1972 AMC 12 真题

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1.

四个三角形 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}IV\mathrm{IV} 的三边长度(单位:英寸)如下:I3,4,5II4,712,812III7,24,25IV312,412,512 \begin{aligned} \mathrm{I}\quad&3,4,5\\ \mathrm{II}\quad&4,7\frac12,8\frac12\\ \mathrm{III}\quad&7,24,25\\ \mathrm{IV}\quad&3\frac12,4\frac12,5\frac12 \end{aligned} 其中仅有的直角三角形是:

The lengths in inches of the three sides of each of four triangles I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, III,\mathrm{III}, and IV\mathrm{IV} are as follows: I3,4,5II4,712,812III7,24,25IV312,412,512 \begin{aligned} \mathrm{I}\quad&3,4,5\\ \mathrm{II}\quad&4,7\frac12,8\frac12\\ \mathrm{III}\quad&7,24,25\\ \mathrm{IV}\quad&3\frac12,4\frac12,5\frac12 \end{aligned} Of these four given triangles, the only right triangles are:

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I}IV\mathrm{IV}

I\mathrm{I} and IV\mathrm{IV}

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, and III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}IV\mathrm{IV}

I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, and IV\mathrm{IV}

答案:D
知识点:勾股定理直角三角形系统列举
难度评级:1180
小提示:

对每个三角形,比较最长边的平方与另外两边平方和

Compare the square of each longest side with the sum of the squares of the other two sides

大提示:

比较前,先消去三角形 II\mathrm{II}IV\mathrm{IV} 边长中的分母

Clear the halves in triangles II\mathrm{II} and IV\mathrm{IV} before comparing

解答:

对于三角形 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III},相应等式为 32+42=52,42+(152)2=(172)2,72+242=252 \begin{aligned} 3^2+4^2&=5^2,\\ 4^2+\left(\frac{15}{2}\right)^2 &=\left(\frac{17}{2}\right)^2,\\ 7^2+24^2&=25^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}对于 IV\mathrm{IV}(72)2+(92)2=1304,(112)2=1214 \begin{aligned} \left(\frac72\right)^2+\left(\frac92\right)^2 &=\frac{130}{4},\\ \left(\frac{11}{2}\right)^2&=\frac{121}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}两个值并不相等。因此,恰有 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III} 是直角三角形。

因此,正确答案是 D

For triangles I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, and III,\mathrm{III}, the relevant equalities are 32+42=52,42+(152)2=(172)2,72+242=252. \begin{aligned} 3^2+4^2&=5^2,\\ 4^2+\left(\frac{15}{2}\right)^2 &=\left(\frac{17}{2}\right)^2,\\ 7^2+24^2&=25^2. \end{aligned} For IV,\mathrm{IV}, (72)2+(92)2=1304,(112)2=1214. \begin{aligned} \left(\frac72\right)^2+\left(\frac92\right)^2 &=\frac{130}{4},\\ \left(\frac{11}{2}\right)^2&=\frac{121}{4}. \end{aligned} These values are unequal. Thus precisely I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, and III\mathrm{III} are right triangles.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

2.

若一名经销商能把进货成本降低 8%8\%,同时保持售价不变,那么按成本计算的利润率会从目前的 x%x\% 提高到 (x+10)%(x+10)\%。则目前的利润率是:

If a dealer could get his goods for 8%8\% less while keeping his selling price fixed, his profit, based on cost, would be increased to (x+10)%(x+10)\% from his present profit of x%,x\%, which is:

12%12\%

15%15\%

30%30\%

50%50\%

75%75\%

答案:B
难度评级:1380
小提示:

设目前的成本为 CC,用两种方式表示同一个售价

Let the present cost be CC and express the same selling price in two ways

大提示:

降低后的成本为 0.92C0.92C,相应利润率为 (x+10)%(x+10)\%

The reduced cost is 0.92C0.92C and its profit rate is (x+10)%(x+10)\%

解答:

由售价保持不变可得 1+0.01x=0.92+0.0092(x+10) \begin{aligned} 1+0.01x&=0.92\\ &\quad+0.0092(x+10) \end{aligned}\text{。}化简得 1+0.01x=1.012+0.0092x 1+0.01x=1.012+0.0092x\text{,}所以 0.0008x=0.0120.0008x=0.012,且 x=15x=15

因此,正确答案是 B

The fixed selling price gives 1+0.01x=0.92+0.0092(x+10). \begin{aligned} 1+0.01x&=0.92\\ &\quad+0.0092(x+10). \end{aligned} Simplifying yields 1+0.01x=1.012+0.0092x, 1+0.01x=1.012+0.0092x, so 0.0008x=0.0120.0008x=0.012 and x=15.x=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

3.

x=1i32x=\dfrac{1-i\sqrt3}{2},其中 i=1i=\sqrt{-1},则 1x2x\dfrac{1}{x^2-x} 等于:

If x=1i32,x=\dfrac{1-i\sqrt3}{2}, where i=1,i=\sqrt{-1}, then 1x2x\dfrac{1}{x^2-x} is equal to:

2-2

1-1

1+i31+i\sqrt3

11

22

答案:B
难度评级:1690
小提示:

先求出 x2xx^2-x,再取倒数

Compute x2xx^2-x before taking the reciprocal

大提示:

xx 满足 x2x+1=0x^2-x+1=0

The number xx satisfies x2x+1=0x^2-x+1=0

解答:

直接计算,x2x=(1i32)21i32=1 \begin{aligned} x^2-x &=\left(\frac{1-i\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2\\ &\quad-\frac{1-i\sqrt3}{2}\\ &=-1 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此它的倒数也是 1-1

因此,正确答案是 B

Directly, x2x=(1i32)21i32=1. \begin{aligned} x^2-x &=\left(\frac{1-i\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2\\ &\quad-\frac{1-i\sqrt3}{2}\\ &=-1. \end{aligned} Its reciprocal is therefore also 1.-1.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

4.

XX{1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2,3,4,5\} 的子集。满足 {1,2}X{1,2,3,4,5}\{1,2\}\subseteq X\subseteq\{1,2,3,4,5\} 的这类集合共有:

The number of solutions to {1,2}X{1,2,3,4,5},\{1,2\}\subseteq X\subseteq\{1,2,3,4,5\}, where XX is a subset of {1,2,3,4,5},\{1,2,3,4,5\}, is:

22

44

66

88

以上皆非

None of these

答案:D
知识点:子集乘法原理
难度评级:1310
小提示:

元素 1122 必须包含在集合中

The elements 11 and 22 are forced

大提示:

3,4,53,4,5 中每个元素都可以独立选择是否放入集合

Each of 3,4,53,4,5 may independently be included or omitted

解答:

每个符合条件的 XX 都包含 1,21,2,而 3,4,53,4,5 中的每个元素都可独立选择。因此共有 23=8 2^3=8 个可能的集合。

因此,正确答案是 D

Every valid XX contains 1,2,1,2, while each of 3,4,53,4,5 may be chosen independently. Hence there are 23=8 2^3=8 possible sets.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

5.

2122^{\frac{1}{2}}3133^{\frac{1}{3}}8188^{\frac{1}{8}}9199^{\frac{1}{9}} 中,数值最大和第二大的数依次是:

From among 212,2^{\frac{1}{2}}, 313,3^{\frac{1}{3}}, 818,8^{\frac{1}{8}}, 919,9^{\frac{1}{9}}, those which have the greatest and the next to the greatest values, in that order, are:

3133^{\frac{1}{3}}2122^{\frac{1}{2}}

313,3^{\frac{1}{3}}, 2122^{\frac{1}{2}}

3133^{\frac{1}{3}}8188^{\frac{1}{8}}

313,3^{\frac{1}{3}}, 8188^{\frac{1}{8}}

3133^{\frac{1}{3}}9199^{\frac{1}{9}}

313,3^{\frac{1}{3}}, 9199^{\frac{1}{9}}

8188^{\frac{1}{8}}9199^{\frac{1}{9}}

818,8^{\frac{1}{8}}, 9199^{\frac{1}{9}}

以上皆非

None of these

答案:A
难度评级:1740
小提示:

把两个正数提升到同一个幂次来比较

Compare two roots by raising both positive numbers to a common power

大提示:

先比较 3133^{\frac{1}{3}}2122^{\frac{1}{2}},再把 2122^{\frac{1}{2}} 与其余各数比较

First compare 3133^{\frac{1}{3}} with 2122^{\frac{1}{2}}, then compare 2122^{\frac{1}{2}} with each remaining number

解答:

取便于比较的相同幂次,可得 (313)6=9>8=(212)6 (3^{\frac{1}{3}})^6=9>8=(2^{\frac{1}{2}})^6\text{,}(212)8=16>8=(818)8 (2^{\frac{1}{2}})^8=16>8=(8^{\frac{1}{8}})^8\text{,}以及 (212)18=512>81=(919)18 (2^{\frac{1}{2}})^{18}=512>81=(9^{\frac{1}{9}})^{18}\text{。}因此,3133^{\frac{1}{3}} 最大,2122^{\frac{1}{2}} 第二大。

因此,正确答案是 A

Raising to convenient common powers gives (313)6=9>8=(212)6, (3^{\frac{1}{3}})^6=9>8=(2^{\frac{1}{2}})^6, (212)8=16>8=(818)8, (2^{\frac{1}{2}})^8=16>8=(8^{\frac{1}{8}})^8, and (212)18=512>81=(919)18. (2^{\frac{1}{2}})^{18}=512>81=(9^{\frac{1}{9}})^{18}. Thus 3133^{\frac{1}{3}} is greatest and 2122^{\frac{1}{2}} is next.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

6.

32x+9=10(3x)3^{2x}+9=10(3^x),则 x2+1x^2+1 的值是:

If 32x+9=10(3x),3^{2x}+9=10(3^x), then the value of x2+1x^2+1 is:

只有 11

11 only

只有 55

55 only

1155

11 or 55

22

1010

答案:C
难度评级:1620
小提示:

u=3xu=3^x

Set u=3xu=3^x

大提示:

分解 u210u+9u^2-10u+9,再由每个正根求回 xx

Factor u210u+9u^2-10u+9 and convert each positive root back to xx

解答:

u=3xu=3^x。则 u210u+9=(u1)(u9)=0 \begin{aligned} u^2-10u+9&=(u-1)(u-9)\\ &=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 x=0x=0x=2x=2,所以 x2+1x^2+1 分别为 1155

因此,正确答案是 C

Let u=3x.u=3^x. Then u210u+9=(u1)(u9)=0. \begin{aligned} u^2-10u+9&=(u-1)(u-9)\\ &=0. \end{aligned} Thus x=0x=0 or x=2,x=2, so x2+1x^2+1 is respectively 11 or 5.5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

7.

yz:zx:xy=1:2:3yz:zx:xy=1:2:3,则 xyz:yzx\dfrac{x}{yz}:\dfrac{y}{zx} 等于:

If yz:zx:xy=1:2:3,yz:zx:xy=1:2:3, then xyz:yzx\dfrac{x}{yz}:\dfrac{y}{zx} is equal to:

3:23{:}2

1:21{:}2

1:41{:}4

2:12{:}1

4:14{:}1

答案:E
难度评级:1670
小提示:

化简所求比中两个分式的商

Simplify the quotient of the two fractions in the requested ratio

大提示:

yz:zx=1:2yz:zx=1:2 可得 y:x=1:2y:x=1:2

From yz:zx=1:2yz:zx=1:2, obtain y:x=1:2y:x=1:2

解答:

所求比的比值为 xyzyzx=x2y2 \frac{\frac{x}{yz}}{\frac{y}{zx}}=\frac{x^2}{y^2}\text{。}又因为 yz:zx=y:x=1:2yz:zx=y:x=1:2,所以 x:y=2:1x:y=2:1。因此 x2:y2=4:1x^2:y^2=4:1

因此,正确答案是 E

The requested ratio has quotient xyzyzx=x2y2. \frac{\frac{x}{yz}}{\frac{y}{zx}}=\frac{x^2}{y^2}. Also yz:zx=y:x=1:2,yz:zx=y:x=1:2, so x:y=2:1.x:y=2:1. Therefore x2:y2=4:1.x^2:y^2=4:1.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

8.

xlogy=x+logy\lvert x-\log y\rvert=x+\log y,其中 xxlogy\log y 均为实数,则:

If xlogy=x+logy,\lvert x-\log y\rvert=x+\log y, where xx and logy\log y are real, then:

x=0x=0

y=1y=1

x=0x=0y=1y=1

x=0x=0 and y=1y=1

x(y1)=0x(y-1)=0

以上皆非

None of these

答案:D
难度评级:1740
小提示:

分别讨论 xlogy0x-\log y\ge0xlogy<0x-\log y\lt0 两种情形

Separate the cases xlogy0x-\log y\ge0 and xlogy<0x-\log y\lt0

大提示:

一种情形推出 logy=0\log y=0,另一种情形推出 x=0x=0

One case forces logy=0\log y=0, while the other forces x=0x=0

解答:

xlogy0x-\log y\ge0,由原方程得 logy=0\log y=0,所以 y=1y=1。若 xlogy<0x-\log y\lt0,则得 x=0x=0。因此每个解都满足 x=0x=0y=1y=1,即 x(y1)=0 x(y-1)=0\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

If xlogy0,x-\log y\ge0, the equation gives logy=0,\log y=0, hence y=1.y=1. If xlogy<0,x-\log y\lt0, it gives x=0.x=0. Therefore every solution satisfies either x=0x=0 or y=1,y=1, which is expressed by x(y1)=0. x(y-1)=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

9.

Ann 和 Sue 买了相同的文具盒。Ann 每封信用 11 张纸,Sue 每封信用 33 张纸。Ann 用完所有信封后还剩 5050 张纸;Sue 用完所有纸后还剩 5050 个信封。每盒中的纸张数为:

Ann and Sue bought identical boxes of stationery. Ann used hers to write 11-sheet letters and Sue used hers to write 33-sheet letters. Ann used all the envelopes and had 5050 sheets of paper left, while Sue used all of the sheets of paper and had 5050 envelopes left. The number of sheets of paper in each box was:

150150

125125

120120

100100

8080

答案:A
难度评级:1290
小提示:

设每盒有 SS 张纸和 EE 个信封

Let SS and EE be the numbers of sheets and envelopes in a box

大提示:

由 Ann 的情形得 SE=50S-E=50,由 Sue 的情形得 ES3=50E-\frac{S}{3}=50

Ann gives SE=50S-E=50, while Sue gives ES3=50E-\frac{S}{3}=50

解答:

设每盒有 SS 张纸和 EE 个信封。两人的使用情况给出 SE=50S-E=50ES3=50E-\frac S3=50。两式相加得 2S3=100\frac{2S}{3}=100,所以 S=150S=150

因此,正确答案是 A

Let SS and EE denote sheets and envelopes per box. The two accounts give SE=50S-E=50 and ES3=50.E-\frac S3=50. Adding yields 2S3=100,\frac{2S}{3}=100, so S=150.S=150.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

10.

对实数 xx,不等式 1x271\le\lvert x-2\rvert\le7 等价于:

For xx real, the inequality 1x271\le\lvert x-2\rvert\le7 is equivalent to:

x1x\le1x3x\ge3

x1x\le1 or x3x\ge3

1x31\le x\le3

5x9-5\le x\le9

5x1-5\le x\le13x93\le x\le9

5x1-5\le x\le1 or 3x93\le x\le9

6x1-6\le x\le13x103\le x\le10

6x1-6\le x\le1 or 3x103\le x\le10

答案:D
难度评级:1400
小提示:

上界表示 xx22 的距离不超过 77

The upper bound places xx within 77 units of 22

大提示:

下界排除了与 22 距离小于 11 的开区间

The lower bound removes the open interval of points less than 11 unit from 22

解答:

条件 x27\lvert x-2\rvert\le7 给出 5x9-5\le x\le9。条件 x21\lvert x-2\rvert\ge1 给出 x1x\le1x3x\ge3。二者的交集为 [5,1][3,9] [-5,1]\cup[3,9]\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

The condition x27\lvert x-2\rvert\le7 gives 5x9.-5\le x\le9. The condition x21\lvert x-2\rvert\ge1 gives x1x\le1 or x3.x\ge3. Their intersection is [5,1][3,9]. [-5,1]\cup[3,9].

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

11.

下列方程组 x2+y216=0,x23y+12=0 \begin{aligned} x^2+y^2-16&=0,\\ x^2-3y+12&=0 \end{aligned} 有实数公共解时,yy 的可能值为:

The value(s) of yy for which the following pair of equations x2+y216=0,x23y+12=0 \begin{aligned} x^2+y^2-16&=0,\\ x^2-3y+12&=0 \end{aligned} may have a real common solution, are:

只有 44

44 only

7-744

7,-7, 44

0044

0,0, 44

不存在这样的 yy

no yy

所有 yy

all yy

答案:A
难度评级:1740
小提示:

消去两个方程中的 x2x^2

Eliminate x2x^2 between the equations

大提示:

找出两个候选的 yy 值后,检查相应的 x2x^2 是否非负

After finding the two candidate yy-values, check whether the corresponding x2x^2 is nonnegative

解答:

由第二个方程得 x2=3y12x^2=3y-12。代入第一个方程,得 y2+3y28=(y4)(y+7)=0 \begin{aligned} y^2+3y-28&=(y-4)(y+7)\\ &=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}y=4y=4,则 x=0x=0。若 y=7y=-7,则 x2=33x^2=-33,不存在实数 xx。因此只有 y=4y=4 可行。

因此,正确答案是 A

From the second equation, x2=3y12.x^2=3y-12. Substitution into the first gives y2+3y28=(y4)(y+7)=0. \begin{aligned} y^2+3y-28&=(y-4)(y+7)\\ &=0. \end{aligned} If y=4,y=4, then x=0.x=0. If y=7,y=-7, then x2=33,x^2=-33, so no real xx exists. Thus only y=4y=4 is possible.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

12.

一个立方体的体积以立方英尺计时的数值,等于其表面积以平方英寸计时的数值。该立方体棱长以英尺计时的数值为:

The number of cubic feet in the volume of a cube is the same as the number of square inches in its surface area. The length of the edge expressed as a number of feet is:

66

864864

17281728

6×17286\times1728

23042304

答案:B
难度评级:1790
小提示:

若棱长为 ff 英尺,则以英寸计为 12f12f

If the edge is ff feet, its length in inches is 12f12f

大提示:

令数值 f3f^36(12f)26(12f)^2 相等

Equate the numerical values f3f^3 and 6(12f)26(12f)^2

解答:

设棱长为 ff 英尺,即 12f12f 英寸。题述的数值相等关系为 f3=6(12f)2 f^3=6(12f)^2\text{。}因为 f>0f\gt0,两边除以 f2f^2f=6144=864 f=6\cdot144=864\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the edge length be ff feet, or 12f12f inches. The stated numerical equality is f3=6(12f)2. f^3=6(12f)^2. Since f>0,f\gt0, division by f2f^2 gives f=6144=864. f=6\cdot144=864.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

13.

在边长为 1212 英寸的正方形 ABCDABCD 中,连接线段 AEAE,其中 EE 是边 DCDC 上距 DD55 英寸的点。作 AEAE 的垂直平分线,它依次与 AEAEADADBCBC 相交于 MMPPQQ。线段 PMPMMQMQ 的比为:

Inside square ABCDABCD with sides of length 1212 inches, segment AEAE is drawn, where EE is the point on DCDC which is 55 inches from D.D. The perpendicular bisector of AEAE is drawn and intersects AE,AE, AD,AD, and BCBC at points M,M, P,P, and Q,Q, respectively. The ratio of segment PMPM to MQMQ is:

5:125{:}12

5:135{:}13

5:195{:}19

1:41{:}4

5:215{:}21

答案:C
难度评级:1950
小提示:

MM 作一条平行于 ABAB 的直线

Draw through MM a line parallel to ABAB

大提示:

MMADADBCBC 的水平距离分别为 52\frac{5}{2}192\frac{19}{2}

The horizontal distances from MM to ADAD and BCBC are 52\frac{5}{2} and 192\frac{19}{2}

解答:

因为 MMAEAE 的中点,所以它到 ADAD 的水平距离为 52\frac{5}{2}。它到 BCBC 的距离为 1252=192 12-\frac52=\frac{19}{2}\text{。}MM 的水平线在直线 PQPQ 两侧截出的两个直角三角形相似,因此它们的斜边之比等于相应水平直角边之比:PM:MQ=52:192=5:19 PM:MQ=\frac52:\frac{19}{2}=5:19\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Because MM is the midpoint of AE,AE, its horizontal distance from ADAD is 52.\frac{5}{2}. Its distance from BCBC is 1252=192. 12-\frac52=\frac{19}{2}. The two right triangles cut from line PQPQ by the horizontal through MM are similar, so their hypotenuses are in the ratio of these horizontal legs: PM:MQ=52:192=5:19. PM:MQ=\frac52:\frac{19}{2}=5:19.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

14.

一个三角形有两个角分别为 3030^\circ4545^\circ。若 4545^\circ 角所对的边长为 88,则 3030^\circ 角所对的边长为:

A triangle has angles of 3030^\circ and 45.45^\circ. If the side opposite the 4545^\circ angle has length 8,8, then the side opposite the 3030^\circ angle has length:

44

424\sqrt2

434\sqrt3

464\sqrt6

66

答案:B
难度评级:1530
小提示:

用正弦定理联系这两条边

Relate the two sides with the Law of Sines

大提示:

使用 sin30=12\sin30^\circ=\frac{1}{2}sin45=22\sin45^\circ=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

Use sin30=12\sin30^\circ=\frac{1}{2} and sin45=22\sin45^\circ=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

解答:

3030^\circ 角所对的边长为 ss,由正弦定理得 ssin30=8sin45 \frac{s}{\sin30^\circ}=\frac8{\sin45^\circ}\text{。}因此 s=81222=42 s=8\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{\sqrt2}{2}}=4\sqrt2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

If ss is the side opposite 30,30^\circ, the Law of Sines gives ssin30=8sin45. \frac{s}{\sin30^\circ}=\frac8{\sin45^\circ}. Therefore s=81222=42. s=8\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{\sqrt2}{2}}=4\sqrt2.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

15.

一名承包商估计,两名砌砖工中一人砌完某面墙需要 99 小时,另一人需要 1010 小时。但他根据经验知道,两人一起工作时,合计效率会每小时减少 1010 块砖。由于赶时间,他让两人共同施工,发现恰好 55 小时砌完。这面墙共有多少块砖:

A contractor estimated that one of his two bricklayers would take 99 hours to build a certain wall and the other 1010 hours. However, he knew from experience that when they worked together, their combined output fell by 1010 bricks per hour. Being in a hurry, he put both men on the job and found that it took exactly 55 hours to build the wall. The number of bricks in the wall was:

500500

550550

900900

950950

960960

答案:C
知识点:速率一次方程
难度评级:1790
小提示:

设墙中砖的总数为 NN

Let NN be the number of bricks in the wall

大提示:

两人的实际合计每小时效率为 N9+N1010\frac{N}{9}+\frac{N}{10}-10

Their actual combined hourly rate is N9+N1010\frac{N}{9}+\frac{N}{10}-10

解答:

若墙中有 NN 块砖,两人的单独效率分别为 N9\frac{N}{9}N10\frac{N}{10}。因此 5(N9+N1010)=N 5\left(\frac N9+\frac N{10}-10\right)=N\text{。}两边乘以 1818 并化简,得 19N900=18N19N-900=18N,故 N=900N=900

因此,正确答案是 C

If the wall contains NN bricks, the individual rates are N9\frac{N}{9} and N10.\frac{N}{10}. Thus 5(N9+N1010)=N. 5\left(\frac N9+\frac N{10}-10\right)=N. Multiplying by 1818 and simplifying gives 19N900=18N,19N-900=18N, hence N=900.N=900.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

16.

3399 之间插入两个正数,使前三个数成等比数列,后三个数成等差数列。这两个正数之和为:

There are two positive numbers that may be inserted between 33 and 99 such that the first three are in geometric progression while the last three are in arithmetic progression. The sum of those two positive numbers is:

131213\frac12

111411\frac14

101210\frac12

1010

9129\frac12

答案:B
难度评级:1930
小提示:

依次把插入的两个数记为 xxyy

Call the inserted numbers xx and y,y, in that order

大提示:

使用 x2=3yx^2=3y2y=x+92y=x+9

Use x2=3yx^2=3y and 2y=x+92y=x+9

解答:

由数列条件得 x2=3yx^2=3y2y=x+92y=x+9。消去 yy,得 2x23x27=(2x9)(x+3)=0 \begin{aligned} 2x^2-3x-27&=(2x-9)(x+3)\\ &=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}由正数条件得 x=92x=\frac{9}{2},进而 y=274y=\frac{27}{4}。两数之和为 92+274=454=1114 \frac92+\frac{27}{4}=\frac{45}{4}=11\frac14\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

The progression conditions give x2=3yx^2=3y and 2y=x+9.2y=x+9. Eliminating yy yields 2x23x27=(2x9)(x+3)=0. \begin{aligned} 2x^2-3x-27&=(2x-9)(x+3)\\ &=0. \end{aligned} Positivity gives x=92,x=\frac{9}{2}, and then y=274.y=\frac{27}{4}. Their sum is 92+274=454=1114. \frac92+\frac{27}{4}=\frac{45}{4}=11\frac14.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

17.

在一根绳子上随机选一点将其剪成两段。较长的一段至少是较短一段的 xx 倍的概率为:

A piece of string is cut in two at a point selected at random. The probability that the longer piece is at least xx times as large as the shorter piece is:

12\dfrac12

2x\dfrac2x

1x+1\dfrac1{x+1}

1x\dfrac1x

2x+1\dfrac2{x+1}

答案:E
难度评级:1740
小提示:

将绳长归一化为 11,并设剪切点距某一端为 tt

Normalize the string length to 11 and let the cut be tt units from one end

大提示:

对靠近任一端的区间,求解 1txt1-t\ge xt

Near either endpoint, solve 1txt1-t\ge xt

解答:

令绳长为 11。在靠近一端的区间内,条件为 1txt 1-t\ge xt\text{,}所以 t1x+1t\le\frac{1}{x+1}。另一端也有同样长度的区间。两区间总长度即所求概率,为 2x+1 \frac2{x+1}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Take the string to have length 1.1. Near one endpoint, the condition is 1txt, 1-t\ge xt, so t1x+1.t\le\frac{1}{x+1}. The same interval occurs at the other endpoint. Their total length, hence the probability, is 2x+1. \frac2{x+1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

18.

梯形 ABCDABCD 的底边 ABAB 长度是底边 DCDC 的两倍,EE 为两条对角线的交点。若对角线 ACAC 的长度为 1111,则线段 ECEC 的长度等于:

Let ABCDABCD be a trapezoid with the measure of base ABAB twice that of base DC,DC, and let EE be the point of intersection of the diagonals. If the measure of diagonal ACAC is 11,11, then that of segment ECEC is equal to:

3233\frac23

3343\frac34

44

3123\frac12

33

答案:A
难度评级:1500
小提示:

三角形 ABEABECDECDE 相似

Triangles ABEABE and CDECDE are similar

大提示:

底边之比 AB:DC=2:1AB:DC=2:1 也等于 AE:ECAE:EC

The base ratio AB:DC=2:1AB:DC=2:1 also equals AE:ECAE:EC

解答:

因为 ABDCAB\parallel DC,所以三角形 ABEABECDECDE 相似。因此 AE:EC=AB:DC=2:1 AE:EC=AB:DC=2:1\text{。}从而 AC=AE+EC=3EC=11AC=AE+EC=3EC=11,所以 EC=113=323 EC=\frac{11}{3}=3\frac23\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Since ABDC,AB\parallel DC, triangles ABEABE and CDECDE are similar. Hence AE:EC=AB:DC=2:1. AE:EC=AB:DC=2:1. Thus AC=AE+EC=3EC=11,AC=AE+EC=3EC=11, so EC=113=323. EC=\frac{11}{3}=3\frac23.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

19.

数列 1, (1+2), (1+2+22),, (1+2+22++2n1) \begin{gathered} 1,\ (1+2),\ (1+2+2^2),\\ \ldots,\ (1+2+2^2+\cdots+2^{n-1}) \end{gathered} 的前 nn 项之和用 nn 表示为:

The sum of the first nn terms of the sequence 1, (1+2), (1+2+22),, (1+2+22++2n1) \begin{gathered} 1,\ (1+2),\ (1+2+2^2),\\ \ldots,\ (1+2+2^2+\cdots+2^{n-1}) \end{gathered} in terms of nn is:

2n2^n

2nn2^n-n

2n+1n2^{n+1}-n

2n+1n22^{n+1}-n-2

n2nn\cdot2^n

答案:D
难度评级:1790
小提示:

kk 个括号内的和为 2k12^k-1

The kk-th parenthesized sum is 2k12^k-1

大提示:

2112^1-12212^2-1\ldots2n12^n-1 的和

Sum 211,2^1-1, 221,2^2-1, ,\ldots, and 2n12^n-1

解答:

kk 项是等比数列之和 2k12^k-1。因此所求总和为 k=1n(2k1)=(2n+12)n=2n+1n2 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^n(2^k-1) &=(2^{n+1}-2)-n\\ &=2^{n+1}-n-2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

The kk-th term is the geometric sum 2k1.2^k-1. Therefore the desired total is k=1n(2k1)=(2n+12)n=2n+1n2. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^n(2^k-1) &=(2^{n+1}-2)-n\\ &=2^{n+1}-n-2. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

20.

tanx=2aba2b2\tan x=\dfrac{2ab}{a^2-b^2},其中 a>b>0a\gt b\gt00<x<900^\circ\lt x\lt90^\circ,则 sinx\sin x 等于:

If tanx=2aba2b2,\tan x=\dfrac{2ab}{a^2-b^2}, where a>b>0a\gt b\gt0 and 0<x<90,0^\circ\lt x\lt90^\circ, then sinx\sin x is equal to:

ab\dfrac ab

ba\dfrac ba

a2b22a\dfrac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{2a}

a2b22ab\dfrac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{2ab}

2aba2+b2\dfrac{2ab}{a^2+b^2}

答案:E
难度评级:1850
小提示:

把正切看作两条直角边 2ab2aba2b2a^2-b^2 的比

Model the tangent as the ratio of legs 2ab2ab and a2b2a^2-b^2

大提示:

相应斜边可借助 (2ab)2+(a2b2)2=(a2+b2)2(2ab)^2+(a^2-b^2)^2=(a^2+b^2)^2 化简

The corresponding hypotenuse simplifies because (2ab)2+(a2b2)2=(a2+b2)2(2ab)^2+(a^2-b^2)^2=(a^2+b^2)^2

解答:

取一个对边为 2ab2ab、邻边为 a2b2a^2-b^2 的直角三角形。其斜边为 (2ab)2+(a2b2)2=(a2+b2)2=a2+b2 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(2ab)^2+(a^2-b^2)^2}\\ &\qquad=\sqrt{(a^2+b^2)^2}\\ &\qquad=a^2+b^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 sinx=2aba2+b2 \sin x=\frac{2ab}{a^2+b^2}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Use a right triangle with opposite leg 2ab2ab and adjacent leg a2b2.a^2-b^2. Its hypotenuse is (2ab)2+(a2b2)2=(a2+b2)2=a2+b2. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(2ab)^2+(a^2-b^2)^2}\\ &\qquad=\sqrt{(a^2+b^2)^2}\\ &\qquad=a^2+b^2. \end{aligned} Hence sinx=2aba2+b2. \sin x=\frac{2ab}{a^2+b^2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

21.

若图中角 AABBCCDDEE,和 FF 的度数之和为 90n90n,则 nn 等于:

If the sum of the measures in degrees of angles A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, E,E, and FF in the figure is 90n,90n, then nn is equal to:

22

33

44

55

66

答案:C
知识点:角度和导角
难度评级:1910
小提示:

分别命名 ADADBFBFCECE 的两个交点

Name the two intersections of ADAD with BFBF and CECE

大提示:

合并中央四边形与其两侧三角形的内角和

Combine the angle sums of the central quadrilateral and the two triangles attached to it

解答:

P=ADBFP=AD\cap BF,且 Q=ADCEQ=AD\cap CE。在四边形 EFPQEFPQ 中,E+F+P+Q=360 E+F+\angle P+\angle Q=360^\circ\text{。}利用 PPQQ 处的补角,三角形 BPDBPDAQCAQC 分别给出 B+D=PB+D=\angle PA+C=QA+C=\angle Q,相加得 A+B+C+D+E+F=360=904 \begin{gathered} A+B+C+D+E+F\\ =360^\circ=90^\circ\cdot4 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此 n=4n=4

因此,正确答案是 C

Let P=ADBFP=AD\cap BF and Q=ADCE.Q=AD\cap CE. In quadrilateral EFPQ,EFPQ, E+F+P+Q=360. E+F+\angle P+\angle Q=360^\circ. The triangles BPDBPD and AQCAQC give B+D=PB+D=\angle P and A+C=Q,A+C=\angle Q, using the supplementary angles at PP and Q.Q. Adding yields A+B+C+D+E+F=360=904. \begin{gathered} A+B+C+D+E+F\\ =360^\circ=90^\circ\cdot4. \end{gathered} Thus n=4.n=4.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

22.

a±bia\pm bi (b0)(b\ne0) 是方程 x3+qx+r=0x^3+qx+r=0 的虚根,其中 aabbqq,和 rr 均为实数,则用 aabb 表示的 qq 为:

If a±bia\pm bi (b0)(b\ne0) are imaginary roots of the equation x3+qx+r=0,x^3+qx+r=0, where a,a, b,b, q,q, and rr are real numbers, then qq in terms of aa and bb is:

a2+b2a^2+b^2

2a2b22a^2-b^2

b2a2b^2-a^2

b22a2b^2-2a^2

b23a2b^2-3a^2

答案:E
难度评级:2080
小提示:

共轭数 abia-bi 也是一个根

The conjugate abia-bi is another root

大提示:

因为 x2x^2 项系数为零,先确定第三个根,再利用两两乘积之和

Because the x2x^2 coefficient is zero, determine the third root and then use the sum of pairwise products

解答:

共轭根为 abia-bi。因为三个根之和为 00,第三个根是 2a-2a。由韦达定理,q=(a+bi)(abi)2a(a+bi)2a(abi)=a2+b24a2=b23a2 \begin{aligned} q&=(a+bi)(a-bi)\\ &\quad-2a(a+bi)\\ &\quad-2a(a-bi)\\ &=a^2+b^2-4a^2\\ &=b^2-3a^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

The conjugate root is abi.a-bi. Since the sum of the three roots is 0,0, the third root is 2a.-2a. By Vieta’s formulas, q=(a+bi)(abi)2a(a+bi)2a(abi)=a2+b24a2=b23a2. \begin{aligned} q&=(a+bi)(a-bi)\\ &\quad-2a(a+bi)\\ &\quad-2a(a-bi)\\ &=a^2+b^2-4a^2\\ &=b^2-3a^2. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

23.

能包含图中由 33 个单位正方形组成的对称图形的最小圆半径为:

The radius of the smallest circle containing the symmetric figure composed of 33 unit squares shown is:

2\sqrt2

1.25\sqrt{1.25}

1.251.25

51716\dfrac{5\sqrt{17}}{16}

以上皆非

None of these

答案:D
难度评级:2380
小提示:

利用对称性,把圆心放在图形的竖直对称轴上

By symmetry, place the circle’s center on the vertical axis of the figure

大提示:

令圆心到下方外角点与上方外角点的距离相等

Equate its distances to a lower outer corner and an upper outer corner

解答:

把底边中点置于 O=(0,0)O=(0,0)。一个下方外角点为 A=(1,0)A=(1,0),一个上方外角点为 B=(12,2)B=(\frac{1}{2},2)。由对称性,最小外接圆的圆心为 P=(0,k)P=(0,k)。在最优位置,两类外角点都在圆上,所以 1+k2=(12)2+(2k)2 1+k^2=\left(\frac12\right)^2+(2-k)^2\text{。}解得 k=1316k=\frac{13}{16}。因此 r2=1+(1316)2=425256,r=51716 \begin{aligned} r^2&=1+\left(\frac{13}{16}\right)^2 =\frac{425}{256},\\ r&=\frac{5\sqrt{17}}{16} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Put the midpoint of the bottom edge at O=(0,0).O=(0,0). A lower outer corner is A=(1,0),A=(1,0), and an upper outer corner is B=(12,2).B=(\frac{1}{2},2). By symmetry the center of the smallest enclosing circle is P=(0,k).P=(0,k). At the optimum both types of outer corner lie on the circle, so 1+k2=(12)2+(2k)2. 1+k^2=\left(\frac12\right)^2+(2-k)^2. This gives k=1316.k=\frac{13}{16}. Hence r2=1+(1316)2=425256,r=51716. \begin{aligned} r^2&=1+\left(\frac{13}{16}\right)^2 =\frac{425}{256},\\ r&=\frac{5\sqrt{17}}{16}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

24.

一个人以恒定速度步行了一段路。若他每小时快走 12\frac12 英里,所需时间将为原来的五分之四;若他每小时慢走 12\frac12 英里,则会多走 2122\frac12 小时。他步行的距离(英里)为:

A man walked a certain distance at a constant rate. If he had gone 12\frac12 mile per hour faster, he would have walked the distance in four-fifths of the time; if he had gone 12\frac12 mile per hour slower, he would have been 2122\frac12 hours longer on the road. The distance in miles he walked was:

131213\frac12

1515

171217\frac12

2020

2525

答案:B
难度评级:1930
小提示:

设实际速度和时间分别为 vvtt

Let the actual speed and time be vv and tt

大提示:

先用 vt=(v+12)(4t5)vt=(v+\frac{1}{2})(\frac{4t}{5}) 求出 vv

First use vt=(v+12)(4t5)vt=(v+\frac{1}{2})(\frac{4t}{5}) to determine vv

解答:

设实际速度和时间为 vvtt。较快的情形给出 vt=(v+12)4t5 vt=\left(v+\frac12\right)\frac{4t}{5}\text{,}所以 v=2v=2。较慢的情形于是给出 2t=32(t+52) 2t=\frac32\left(t+\frac52\right)\text{,}从而 t=152t=\frac{15}{2}。步行距离为 vt=2152=15 vt=2\cdot\frac{15}{2}=15\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the actual speed and time be vv and t.t. The faster case gives vt=(v+12)4t5, vt=\left(v+\frac12\right)\frac{4t}{5}, so v=2.v=2. The slower case then gives 2t=32(t+52), 2t=\frac32\left(t+\frac52\right), whence t=152.t=\frac{15}{2}. The distance was vt=2152=15. vt=2\cdot\frac{15}{2}=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

25.

一个圆内接四边形的四条边依次长为 252539395252,和 6060。该圆的直径长度为:

Inscribed in a circle is a quadrilateral having sides of lengths 25,25, 39,39, 52,52, and 6060 taken consecutively. The diameter of this circle has length:

6262

6363

6565

6666

6969

答案:C
难度评级:2140
小提示:

在四条边长中找出两组勾股数的倍数

Notice two scaled Pythagorean triples among the four side lengths

大提示:

25,6025,60 这一对与 39,5239,52 这一对对应同一条可能的斜边

The 25,6025,60 pair and the 39,5239,52 pair share the same possible hypotenuse

解答:

可将连续四边标记为 AB=25,BC=39,CD=52,DA=60 \begin{gathered} AB=25,\\ BC=39,\\ CD=52,\\ DA=60 \end{gathered}\text{。}因为 252+602=652=392+522 25^2+60^2=65^2=39^2+52^2\text{,}三角形 ABDABDBCDBCD 都是直角三角形,且有公共斜边 BD=65BD=65。二者拼成这个圆内接四边形,而直角三角形的斜边是其外接圆的直径。因此直径为 6565

因此,正确答案是 C

The consecutive sides may be labeled AB=25,BC=39,CD=52,DA=60. \begin{gathered} AB=25,\\ BC=39,\\ CD=52,\\ DA=60. \end{gathered} Since 252+602=652=392+522, 25^2+60^2=65^2=39^2+52^2, triangles ABDABD and BCDBCD are right triangles with common hypotenuse BD=65.BD=65. Their union is the cyclic quadrilateral, and a right triangle’s hypotenuse is a diameter of its circumcircle. Thus the diameter is 65.65.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

26.

在图示圆中,MM 是弧 CAB\overset{\frown}{CAB} 的中点,线段 MPMPPP 点垂直于弦 ABAB。若弦 ACAC 的长度为 xx,线段 APAP 的长度为 x+1x+1,则线段 PBPB 的长度等于:

In the circle shown, MM is the midpoint of arc CAB,\overset{\frown}{CAB}, and segment MPMP is perpendicular to chord ABAB at P.P. If the measure of chord ACAC is xx and that of segment APAP is x+1,x+1, then segment PBPB has measure equal to:

3x+23x+2

3x+13x+1

2x+32x+3

2x+22x+2

2x+12x+1

答案:E
难度评级:2230
小提示:

MMBB 之间取新点 NN,使弧 MN\overset{\frown}{MN} 等于弧 CA\overset{\frown}{CA}

Copy arc CA\overset{\frown}{CA} to an arc MN\overset{\frown}{MN} ending at a new point NN between MM and BB

大提示:

NQABNQ\perp AB;利用等弧找出一个矩形和相等的水平端线段

Drop NQABNQ\perp AB; use equal arcs to identify a rectangle and equal horizontal end segments

解答:

在弧 MB\overset{\frown}{MB} 上取点 NN,使弧 MN\overset{\frown}{MN}CA\overset{\frown}{CA} 相等,并作 NQABNQ\perp AB。于是 MN=AC=xMN=AC=x。其余两段等弧 AM\overset{\frown}{AM}NB\overset{\frown}{NB} 在弦上的对应投影相等,所以 QB=AP=x+1QB=AP=x+1。又因为 MNPQMNPQ 是矩形,故 PQ=MN=xPQ=MN=x。因此 PB=PQ+QB=x+(x+1)=2x+1 \begin{aligned} PB&=PQ+QB\\ &=x+(x+1)\\ &=2x+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Choose NN on arc MB\overset{\frown}{MB} so that arcs MN\overset{\frown}{MN} and CA\overset{\frown}{CA} are equal, and drop NQAB.NQ\perp AB. Then MN=AC=x.MN=AC=x. The remaining equal arcs AM\overset{\frown}{AM} and NB\overset{\frown}{NB} give equal corresponding chord projections, so QB=AP=x+1.QB=AP=x+1. Also MNPQMNPQ is a rectangle, hence PQ=MN=x.PQ=MN=x. Therefore PB=PQ+QB=x+(x+1)=2x+1. \begin{aligned} PB&=PQ+QB\\ &=x+(x+1)\\ &=2x+1. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

27.

ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 6464 平方单位,边 ABABACAC 的几何平均数(比例中项)为 1212 英寸,则 sinA\sin A 等于:

If the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 6464 square units and the geometric mean (mean proportional) between sides ABAB and ACAC is 1212 inches, then sinA\sin A is equal to:

32\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}

35\dfrac35

45\dfrac45

89\dfrac89

1517\dfrac{15}{17}

答案:D
难度评级:1470
小提示:

由几何平均数条件求出乘积 ABACAB\cdot AC

The geometric-mean condition determines the product ABACAB\cdot AC

大提示:

使用 [ABC]=12(AB)(AC)sinA[\triangle ABC]=\frac12(AB)(AC)\sin A

Use [ABC]=12(AB)(AC)sinA[\triangle ABC]=\frac12(AB)(AC)\sin A

解答:

几何平均数条件给出 ABAC=122=144 AB\cdot AC=12^2=144\text{。}因此 64=12(AB)(AC)sinA=72sinA \begin{aligned} 64&=\frac12(AB)(AC)\sin A\\ &=72\sin A \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 sinA=89\sin A=\frac{8}{9}

因此,正确答案是 D

The geometric-mean condition says ABAC=122=144. AB\cdot AC=12^2=144. Therefore 64=12(AB)(AC)sinA=72sinA, \begin{aligned} 64&=\frac12(AB)(AC)\sin A\\ &=72\sin A, \end{aligned} so sinA=89.\sin A=\frac{8}{9}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

28.

将一个直径为 DD 的圆盘放在宽度为 DD8×88\times8 棋盘上,使二者中心重合。被圆盘完全覆盖的棋盘小方格数为:

A circular disc with diameter DD is placed on an 8×88\times8 checkerboard with width DD so that the centers coincide. The number of checkerboard squares which are completely covered by the disc is:

4848

4444

4040

3636

3232

答案:E
难度评级:2080
小提示:

与棋盘外边界相接的小方格都不可能被完全覆盖

No square touching the outside border can be completely covered

大提示:

在内部的 6×66\times6 个小方格中,单独检查四个角上的方格

Among the 6×66\times6 interior squares, test the four corner squares separately

解答:

边界上的 2828 个小方格没有被完全覆盖。考虑剩余的 6×66\times6 内部网格,并以小方格边长为距离单位,则圆盘半径为 44。该内部网格的四个外角到中心的距离为 32+32=32>4 \sqrt{3^2+3^2}=3\sqrt2\gt4 所以四个角方格未被完全覆盖。其他每个内部方格都在圆盘内:其最远角点到中心的距离至多为 32+22=13<4 \sqrt{3^2+2^2}=\sqrt{13}\lt4\text{。}因此共有 364=3236-4=32 个方格被完全覆盖。

因此,正确答案是 E

The 2828 border squares are not fully covered. Consider the remaining 6×66\times6 interior grid and measure distances in square side lengths, so the disc has radius 4.4. The four outer corners of this interior grid are at distance 32+32=32>4 \sqrt{3^2+3^2}=3\sqrt2\gt4 from the center, so those four corner squares are not fully covered. Every other interior square lies within the disc: its farthest possible corner is at distance at most 32+22=13<4. \sqrt{3^2+2^2}=\sqrt{13}\lt4. Hence 364=3236-4=32 squares are completely covered.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

29.

若当 1<x<1-1\lt x\lt1f(x)=log(1+x1x)f(x)=\log\left(\dfrac{1+x}{1-x}\right),则用 f(x)f(x) 表示的 f(3x+x31+3x2)f\left(\dfrac{3x+x^3}{1+3x^2}\right) 为:

If f(x)=log(1+x1x)f(x)=\log\left(\dfrac{1+x}{1-x}\right) for 1<x<1,-1\lt x\lt1, then f(3x+x31+3x2)f\left(\dfrac{3x+x^3}{1+3x^2}\right) in terms of f(x)f(x) is:

f(x)-f(x)

2f(x)2f(x)

3f(x)3f(x)

[f(x)]2[f(x)]^2

[f(x)]3f(x)[f(x)]^3-f(x)

答案:C
难度评级:1860
小提示:

把这个有理式代入 1+u1u\frac{1+u}{1-u}

Substitute the rational expression into 1+u1u\frac{1+u}{1-u}

大提示:

其分子和分母分别可分解为 (1+x)3(1+x)^3(1x)3(1-x)^3

Its numerator and denominator factor as (1+x)3(1+x)^3 and (1x)3(1-x)^3

解答:

u=3x+x31+3x2u=\frac{3x+x^3}{1+3x^2}。则 1+u1u=1+3x2+3x+x31+3x23xx3=(1+x1x)3 \begin{aligned} \frac{1+u}{1-u} &=\frac{1+3x^2+3x+x^3} {1+3x^2-3x-x^3}\\ &=\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)^3 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 f(u)=3log(1+x1x)=3f(x) f(u)=3\log\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)=3f(x)\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let u=3x+x31+3x2.u=\frac{3x+x^3}{1+3x^2}. Then 1+u1u=1+3x2+3x+x31+3x23xx3=(1+x1x)3. \begin{aligned} \frac{1+u}{1-u} &=\frac{1+3x^2+3x+x^3} {1+3x^2-3x-x^3}\\ &=\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)^3. \end{aligned} Consequently f(u)=3log(1+x1x)=3f(x). f(u)=3\log\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)=3f(x).

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

30.

一张宽 66 英寸的长方形纸按图折叠,使一个角落在对边上。用角 θ\theta 表示的折痕 LL 长度(英寸)为:

A rectangular piece of paper 66 inches wide is folded as in the diagram so that one corner touches the opposite side. The length in inches of the crease LL in terms of angle θ\theta is:

3sec2θcscθ3\sec^2\theta\csc\theta

6sinθsecθ6\sin\theta\sec\theta

3secθcscθ3\sec\theta\csc\theta

6secθcsc2θ6\sec\theta\csc^2\theta

以上皆非

None of these

答案:A
难度评级:2270
小提示:

设长方形纸的高为 hh,并利用折叠产生的相等长度

Let hh be the height of the rectangular sheet and use the equal lengths created by the fold

大提示:

由图可得 6h=sin(2θ)\frac{6}{h}=\sin(2\theta)Lh=secθ\frac{L}{h}=\sec\theta

The diagram gives 6h=sin(2θ)\frac{6}{h}=\sin(2\theta) and Lh=secθ\frac{L}{h}=\sec\theta

解答:

设纸张的高为 hh。把折起的角关于折痕反射所产生的全等直角三角形给出 6h=sin(2θ)=2sinθcosθ \frac6h=\sin(2\theta)=2\sin\theta\cos\theta\text{,}所以 h=3sinθcosθh=\frac{3}{\sin\theta\cos\theta}。它们还给出 Lh=secθ\frac{L}{h}=\sec\theta。因此 L=hsecθ=3secθsinθcosθ=3sec2θcscθ \begin{aligned} L&=h\sec\theta\\ &=\frac{3\sec\theta} {\sin\theta\cos\theta}\\ &=3\sec^2\theta\csc\theta \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Let hh be the sheet’s height. The congruent right triangles created by reflecting the folded corner across the crease give 6h=sin(2θ)=2sinθcosθ, \frac6h=\sin(2\theta)=2\sin\theta\cos\theta, so h=3sinθcosθ.h=\frac{3}{\sin\theta\cos\theta}. They also give Lh=secθ.\frac{L}{h}=\sec\theta. Hence L=hsecθ=3secθsinθcosθ=3sec2θcscθ. \begin{aligned} L&=h\sec\theta\\ &=\frac{3\sec\theta} {\sin\theta\cos\theta}\\ &=3\sec^2\theta\csc\theta. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

31.

210002^{1000} 除以 1313 所得的余数为:

When the number 210002^{1000} is divided by 13,13, the remainder in the division is:

11

22

33

77

1111

答案:C
难度评级:1740
小提示:

使用 261(mod13)2^6\equiv-1\pmod{13}

Use 261(mod13)2^6\equiv-1\pmod{13}

大提示:

写成 1000=6166+41000=6\cdot166+4

Write 1000=6166+41000=6\cdot166+4

解答:

因为 26=641(mod13)2^6=64\equiv-1\pmod{13}21000=26166+4(1)16624163(mod13) \begin{aligned} 2^{1000}&=2^{6\cdot166+4}\\ &\equiv(-1)^{166}2^4\\ &\equiv16\\ &\equiv3\pmod{13} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Since 26=641(mod13),2^6=64\equiv-1\pmod{13}, 21000=26166+4(1)16624163(mod13). \begin{aligned} 2^{1000}&=2^{6\cdot166+4}\\ &\equiv(-1)^{166}2^4\\ &\equiv16\\ &\equiv3\pmod{13}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

32.

图示圆中的弦 ABABCDCDEE 点垂直相交。若线段 AEAEEBEB,和 EDED 的长度依次为 2266,和 33,则该圆的直径长度为:

Chords ABAB and CDCD in the circle shown intersect at EE and are perpendicular to each other. If segments AE,AE, EB,EB, and EDED have measures 2,2, 6,6, and 33 respectively, then the length of the diameter of the circle is:

454\sqrt5

65\sqrt{65}

2172\sqrt{17}

373\sqrt7

626\sqrt2

答案:B
难度评级:1890
小提示:

先使用 AEEB=CEEDAE\cdot EB=CE\cdot ED

First use AEEB=CEEDAE\cdot EB=CE\cdot ED

大提示:

EE 置于原点;圆心位于两条弦的垂直平分线交点

Place EE at the origin; the center is at the intersection of the two chord perpendicular bisectors

解答:

由相交弦定理,26=CE3 2\cdot6=CE\cdot3\text{,}所以 CE=4CE=4。令 E=(0,0)E=(0,0)A=(2,0)A=(-2,0)B=(6,0)B=(6,0)C=(0,4)C=(0,4)D=(0,3)D=(0,-3)。弦 ABABCDCD 的垂直平分线交于 O=(2,12) O=\left(2,\frac12\right)\text{。}因此 r2=OA2=42+(12)2=654 r^2=OA^2=4^2+\left(\frac12\right)^2=\frac{65}{4}\text{,}直径为 2r=652r=\sqrt{65}

因此,正确答案是 B

The intersecting-chords theorem gives 26=CE3, 2\cdot6=CE\cdot3, so CE=4.CE=4. Put E=(0,0),E=(0,0), A=(2,0),A=(-2,0), B=(6,0),B=(6,0), C=(0,4),C=(0,4), and D=(0,3).D=(0,-3). The perpendicular bisectors of ABAB and CDCD meet at O=(2,12). O=\left(2,\frac12\right). Thus r2=OA2=42+(12)2=654, r^2=OA^2=4^2+\left(\frac12\right)^2=\frac{65}{4}, and the diameter is 2r=65.2r=\sqrt{65}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

33.

一个由三个互不相同的非零数字组成的十进制数除以其各位数字之和,所得商的最小值为:

The minimum value of the quotient of a (base ten) number of three different nonzero digits divided by the sum of its digits is:

9.79.7

10.110.1

10.510.5

10.910.9

20.520.5

答案:C
难度评级:2140
小提示:

设百位、十位和个位数字分别为 HHTTUU,考虑最大数字应放在哪一位

Let the hundreds, tens, and units digits be H,H, T,T, and U,U, and consider which position should contain the largest digit

大提示:

取到最小值时 U=9U=9;然后在数字互不相同且非零的条件下,使 TT 最大、HH 最小

At a minimum U=9U=9; then maximize TT and minimize HH subject to distinct nonzero digits

解答:

设这个商为 QQ。则 Q=1+99H+9TH+T+U Q=1+\frac{99H+9T}{H+T+U}\text{。}UU 小于前两位中的某个数字,交换二者会使商减小,所以个位数字必须最大。因为这个商大于 11,增大个位数字会使商减小,故 U=9U=9。此时 T+11HT+H+9=1+10H9T+H+9 \frac{T+11H}{T+H+9} =1+\frac{10H-9}{T+H+9}\text{。}取最大的可用数字 T=8T=8,再取最小的 H=1H=1,即可使其最小。这个数是 189189,并且 1891+8+9=18918=10.5 \frac{189}{1+8+9}=\frac{189}{18}=10.5\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let QQ denote the quotient. Then Q=1+99H+9TH+T+U. Q=1+\frac{99H+9T}{H+T+U}. Interchanging UU with a larger digit in either earlier position decreases the quotient, so the units digit must be the largest. Increasing that units digit lowers a quotient greater than 1,1, so U=9.U=9. Then T+11HT+H+9=1+10H9T+H+9. \frac{T+11H}{T+H+9} =1+\frac{10H-9}{T+H+9}. This is minimized by taking the largest available T=8T=8 and then the smallest H=1.H=1. The number is 189,189, and 1891+8+9=18918=10.5. \frac{189}{1+8+9}=\frac{189}{18}=10.5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

34.

Dick 年龄的三倍加上 Tom 的年龄,等于 Harry 年龄的两倍。Harry 年龄立方的两倍,等于 Dick 年龄立方的三倍加上 Tom 年龄的立方。他们三人的年龄两两互质。三人年龄的平方和为:

Three times Dick’s age plus Tom’s age equals twice Harry’s age. Double the cube of Harry’s age is equal to three times the cube of Dick’s age added to the cube of Tom’s age. Their respective ages are relatively prime to each other. The sum of the squares of their ages is:

4242

4646

122122

290290

326326

答案:A
难度评级:2270
小提示:

设三人的年龄为 DDTTHH,并把一次方程改写为 2(HD)=D+T2(H-D)=D+T

Let the ages be D,D, T,T, and H,H, and rewrite the linear equation as 2(HD)=D+T2(H-D)=D+T

大提示:

改写三次方程后,分别分解两个立方差

Factor both differences of cubes after rewriting the cubic equation

解答:

方程为 3D+T=2H,2H3=3D3+T3 \begin{aligned} 3D+T&=2H,\\ 2H^3&=3D^3+T^3 \end{aligned}\text{。}将它们改写为 2(HD)=D+T 2(H-D)=D+T 2(HD)(H2+HD+D2)=(D+T)(D2DT+T2) \begin{gathered} 2(H-D)(H^2+HD+D^2)\\ =(D+T)\\ \qquad\cdot(D^2-DT+T^2) \end{gathered}\text{。}约去相等的正因子,得 H2+HD+DTT2=0,(H+T)(H+DT)=0 \begin{aligned} H^2+HD+DT-T^2&=0,\\ (H+T)(H+D-T)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 T=H+DT=H+D。一次方程进一步给出 H=4DH=4D,两两互质条件迫使 (D,H,T)=(1,4,5) (D,H,T)=(1,4,5)\text{。}所求平方和为 12+42+52=421^2+4^2+5^2=42

因此,正确答案是 A

The equations are 3D+T=2H,2H3=3D3+T3. \begin{aligned} 3D+T&=2H,\\ 2H^3&=3D^3+T^3. \end{aligned} Rewrite them as 2(HD)=D+T 2(H-D)=D+T and 2(HD)(H2+HD+D2)=(D+T)(D2DT+T2). \begin{gathered} 2(H-D)(H^2+HD+D^2)\\ =(D+T)\\ \qquad\cdot(D^2-DT+T^2). \end{gathered} Canceling the equal positive factors gives H2+HD+DTT2=0,(H+T)(H+DT)=0, \begin{aligned} H^2+HD+DT-T^2&=0,\\ (H+T)(H+D-T)&=0, \end{aligned} so T=H+D.T=H+D. The linear equation then gives H=4D,H=4D, and pairwise relative primality forces (D,H,T)=(1,4,5). (D,H,T)=(1,4,5). The requested sum is 12+42+52=42.1^2+4^2+5^2=42.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

35.

ABAB 长为 22 英寸的等边三角形 ABPABP 放在边长为 44 英寸的正方形 AXYZAXYZ 内,使 BB 位于边 AXAX 上。三角形先绕 BB 顺时针旋转,再绕 PP 旋转,如此沿正方形各边滚动,直到 PPAABB 都回到各自的初始位置。顶点 PP 所走路径的长度(英寸)为:

Equilateral triangle ABPABP with side ABAB of length 22 inches is placed inside square AXYZAXYZ with side of length 44 inches so that BB is on side AX.AX. The triangle is rotated clockwise about B,B, then P,P, and so on along the sides of the square until P,P, A,A, and BB all return to their original positions. The length of the path in inches traversed by vertex PP is equal to:

20π3\dfrac{20\pi}{3}

32π3\dfrac{32\pi}{3}

12π12\pi

40π3\dfrac{40\pi}{3}

15π15\pi

答案:D
难度评级:2450
小提示:

追踪绕正方形完成一圈八次转轴后的三角形方向

Track the orientation after one eight-pivot circuit of the square

大提示:

共需三圈;按 PP 保持不动、沿 120120^\circ 圆弧移动或沿 3030^\circ 圆弧移动来分类各次转轴

Three circuits are needed; classify the pivots according to whether PP is fixed or moves through a 120120^\circ or 3030^\circ arc

解答:

沿正方形完成一圈需要 88 次转轴,并使三角形的方向改变一整圈的 23\frac{2}{3}。因此,整个三角形恢复初始位置需要 33 圈,即 2424 次转轴。其中有 88 次绕 PP 旋转,所以 PP 不动。其余 1616 次中,八段圆弧所对圆心角为 120120^\circ,另八段为 3030^\circ,半径均为 22。因此路径总长为 8(134π)+8(1124π)=32π3+8π3=40π3 \begin{aligned} &8\left(\frac13\cdot4\pi\right) +8\left(\frac1{12}\cdot4\pi\right)\\ &\qquad=\frac{32\pi}{3}+\frac{8\pi}{3}\\ &\qquad=\frac{40\pi}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

One circuit of the square uses 88 pivots and changes the triangle’s orientation by 23\frac{2}{3} of a full turn. Therefore 33 circuits, or 2424 pivots, are required to restore the entire triangle. In 88 of those pivots the rotation is about P,P, so PP does not move. In the other 16,16, eight arcs subtend 120120^\circ and eight subtend 30,30^\circ, all with radius 2.2. Hence the total path length is 8(134π)+8(1124π)=32π3+8π3=40π3. \begin{aligned} &8\left(\frac13\cdot4\pi\right) +8\left(\frac1{12}\cdot4\pi\right)\\ &\qquad=\frac{32\pi}{3}+\frac{8\pi}{3}\\ &\qquad=\frac{40\pi}{3}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.