1972 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
四个三角形 、、 和 的三边长度(单位:英寸)如下: 其中仅有的直角三角形是:
The lengths in inches of the three sides of each of four triangles and are as follows: Of these four given triangles, the only right triangles are:
和
and
和
and
和
and
、 和
and
、 和
and
小提示:
对每个三角形,比较最长边的平方与另外两边平方和
Compare the square of each longest side with the sum of the squares of the other two sides
大提示:
比较前,先消去三角形 和 边长中的分母
Clear the halves in triangles and before comparing
解答:
对于三角形 、 和 ,相应等式为 对于 ,两个值并不相等。因此,恰有 、 和 是直角三角形。
因此,正确答案是 D。
For triangles and the relevant equalities are For These values are unequal. Thus precisely and are right triangles.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
2.
若一名经销商能把进货成本降低 ,同时保持售价不变,那么按成本计算的利润率会从目前的 提高到 。则目前的利润率是:
If a dealer could get his goods for less while keeping his selling price fixed, his profit, based on cost, would be increased to from his present profit of which is:
小提示:
设目前的成本为 ,用两种方式表示同一个售价
Let the present cost be and express the same selling price in two ways
大提示:
降低后的成本为 ,相应利润率为
The reduced cost is and its profit rate is
解答:
由售价保持不变可得 化简得 所以 ,且 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The fixed selling price gives Simplifying yields so and
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
3.
4.
设 是 的子集。满足 的这类集合共有:
The number of solutions to where is a subset of is:
以上皆非
None of these
小提示:
元素 和 必须包含在集合中
The elements and are forced
大提示:
中每个元素都可以独立选择是否放入集合
Each of may independently be included or omitted
解答:
每个符合条件的 都包含 ,而 中的每个元素都可独立选择。因此共有 个可能的集合。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Every valid contains while each of may be chosen independently. Hence there are possible sets.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
5.
在 、、、 中,数值最大和第二大的数依次是:
From among those which have the greatest and the next to the greatest values, in that order, are:
,
,
,
,
以上皆非
None of these
小提示:
把两个正数提升到同一个幂次来比较
Compare two roots by raising both positive numbers to a common power
大提示:
先比较 与 ,再把 与其余各数比较
First compare with , then compare with each remaining number
解答:
取便于比较的相同幂次,可得 以及 因此, 最大, 第二大。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Raising to convenient common powers gives and Thus is greatest and is next.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
6.
7.
8.
若 ,其中 和 均为实数,则:
If where and are real, then:
且
and
以上皆非
None of these
小提示:
分别讨论 和 两种情形
Separate the cases and
大提示:
一种情形推出 ,另一种情形推出
One case forces , while the other forces
解答:
若 ,由原方程得 ,所以 。若 ,则得 。因此每个解都满足 或 ,即
因此,正确答案是 D。
If the equation gives hence If it gives Therefore every solution satisfies either or which is expressed by
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
9.
Ann 和 Sue 买了相同的文具盒。Ann 每封信用 张纸,Sue 每封信用 张纸。Ann 用完所有信封后还剩 张纸;Sue 用完所有纸后还剩 个信封。每盒中的纸张数为:
Ann and Sue bought identical boxes of stationery. Ann used hers to write -sheet letters and Sue used hers to write -sheet letters. Ann used all the envelopes and had sheets of paper left, while Sue used all of the sheets of paper and had envelopes left. The number of sheets of paper in each box was:
小提示:
设每盒有 张纸和 个信封
Let and be the numbers of sheets and envelopes in a box
大提示:
由 Ann 的情形得 ,由 Sue 的情形得
Ann gives , while Sue gives
解答:
设每盒有 张纸和 个信封。两人的使用情况给出 和 。两式相加得 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let and denote sheets and envelopes per box. The two accounts give and Adding yields so
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
10.
对实数 ,不等式 等价于:
For real, the inequality is equivalent to:
或
or
或
or
或
or
小提示:
上界表示 与 的距离不超过
The upper bound places within units of
大提示:
下界排除了与 距离小于 的开区间
The lower bound removes the open interval of points less than unit from
解答:
条件 给出 。条件 给出 或 。二者的交集为
因此,正确答案是 D。
The condition gives The condition gives or Their intersection is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
11.
下列方程组 有实数公共解时, 的可能值为:
The value(s) of for which the following pair of equations may have a real common solution, are:
只有
only
,
,
不存在这样的
no
所有
all
小提示:
消去两个方程中的
Eliminate between the equations
大提示:
找出两个候选的 值后,检查相应的 是否非负
After finding the two candidate -values, check whether the corresponding is nonnegative
解答:
由第二个方程得 。代入第一个方程,得 若 ,则 。若 ,则 ,不存在实数 。因此只有 可行。
因此,正确答案是 A。
From the second equation, Substitution into the first gives If then If then so no real exists. Thus only is possible.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
12.
一个立方体的体积以立方英尺计时的数值,等于其表面积以平方英寸计时的数值。该立方体棱长以英尺计时的数值为:
The number of cubic feet in the volume of a cube is the same as the number of square inches in its surface area. The length of the edge expressed as a number of feet is:
小提示:
若棱长为 英尺,则以英寸计为
If the edge is feet, its length in inches is
大提示:
令数值 与 相等
Equate the numerical values and
解答:
设棱长为 英尺,即 英寸。题述的数值相等关系为 因为 ,两边除以 得
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the edge length be feet, or inches. The stated numerical equality is Since division by gives
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
13.
在边长为 英寸的正方形 中,连接线段 ,其中 是边 上距 为 英寸的点。作 的垂直平分线,它依次与 、 和 相交于 、 和 。线段 与 的比为:
Inside square with sides of length inches, segment is drawn, where is the point on which is inches from The perpendicular bisector of is drawn and intersects and at points and respectively. The ratio of segment to is:
小提示:
过 作一条平行于 的直线
Draw through a line parallel to
大提示:
到 和 的水平距离分别为 和
The horizontal distances from to and are and
解答:
因为 是 的中点,所以它到 的水平距离为 。它到 的距离为 过 的水平线在直线 两侧截出的两个直角三角形相似,因此它们的斜边之比等于相应水平直角边之比:
因此,正确答案是 C。
Because is the midpoint of its horizontal distance from is Its distance from is The two right triangles cut from line by the horizontal through are similar, so their hypotenuses are in the ratio of these horizontal legs:
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
14.
一个三角形有两个角分别为 和 。若 角所对的边长为 ,则 角所对的边长为:
A triangle has angles of and If the side opposite the angle has length then the side opposite the angle has length:
15.
一名承包商估计,两名砌砖工中一人砌完某面墙需要 小时,另一人需要 小时。但他根据经验知道,两人一起工作时,合计效率会每小时减少 块砖。由于赶时间,他让两人共同施工,发现恰好 小时砌完。这面墙共有多少块砖:
A contractor estimated that one of his two bricklayers would take hours to build a certain wall and the other hours. However, he knew from experience that when they worked together, their combined output fell by bricks per hour. Being in a hurry, he put both men on the job and found that it took exactly hours to build the wall. The number of bricks in the wall was:
小提示:
设墙中砖的总数为
Let be the number of bricks in the wall
大提示:
两人的实际合计每小时效率为
Their actual combined hourly rate is
解答:
若墙中有 块砖,两人的单独效率分别为 和 。因此 两边乘以 并化简,得 ,故 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
If the wall contains bricks, the individual rates are and Thus Multiplying by and simplifying gives hence
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
16.
在 与 之间插入两个正数,使前三个数成等比数列,后三个数成等差数列。这两个正数之和为:
There are two positive numbers that may be inserted between and such that the first three are in geometric progression while the last three are in arithmetic progression. The sum of those two positive numbers is:
17.
在一根绳子上随机选一点将其剪成两段。较长的一段至少是较短一段的 倍的概率为:
A piece of string is cut in two at a point selected at random. The probability that the longer piece is at least times as large as the shorter piece is:
小提示:
将绳长归一化为 ,并设剪切点距某一端为
Normalize the string length to and let the cut be units from one end
大提示:
对靠近任一端的区间,求解
Near either endpoint, solve
解答:
令绳长为 。在靠近一端的区间内,条件为 所以 。另一端也有同样长度的区间。两区间总长度即所求概率,为
因此,正确答案是 E。
Take the string to have length Near one endpoint, the condition is so The same interval occurs at the other endpoint. Their total length, hence the probability, is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
18.
梯形 的底边 长度是底边 的两倍, 为两条对角线的交点。若对角线 的长度为 ,则线段 的长度等于:
Let be a trapezoid with the measure of base twice that of base and let be the point of intersection of the diagonals. If the measure of diagonal is then that of segment is equal to:
19.
20.
若 ,其中 且 ,则 等于:
If where and then is equal to:
小提示:
把正切看作两条直角边 与 的比
Model the tangent as the ratio of legs and
大提示:
相应斜边可借助 化简
The corresponding hypotenuse simplifies because
解答:
取一个对边为 、邻边为 的直角三角形。其斜边为 因此
因此,正确答案是 E。
Use a right triangle with opposite leg and adjacent leg Its hypotenuse is Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
21.
若图中角 ,,,,,和 的度数之和为 ,则 等于:
If the sum of the measures in degrees of angles and in the figure is then is equal to:
小提示:
分别命名 与 、 的两个交点
Name the two intersections of with and
大提示:
合并中央四边形与其两侧三角形的内角和
Combine the angle sums of the central quadrilateral and the two triangles attached to it
解答:
令 ,且 。在四边形 中,利用 和 处的补角,三角形 与 分别给出 和 ,相加得 因此 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let and In quadrilateral The triangles and give and using the supplementary angles at and Adding yields Thus
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
22.
若 是方程 的虚根,其中 ,,,和 均为实数,则用 和 表示的 为:
If are imaginary roots of the equation where and are real numbers, then in terms of and is:
小提示:
共轭数 也是一个根
The conjugate is another root
大提示:
因为 项系数为零,先确定第三个根,再利用两两乘积之和
Because the coefficient is zero, determine the third root and then use the sum of pairwise products
解答:
共轭根为 。因为三个根之和为 ,第三个根是 。由韦达定理,
因此,正确答案是 E。
The conjugate root is Since the sum of the three roots is the third root is By Vieta’s formulas,
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
23.
能包含图中由 个单位正方形组成的对称图形的最小圆半径为:
The radius of the smallest circle containing the symmetric figure composed of unit squares shown is:
以上皆非
None of these
小提示:
利用对称性,把圆心放在图形的竖直对称轴上
By symmetry, place the circle’s center on the vertical axis of the figure
大提示:
令圆心到下方外角点与上方外角点的距离相等
Equate its distances to a lower outer corner and an upper outer corner
解答:
把底边中点置于 。一个下方外角点为 ,一个上方外角点为 。由对称性,最小外接圆的圆心为 。在最优位置,两类外角点都在圆上,所以 解得 。因此
因此,正确答案是 D。
Put the midpoint of the bottom edge at A lower outer corner is and an upper outer corner is By symmetry the center of the smallest enclosing circle is At the optimum both types of outer corner lie on the circle, so This gives Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
24.
一个人以恒定速度步行了一段路。若他每小时快走 英里,所需时间将为原来的五分之四;若他每小时慢走 英里,则会多走 小时。他步行的距离(英里)为:
A man walked a certain distance at a constant rate. If he had gone mile per hour faster, he would have walked the distance in four-fifths of the time; if he had gone mile per hour slower, he would have been hours longer on the road. The distance in miles he walked was:
小提示:
设实际速度和时间分别为 和
Let the actual speed and time be and
大提示:
先用 求出
First use to determine
解答:
设实际速度和时间为 和 。较快的情形给出 所以 。较慢的情形于是给出 从而 。步行距离为
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the actual speed and time be and The faster case gives so The slower case then gives whence The distance was
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
25.
一个圆内接四边形的四条边依次长为 ,,,和 。该圆的直径长度为:
Inscribed in a circle is a quadrilateral having sides of lengths and taken consecutively. The diameter of this circle has length:
小提示:
在四条边长中找出两组勾股数的倍数
Notice two scaled Pythagorean triples among the four side lengths
大提示:
这一对与 这一对对应同一条可能的斜边
The pair and the pair share the same possible hypotenuse
解答:
可将连续四边标记为 因为 三角形 与 都是直角三角形,且有公共斜边 。二者拼成这个圆内接四边形,而直角三角形的斜边是其外接圆的直径。因此直径为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The consecutive sides may be labeled Since triangles and are right triangles with common hypotenuse Their union is the cyclic quadrilateral, and a right triangle’s hypotenuse is a diameter of its circumcircle. Thus the diameter is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
26.
在图示圆中, 是弧 的中点,线段 在 点垂直于弦 。若弦 的长度为 ,线段 的长度为 ,则线段 的长度等于:
In the circle shown, is the midpoint of arc and segment is perpendicular to chord at If the measure of chord is and that of segment is then segment has measure equal to:
小提示:
在 与 之间取新点 ,使弧 等于弧
Copy arc to an arc ending at a new point between and
大提示:
作 ;利用等弧找出一个矩形和相等的水平端线段
Drop ; use equal arcs to identify a rectangle and equal horizontal end segments
解答:
在弧 上取点 ,使弧 与 相等,并作 。于是 。其余两段等弧 与 在弦上的对应投影相等,所以 。又因为 是矩形,故 。因此
因此,正确答案是 E。
Choose on arc so that arcs and are equal, and drop Then The remaining equal arcs and give equal corresponding chord projections, so Also is a rectangle, hence Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
27.
若 的面积为 平方单位,边 与 的几何平均数(比例中项)为 英寸,则 等于:
If the area of is square units and the geometric mean (mean proportional) between sides and is inches, then is equal to:
28.
将一个直径为 的圆盘放在宽度为 的 棋盘上,使二者中心重合。被圆盘完全覆盖的棋盘小方格数为:
A circular disc with diameter is placed on an checkerboard with width so that the centers coincide. The number of checkerboard squares which are completely covered by the disc is:
小提示:
与棋盘外边界相接的小方格都不可能被完全覆盖
No square touching the outside border can be completely covered
大提示:
在内部的 个小方格中,单独检查四个角上的方格
Among the interior squares, test the four corner squares separately
解答:
边界上的 个小方格没有被完全覆盖。考虑剩余的 内部网格,并以小方格边长为距离单位,则圆盘半径为 。该内部网格的四个外角到中心的距离为 所以四个角方格未被完全覆盖。其他每个内部方格都在圆盘内:其最远角点到中心的距离至多为 因此共有 个方格被完全覆盖。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The border squares are not fully covered. Consider the remaining interior grid and measure distances in square side lengths, so the disc has radius The four outer corners of this interior grid are at distance from the center, so those four corner squares are not fully covered. Every other interior square lies within the disc: its farthest possible corner is at distance at most Hence squares are completely covered.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
29.
30.
一张宽 英寸的长方形纸按图折叠,使一个角落在对边上。用角 表示的折痕 长度(英寸)为:
A rectangular piece of paper inches wide is folded as in the diagram so that one corner touches the opposite side. The length in inches of the crease in terms of angle is:
以上皆非
None of these
小提示:
设长方形纸的高为 ,并利用折叠产生的相等长度
Let be the height of the rectangular sheet and use the equal lengths created by the fold
大提示:
由图可得 和
The diagram gives and
解答:
设纸张的高为 。把折起的角关于折痕反射所产生的全等直角三角形给出 所以 。它们还给出 。因此
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let be the sheet’s height. The congruent right triangles created by reflecting the folded corner across the crease give so They also give Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
31.
32.
图示圆中的弦 和 在 点垂直相交。若线段 ,,和 的长度依次为 ,,和 ,则该圆的直径长度为:
Chords and in the circle shown intersect at and are perpendicular to each other. If segments and have measures and respectively, then the length of the diameter of the circle is:
小提示:
先使用
First use
大提示:
把 置于原点;圆心位于两条弦的垂直平分线交点
Place at the origin; the center is at the intersection of the two chord perpendicular bisectors
解答:
由相交弦定理,所以 。令 、、、 且 。弦 与 的垂直平分线交于 因此 直径为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The intersecting-chords theorem gives so Put and The perpendicular bisectors of and meet at Thus and the diameter is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
33.
一个由三个互不相同的非零数字组成的十进制数除以其各位数字之和,所得商的最小值为:
The minimum value of the quotient of a (base ten) number of three different nonzero digits divided by the sum of its digits is:
小提示:
设百位、十位和个位数字分别为 、 和 ,考虑最大数字应放在哪一位
Let the hundreds, tens, and units digits be and and consider which position should contain the largest digit
大提示:
取到最小值时 ;然后在数字互不相同且非零的条件下,使 最大、 最小
At a minimum ; then maximize and minimize subject to distinct nonzero digits
解答:
设这个商为 。则 若 小于前两位中的某个数字,交换二者会使商减小,所以个位数字必须最大。因为这个商大于 ,增大个位数字会使商减小,故 。此时 取最大的可用数字 ,再取最小的 ,即可使其最小。这个数是 ,并且
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let denote the quotient. Then Interchanging with a larger digit in either earlier position decreases the quotient, so the units digit must be the largest. Increasing that units digit lowers a quotient greater than so Then This is minimized by taking the largest available and then the smallest The number is and
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
34.
Dick 年龄的三倍加上 Tom 的年龄,等于 Harry 年龄的两倍。Harry 年龄立方的两倍,等于 Dick 年龄立方的三倍加上 Tom 年龄的立方。他们三人的年龄两两互质。三人年龄的平方和为:
Three times Dick’s age plus Tom’s age equals twice Harry’s age. Double the cube of Harry’s age is equal to three times the cube of Dick’s age added to the cube of Tom’s age. Their respective ages are relatively prime to each other. The sum of the squares of their ages is:
小提示:
设三人的年龄为 、 和 ,并把一次方程改写为
Let the ages be and and rewrite the linear equation as
大提示:
改写三次方程后,分别分解两个立方差
Factor both differences of cubes after rewriting the cubic equation
解答:
方程为 将它们改写为 和 约去相等的正因子,得 所以 。一次方程进一步给出 ,两两互质条件迫使 所求平方和为 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The equations are Rewrite them as and Canceling the equal positive factors gives so The linear equation then gives and pairwise relative primality forces The requested sum is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
35.
边 长为 英寸的等边三角形 放在边长为 英寸的正方形 内,使 位于边 上。三角形先绕 顺时针旋转,再绕 旋转,如此沿正方形各边滚动,直到 、 和 都回到各自的初始位置。顶点 所走路径的长度(英寸)为:
Equilateral triangle with side of length inches is placed inside square with side of length inches so that is on side The triangle is rotated clockwise about then and so on along the sides of the square until and all return to their original positions. The length of the path in inches traversed by vertex is equal to:
小提示:
追踪绕正方形完成一圈八次转轴后的三角形方向
Track the orientation after one eight-pivot circuit of the square
大提示:
共需三圈;按 保持不动、沿 圆弧移动或沿 圆弧移动来分类各次转轴
Three circuits are needed; classify the pivots according to whether is fixed or moves through a or arc
解答:
沿正方形完成一圈需要 次转轴,并使三角形的方向改变一整圈的 。因此,整个三角形恢复初始位置需要 圈,即 次转轴。其中有 次绕 旋转,所以 不动。其余 次中,八段圆弧所对圆心角为 ,另八段为 ,半径均为 。因此路径总长为
因此,正确答案是 D。
One circuit of the square uses pivots and changes the triangle’s orientation by of a full turn. Therefore circuits, or pivots, are required to restore the entire triangle. In of those pivots the rotation is about so does not move. In the other eight arcs subtend and eight subtend all with radius Hence the total path length is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.