2025 AIME I 第 7 题

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7.

十二个字母 AABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJKK, 和 LL 被随机分成六对。每一对中的两个字母按字母顺序相邻放置,形成六个两个字母的“单词”,然后这六个单词再按字母顺序排列。 例如,一种可能的结果是 ABABCJCJDGDGEKEKFLFLHIHI。最后列出的单词含有 GG 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The twelve letters A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, E,E, F,F, G,G, H,H, I,I, J,J, K,K, and LL are randomly grouped into six pairs of letters. The two letters in each pair are placed next to each other in alphabetical order to form six two-letter words, and then those six words are listed alphabetically. For example, a possible result is AB,AB, CJ,CJ, DG,DG, EK,EK, FL,FL, HI.HI. The probability that the last word listed contains GG is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:821
知识点:基本概率有限制的排列分类讨论
难度评级:2710
解答:

分配这些字母成对共有 1197531=1039511 \cdot 9 \cdot 7 \cdot 5 \cdot 3 \cdot 1 = 10395 种方式。每个单词以该对中较小的字母开头, 所以按字母顺序最后的单词,就是较小字母最大的那一对。

情况一:GG 是最后一个单词中的较小字母。则 GGH,I,J,K,LH, I, J, K, L 中的一个配对(55 种),而剩下四个靠后的字母中任意两个不能互相配对,否则会产生首字母在 GG 之后的单词。这四个字母必须从 {A,,F}\{A, \ldots, F\} 中选取不同搭档,共 6543=3606 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 360 种方式,剩下两个较早字母彼此配对。因此得到 5360=18005 \cdot 360 = 1800 种配对。情况二:GG 是较大字母,与某个排在 GG 之前的 xx 配对。那么 H,,LH, \ldots, L 中不能有两者互相配对,所以它们五个都要与另外五个较早字母配对;此时六个较小字母恰好是 AAFF,其中最大的是 FF。要使最后一个单词包含 G,G,其较小字母必须是 F,F,所以最后一个单词是 FGFG,且 H,,LH, \ldots, LA,,EA, \ldots, E 配对有 5!=1205! = 120 种方式。

所求概率为 1800+12010395=192010395=128693\frac{1800 + 120}{10395} = \frac{1920}{10395} = \frac{128}{693},所以 m+n=128+693=821m + n = 128 + 693 = 821

There are 1197531=1039511 \cdot 9 \cdot 7 \cdot 5 \cdot 3 \cdot 1 = 10395 ways to pair the letters. Each word begins with the smaller letter of its pair, so the last word alphabetically is the pair whose smaller letter is largest.

Case 1: GG is the smaller letter of the last word. Then GG pairs with one of H,I,J,K,LH, I, J, K, L (55 ways), and no two of the remaining four late letters may pair together (such a pair would start with a letter after GG). Those four letters must take distinct partners from {A,,F},\{A, \ldots, F\}, in 6543=3606 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 360 ways, and the two leftover early letters pair with each other. That gives 5360=18005 \cdot 360 = 1800 pairings. Case 2: GG is the larger letter, paired with some xx before G.G. Then none of H,,LH, \ldots, L may pair together, so all five take partners among the other five early letters; the six smaller letters are then exactly AA through F,F, and the largest is F.F. For the last word to contain G,G, its smaller letter must therefore be F,F, so the last word is FG,FG, and H,,LH, \ldots, L match with A,,EA, \ldots, E in 5!=1205! = 120 ways.

The probability is 1800+12010395=192010395=128693,\frac{1800 + 120}{10395} = \frac{1920}{10395} = \frac{128}{693}, so m+n=128+693=821.m + n = 128 + 693 = 821.

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