆 C2C_2 的半径为 r2r^2,且在点 A1A_1 处内切于 C1C_1。按这种方式构造一列圆 C1C_1C2C_2C3C_3\ldots 和一列圆上的点 A1A_1A2A_2A3A_3\ldots:圆 CnC_n 的半径为 rnr^n,并在点 An1A_{n-1} 处内切于圆 Cn1C_{n-1},而点 AnA_n 位于 CnC_n 上,且相对于点 An1A_{n-1} 逆时针转过 9090^\circ,如下图所示。有一个点 BB 位于所有这些圆的内部。当 r=1160r = \frac{11}{60} 时,从 C0C_0 的圆心到 BB 的距离为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Circle C0C_0 has radius 1,1, and the point A0A_0 is a point on the circle. Circle C1C_1 has radius r<1r \lt 1 and is internally tangent to C0C_0 at point A0.A_0. Point A1A_1 lies on circle C1C_1 so that A1A_1 is located 9090^\circ counterclockwise from A0A_0 on C1.C_1. Circle C2C_2 has radius r2r^2 and is internally tangent to C1C_1 at point A1.A_1. In this way a sequence of circles C1,C_1, C2,C_2, C3,C_3, \ldots and a sequence of points on the circles A1,A_1, A2,A_2, A3,A_3, \ldots are constructed, where circle CnC_n has radius rnr^n and is internally tangent to circle Cn1C_{n-1} at point An1,A_{n-1}, and point AnA_n lies on CnC_n 9090^\circ counterclockwise from point An1,A_{n-1}, as shown in the figure below. There is one point BB inside all of these circles. When r=1160,r = \frac{11}{60}, the distance from the center of C0C_0 to BB is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

在复平面中,Cn+1C_{n+1} 的圆心等于 CnC_n 的圆心加上 (rnrn+1)in(r^n - r^{n+1})\,i^n

In the complex plane the center of Cn+1C_{n+1} equals the center of CnC_n plus (rnrn+1)in(r^n - r^{n+1})\,i^n

大提示:

圆心趋近于等比级数和 1r1ir\frac{1-r}{1-ir},它到原点的距离是 1r1+r2\frac{1-r}{\sqrt{1+r^2}}

The centers converge to the geometric series sum 1r1ir,\frac{1-r}{1-ir}, whose distance from the origin is 1r1+r2\frac{1-r}{\sqrt{1+r^2}}

解答:

在复平面中工作,令 C0C_0 的圆心为 O0=0O_0 = 0,并令 A0=1A_0 = 1,设 OnO_nCnC_n 的圆心。归纳可得 An=On+rninA_n = O_n + r^n i^n:当 n=0n = 0 时成立;若 Cn+1C_{n+1}AnA_n 处内切于 CnC_n,则它的圆心为 On+1=Anrn+1inO_{n+1} = A_n - r^{n+1} i^n;此时从 On+1O_{n+1} 看,AnA_n 位于方向 ini^n 上,因而逆时针旋转 9090^\circ 后有 An+1=On+1+rn+1in+1A_{n+1} = O_{n+1} + r^{n+1} i^{n+1}

因此 On+1OnO_{n+1} - O_n =(rnrn+1)in= (r^n - r^{n+1})\, i^n =(1r)(ir)n= (1 - r)(ir)^n。这些圆是嵌套的,且半径趋于 00,所以公共点 BB 是圆心的极限:B=(1r)n=0(ir)n=1r1irB = (1 - r)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (ir)^n = \frac{1 - r}{1 - ir}\text{,}它到原点的距离为 1r1ir=1r1+r2\frac{1 - r}{|1 - ir|} = \frac{1 - r}{\sqrt{1 + r^2}}

r=1160r = \frac{11}{60} 时,这个距离为 4960372160=4961\frac{\frac{49}{60}}{\frac{\sqrt{3721}}{60}} = \frac{49}{61},所以 m+n=49+61=110m + n = 49 + 61 = 110

Work in the complex plane with C0C_0 centered at O0=0O_0 = 0 and A0=1,A_0 = 1, and let OnO_n be the center of Cn.C_n. Inductively, An=On+rnin:A_n = O_n + r^n i^n: this holds for n=0,n = 0, and since Cn+1C_{n+1} is internally tangent to CnC_n at An,A_n, its center is On+1=Anrn+1in;O_{n+1} = A_n - r^{n+1} i^n; then AnA_n sits in direction ini^n from On+1,O_{n+1}, so rotating 9090^\circ counterclockwise gives An+1=On+1+rn+1in+1.A_{n+1} = O_{n+1} + r^{n+1} i^{n+1}.

Therefore On+1OnO_{n+1} - O_n =(rnrn+1)in= (r^n - r^{n+1})\, i^n =(1r)(ir)n.= (1 - r)(ir)^n. The circles are nested, and their radii shrink to 0,0, so the common point BB is the limit of the centers: B=(1r)n=0(ir)n=1r1ir,B = (1 - r)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (ir)^n = \frac{1 - r}{1 - ir}, at distance 1r1ir=1r1+r2\frac{1 - r}{|1 - ir|} = \frac{1 - r}{\sqrt{1 + r^2}} from the origin.

For r=1160r = \frac{11}{60} this equals 4960372160=4961,\frac{\frac{49}{60}}{\frac{\sqrt{3721}}{60}} = \frac{49}{61}, so m+n=49+61=110.m + n = 49 + 61 = 110.

13.

对每个整数 n3n \ge 3,令 f(n)f(n) 表示一个正 nn 边形的顶点中,由 33 个顶点组成且能构成等腰三角形(包括等边三角形)的子集数量。求所有满足 f(n+1)=f(n)+78f(n+1) = f(n) + 78nn 的和。

For each integer n3,n \ge 3, let f(n)f(n) be the number of 33-element subsets of the vertices of a regular nn-gon that are the vertices of an isosceles triangle (including equilateral triangles). Find the sum of all values of nn such that f(n+1)=f(n)+78.f(n+1) = f(n) + 78.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

按顶角计数:每个顶点作为顶角时有 n12\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \rfloor 个等腰三角形,但等边三角形会被数三次

Count by apex: each vertex is the apex of n12\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \rfloor isosceles triangles, but equilateral triangles get counted three times

大提示:

用一个下取整函数写出 f(n)f(n),再按 nn66 的各个余数分别计算 f(n+1)f(n)f(n+1) - f(n)

Write f(n)f(n) with a floor function and compute f(n+1)f(n)f(n+1) - f(n) separately in each residue class of nn modulo 66

解答:

按顶角计数等腰三角形。对于正 nn 边形的一个顶点 PP,两条相等边在 PP 相交的等腰三角形,其另外两个顶点关于过 PP 的直径对称,因此有 n12\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \rfloor 对。对所有 nn 个顶点求和时,每个非等边的等腰三角形被数一次(它只有一个顶角),每个等边三角形被数三次;等边三角形恰好在 nn33 的倍数时存在,此时有 n3\frac{n}{3} 个。因此 f(n)=nn12f(n) = n \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \rfloor,但当 nn33 的倍数时要减去 2n3\frac{2n}{3}

n=6k+jn = 6k + j,并在每个余数类中计算 f(n+1)f(n)f(n+1) - f(n),得到当 j=0j = 0 时为 13k13k,当 j=1j = 1 时为 3k3k,当 j=2j = 2 时为 5k+15k + 1,当 j=3j = 3 时为 7k+37k + 3,当 j=4j = 4 时为 9k+69k + 6,当 j=5j = 5 时为 (k+2)-(k + 2)。分别令它们等于 787813k=7813k = 78 给出 k=6k = 6n=36n = 363k=783k = 78 给出 k=26k = 26n=157n = 1579k+6=789k + 6 = 78 给出 k=8k = 8n=52n = 52;另外三种情况没有正整数解。

所有这样的 nn 的和为 36+157+52=24536 + 157 + 52 = 245

Count isosceles triangles by apex. For a vertex PP of a regular nn-gon, the isosceles triangles whose two equal sides meet at PP have their other two vertices symmetric about the diameter through P,P, giving n12\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \rfloor such pairs. Summing over all nn vertices counts each non-equilateral isosceles triangle once (it has one apex) and each equilateral triangle three times; equilateral triangles exist exactly when nn is a multiple of 3,3, and then there are n3\frac{n}{3} of them. Hence f(n)=nn12,f(n) = n \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \rfloor, minus 2n3\frac{2n}{3} when nn is a multiple of 3.3.

Writing n=6k+jn = 6k + j and computing f(n+1)f(n)f(n+1) - f(n) in each residue class gives 13k13k for j=0,j = 0, 3k3k for j=1,j = 1, 5k+15k + 1 for j=2,j = 2, 7k+37k + 3 for j=3,j = 3, 9k+69k + 6 for j=4,j = 4, and (k+2)-(k + 2) for j=5.j = 5. Setting each equal to 78:78: 13k=7813k = 78 gives k=6,k = 6, n=36;n = 36; 3k=783k = 78 gives k=26,k = 26, n=157;n = 157; 9k+6=789k + 6 = 78 gives k=8,k = 8, n=52;n = 52; and the other three cases have no positive integer solutions.

The sum of all such nn is 36+157+52=245.36 + 157 + 52 = 245.

14.

一个 10×10×1010 \times 10 \times 10 的点阵由空间中所有形如 (i,j,k)(i, j, k) 的点组成,其中 iijjkk 是从 111010(含端点)的整数。求恰好包含这些点中 88 个点的不同直线数量。

A 10×10×1010 \times 10 \times 10 grid of points consists of all points in space of the form (i,j,k),(i, j, k), where i,i, j,j, and kk are integers between 11 and 10,10, inclusive. Find the number of different lines that contain exactly 88 of these points.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

一条恰好含有 88 个点的直线,要么位于一个平行于立方体面的平面中,要么方向为 (±1,±1,±1)(\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 1)

A line with exactly 88 points either lies in a plane parallel to a face of the cube or has direction (±1,±1,±1)(\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 1)

大提示:

平行于立方体面的平面共有 3030 个,每个平面有 44 条平移后的对角线含 88 个点;对方向 (1,1,1)(1,1,1),计数坐标在 {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\} 中且同时用到 1133 的起点

Each of the 3030 face-parallel planes has 44 shifted diagonals with 88 points; for direction (1,1,1)(1,1,1) count start points with coordinates in {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\} using both 11 and 33

解答:

取直线的本原方向向量为 (a,b,c)(a, b, c)。任何非零分量的绝对值若至少为 22,这条线最多只能穿过 55 个点阵点,所以每个分量只能是 00±1\pm 1。平行于坐标轴的直线含有 1010 个点,不会恰好含有 88 个点。若恰有一个分量为 00,这条线位于 3030 个平行于立方体面的平面之一(33 种方向,1010 个位置)中;在这个 10×1010 \times 10 网格内,它是斜率为 ±1\pm 1 的对角线,并从中心对角线平移开。对两条主对角线各向两个方向平移 22 都恰好得到 88 个点。因此每个平面有 44 条这样的线,并且每条只属于这 3030 个平面中的一个:430=1204 \cdot 30 = 120 条。

否则方向是四个空间对角线方向 (1,±1,±1)(1, \pm 1, \pm 1) 之一(不区分整体反向);由对称性,只需计数平行于 (1,1,1)(1, 1, 1) 的直线再乘以 44。这样的直线 (d+t, e+t, f+t)(d + t,\ e + t,\ f + t) 与点阵相交于 1010 (max(d,e,f)min(d,e,f))- (\max(d,e,f) - \min(d,e,f)) 个点,因此恰好 88 个点意味着 maxmin=2\max - \min = 2。把基点规范化为 min(d,e,f)=1\min(d, e, f) = 1,需要 (d,e,f)(d, e, f) 的各项在 {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\} 中并且同时用到 1133:共有 2788+1=1227 - 8 - 8 + 1 = 12 个,因此每个方向有 1212 条线,总共 412=484 \cdot 12 = 48 条。

总数为 120+48=168120 + 48 = 168

Take a primitive direction vector (a,b,c)(a, b, c) for the line. Any nonzero component of absolute value 22 or more limits the line to at most 55 grid points, so every component is 00 or ±1.\pm 1. Lines parallel to a coordinate axis contain 1010 points, never 8.8. If exactly one component is 0,0, the line lies in one of the 3030 planes parallel to a face of the cube (33 orientations, 1010 positions), and within that 10×1010 \times 10 grid it is a diagonal of slope ±1\pm 1 shifted off center; the shift by 22 in either direction from each of the two main diagonals gives exactly 88 points. That is 44 lines per plane, and each lies in only one of the 3030 planes: 430=1204 \cdot 30 = 120 lines.

Otherwise the direction is one of the four space-diagonal directions (1,±1,±1)(1, \pm 1, \pm 1) up to sign; by symmetry, count lines parallel to (1,1,1)(1, 1, 1) and multiply by 4.4. Such a line (d+t, e+t, f+t)(d + t,\ e + t,\ f + t) meets the grid in 1010 (max(d,e,f)min(d,e,f))- (\max(d,e,f) - \min(d,e,f)) points, so exactly 88 points means maxmin=2.\max - \min = 2. Normalizing the base point so that min(d,e,f)=1,\min(d, e, f) = 1, we need (d,e,f)(d, e, f) with entries in {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\} using both 11 and 3:3: there are 2788+1=1227 - 8 - 8 + 1 = 12 of them, hence 1212 lines per direction and 412=484 \cdot 12 = 48 in all.

The total is 120+48=168.120 + 48 = 168.

15.

四面体 ABCDABCD 满足 AD=BC=28AD = BC = 28AC=BD=44AC = BD = 44,且 AB=CD=52AB = CD = 52。对空间中任意点 XX,定义 f(X)=AX+BXf(X) = AX + BX +CX+DX+ CX + DXf(X)f(X) 的最小可能值可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Tetrahedron ABCDABCD has AD=BC=28,AD = BC = 28, AC=BD=44,AC = BD = 44, and AB=CD=52.AB = CD = 52. For any point XX in space, define f(X)=AX+BXf(X) = AX + BX +CX+DX.+ CX + DX. The least possible value of f(X)f(X) can be expressed as mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

AB\overline{AB} 的中点 MMCD\overline{CD} 的中点 NN 位于这两条边的公共垂直平分线上,且对于直线 MNMN 上的某点 QQf(X)f(Q)f(X) \ge f(Q)

The midpoints MM of AB\overline{AB} and NN of CD\overline{CD} lie on the common perpendicular bisector of those edges, and f(X)f(Q)f(X) \ge f(Q) for a point QQ on line MNMN

大提示:

DD 绕直线 MNMN 旋转到平面 AMNAMN 中:此时 f(Q)=2(AQ+DQ)2ADf(Q) = 2(AQ + D'Q) \ge 2AD',再用中线长公式求 ADAD'

Rotate DD about line MNMN into the plane AMN:AMN: then f(Q)=2(AQ+DQ)2AD,f(Q) = 2(AQ + D'Q) \ge 2AD', and the median length formula gives ADAD'

解答:

MMNN 分别为 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 的中点。从 CC 和从 DDAB\overline{AB} 的中线相等,因为三角形 ABCABCBADBAD 由边边边(SSSSSS)判定全等。由中线长公式,4MD2=2282+24424MD^2 = 2 \cdot 28^2 + 2 \cdot 44^2 522- 52^2 =2736= 2736,所以 MC2=MD2=684MC^2 = MD^2 = 684。同理 NA=NBNA = NB。于是 MNMN,作为等腰三角形 MCDMCDNABNAB 的中线,分别垂直于 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD},所以绕直线 MNMN180180^\circ 旋转会交换 ABA \leftrightarrow BCDC \leftrightarrow D。另外 MN2=MD2ND2MN^2 = MD^2 - ND^2 =684262= 684 - 26^2 =8= 8

对任意点 XX,令 XX' 为它在该旋转下的像,并令 XX\overline{XX'} 的中点为 QQ,该点位于直线 MNMN 上。此时 BX=AXBX = AX',且 CX=DXCX = DX',所以 f(X)=(AX+AX)+(DX+DX)2AQ+2DQ=f(Q) \begin{aligned} &f(X) = (AX + AX') \\ &{}+ (DX + DX') \\ &\ge 2AQ + 2DQ = f(Q) \end{aligned}\text{,}因为三角形的一条中线不超过相邻两边之和的一半。因此只需在直线 MNMN 上的点 QQ 中最小化 f(Q)=2(AQ+DQ)f(Q) = 2(AQ + DQ)

DD 绕直线 MNMN 旋转到 AA 与直线 MNMN 所在的平面内,并落在 MNMN 相对于 AA 的另一侧,得到点 DD',其中 ND=ND=26ND' = ND = 26。对于直线 MNMN 上的 QQAQ+DQ=AQ+DQADAQ + DQ = AQ + D'Q \ge AD',当线段 AD\overline{AD'}MNMN 相交时取等号。因为 AMMNAM \perp MNDNMND'N \perp MN,并且 AM=26AM = 26ND=26ND' = 26AD2=(AM+ND)2+MN2=522+8=2712=4678 \begin{aligned} &AD'^2 = (AM + ND')^2 + MN^2 \\ &= 52^2 + 8 = 2712 \\ &= 4 \cdot 678 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 ff 的最小值为 2AD=46782AD' = 4\sqrt{678},而 678=23113678 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 113 无平方因子,所以 m+n=4+678=682m + n = 4 + 678 = 682

Let MM and NN be the midpoints of AB\overline{AB} and CD.\overline{CD}. The medians from CC and from DD to AB\overline{AB} are equal, since triangles ABCABC and BADBAD are congruent by SSS;SSS; by the median length formula, 4MD2=2282+24424MD^2 = 2 \cdot 28^2 + 2 \cdot 44^2 522- 52^2 =2736,= 2736, so MC2=MD2=684.MC^2 = MD^2 = 684. Likewise NA=NB.NA = NB. Then MN,MN, as a median of the isosceles triangles MCDMCD and NAB,NAB, is perpendicular to both AB\overline{AB} and CD,\overline{CD}, so the 180180^\circ rotation about line MNMN swaps ABA \leftrightarrow B and CD.C \leftrightarrow D. Also MN2=MD2ND2MN^2 = MD^2 - ND^2 =684262= 684 - 26^2 =8.= 8.

For any point X,X, let XX' be its image under this rotation, and let QQ be the midpoint of XX,\overline{XX'}, which lies on line MN.MN. Then BX=AXBX = AX' and CX=DX,CX = DX', so f(X)=(AX+AX)+(DX+DX)2AQ+2DQ=f(Q), \begin{aligned} &f(X) = (AX + AX') \\ &{}+ (DX + DX') \\ &\ge 2AQ + 2DQ = f(Q), \end{aligned} because a median of a triangle is at most half the sum of the two adjacent sides. So it suffices to minimize f(Q)=2(AQ+DQ)f(Q) = 2(AQ + DQ) over points QQ on line MN.MN.

Rotate DD about line MNMN into the plane of AA and line MN,MN, on the opposite side of MNMN from A,A, landing at DD' with ND=ND=26.ND' = ND = 26. For QQ on line MN,MN, AQ+DQ=AQ+DQAD,AQ + DQ = AQ + D'Q \ge AD', with equality where segment AD\overline{AD'} crosses MN.MN. Since AMMNAM \perp MN and DNMND'N \perp MN with AM=26AM = 26 and ND=26,ND' = 26, AD2=(AM+ND)2+MN2=522+8=2712=4678. \begin{aligned} &AD'^2 = (AM + ND')^2 + MN^2 \\ &= 52^2 + 8 = 2712 \\ &= 4 \cdot 678. \end{aligned} Hence the minimum of ff is 2AD=4678,2AD' = 4\sqrt{678}, and since 678=23113678 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 113 is squarefree, m+n=4+678=682.m + n = 4 + 678 = 682.