2013 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

三角形 AB0C0AB_0C_0 的边长为 AB0=12AB_0 = 12B0C0=17B_0C_0 = 17C0A=25C_0A = 25。对每个正整数 nn,点 BnB_nCnC_n 分别位于 ABn1\overline{AB_{n-1}}ACn1\overline{AC_{n-1}} 上,并形成三个相似三角形:ABnCnBn1CnCn1\triangle AB_nC_n \sim \triangle B_{n-1}C_nC_{n-1} ABn1Cn1\sim \triangle AB_{n-1}C_{n-1}。所有三角形 Bn1CnBnB_{n-1}C_nB_n(其中 n1n \ge 1)的并集面积可表示为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 qq

Triangle AB0C0AB_0C_0 has side lengths AB0=12,AB_0 = 12, B0C0=17,B_0C_0 = 17, and C0A=25.C_0A = 25. For each positive integer n,n, points BnB_n and CnC_n are located on ABn1\overline{AB_{n-1}} and ACn1,\overline{AC_{n-1}}, respectively, creating three similar triangles ABnCnBn1CnCn1\triangle AB_nC_n \sim \triangle B_{n-1}C_nC_{n-1} ABn1Cn1.\sim \triangle AB_{n-1}C_{n-1}. The area of the union of all triangles Bn1CnBnB_{n-1}C_nB_n for n1n \ge 1 can be expressed as pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find q.q.

答案:961
知识点:相似等比数列海伦公式递推
难度评级:3160
解答:

由海伦公式,半周长 s=27s = 27,所以 AB0C0\triangle AB_0C_0 的面积为 2715102=90\sqrt{27 \cdot 15 \cdot 10 \cdot 2} = 90。在相似关系 B0C1C0AB0C0\triangle B_0C_1C_0 \sim \triangle AB_0C_0 中,边 B0C0B_0C_0 对应 AC0AC_0,所以相似比为 r=1725r = \frac{17}{25},且 C1C0C_1C_0(对应 B0C0B_0C_0)等于 17r17r。于是 这就是 AB1C1\triangle AB_1C_1 相对于 AB0C0\triangle AB_0C_0 的相似比。 AC1AC0=2517r25=1r2,\frac{AC_1}{AC_0} = \frac{25 - 17r}{25} = 1 - r^2,

线段 B1C1\overline{B_1C_1}B0C1\overline{B_0C_1}AB0C0\triangle AB_0C_0 分成三个部分,所以 之后每一步都在 ABnCn\triangle AB_nC_n 中重复同样构造,所有面积都按 (1r2)2(1 - r^2)^2 缩放,且这些三角形 Bn1CnBnB_{n-1}C_nB_n 的内部互不重叠。 [B0C1B1]=90(1r2(1r2)2)=90r2(1r2). \begin{aligned} [B_0C_1B_1] &= 90\left(1 - r^2 - (1 - r^2)^2\right) \\ &= 90\,r^2(1 - r^2). \end{aligned}

并集面积为等比级数 因为 961=312961 = 31^290336=3024090 \cdot 336 = 30240 没有公因数,所以答案是 q=961q = 96190r2(1r2)1(1r2)2=90(1r2)2r2=90336/625961/625=90336961. \begin{aligned} \frac{90\,r^2(1 - r^2)}{1 - (1 - r^2)^2} &= \frac{90(1 - r^2)}{2 - r^2} \\ &= 90 \cdot \frac{336/625}{961/625} \\ &= \frac{90 \cdot 336}{961}. \end{aligned}

By Heron's formula with s=27,s = 27, the area of AB0C0\triangle AB_0C_0 is 2715102=90.\sqrt{27 \cdot 15 \cdot 10 \cdot 2} = 90. In the similarity B0C1C0AB0C0,\triangle B_0C_1C_0 \sim \triangle AB_0C_0, side B0C0B_0C_0 corresponds to AC0,AC_0, so the ratio is r=1725,r = \frac{17}{25}, and C1C0C_1C_0 (corresponding to B0C0B_0C_0) equals 17r.17r. Hence AC1AC0=2517r25=1r2,\frac{AC_1}{AC_0} = \frac{25 - 17r}{25} = 1 - r^2, which is the similarity ratio of AB1C1\triangle AB_1C_1 to AB0C0.\triangle AB_0C_0.

Segments B1C1\overline{B_1C_1} and B0C1\overline{B_0C_1} split AB0C0\triangle AB_0C_0 into the three pieces, so [B0C1B1]=90(1r2(1r2)2)=90r2(1r2). \begin{aligned} [B_0C_1B_1] &= 90\left(1 - r^2 - (1 - r^2)^2\right) \\ &= 90\,r^2(1 - r^2). \end{aligned} Each successive stage repeats the construction inside ABnCn,\triangle AB_nC_n, scaling all areas by (1r2)2,(1 - r^2)^2, and the triangles Bn1CnBnB_{n-1}C_nB_n have disjoint interiors.

The union's area is the geometric series 90r2(1r2)1(1r2)2=90(1r2)2r2=90336/625961/625=90336961. \begin{aligned} \frac{90\,r^2(1 - r^2)}{1 - (1 - r^2)^2} &= \frac{90(1 - r^2)}{2 - r^2} \\ &= 90 \cdot \frac{336/625}{961/625} \\ &= \frac{90 \cdot 336}{961}. \end{aligned} Since 961=312961 = 31^2 shares no factor with 90336=30240,90 \cdot 336 = 30240, the answer is q=961.q = 961.

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