2010 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

一副牌中的 5252 张牌编号为 1,2,,521, 2, \ldots, 52。Alex、Blair、Corey、Dylan 各自从牌堆中不放回地抽一张牌,且每张牌被抽到的可能性相同。编号较小的两人组成一队,编号较大的两人组成另一队。 已知 Alex 抽到 aaa+9a + 9, 两张牌中的一张,Dylan 抽到这两张牌中的另一张,令 p(a)p(a) 为 Alex 和 Dylan 在同一队的概率。满足 p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2}p(a)p(a) 的最小值可写为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The 5252 cards in a deck are numbered 1,2,,52.1, 2, \ldots, 52. Alex, Blair, Corey, and Dylan each picks a card from the deck without replacement and with each card being equally likely to be picked. The two persons with lower numbered cards form a team, and the two persons with higher numbered cards form another team. Let p(a)p(a) be the probability that Alex and Dylan are on the same team, given that Alex picks one of the cards aa and a+9,a + 9, and Dylan picks the other of these two cards. The minimum value of p(a)p(a) for which p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:263
知识点:条件概率组合不等式
难度评级:3060
解答:

在 Alex 和 Dylan 持有 aaa+9a + 9 的条件下,Blair 和 Corey 从剩余 5050 张牌中抽 22 张。Alex 和 Dylan 成为队友,当且仅当这两张牌都小于 aa(Alex 和 Dylan 是高牌队),或都大于 a+9a + 9(他们是低牌队)。小于该数的牌有 a1a - 1 张,大于另一个数的牌有 52(a+9)=43a52 - (a + 9) = 43 - a 张,所以 p(a)=(a12)+(43a2)(502).p(a) = \frac{\binom{a-1}{2} + \binom{43-a}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}}.

分子为 (a1)(a2)+(43a)(42a)2\frac{(a-1)(a-2) + (43-a)(42-a)}{2} =a244a+904= a^2 - 44a + 904,因此 p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2} 变为 a244a+90425492a^2 - 44a + 904 \ge \frac{25 \cdot 49}{2},也就是 (a22)23852(a - 22)^2 \ge \frac{385}{2}。因为 aa 是整数,a2214|a - 22| \ge 14,所以 a8a \le 8a36a \ge 36

这个抛物线在离 a=22a = 22 最近的可行点处最小:p(8)=p(36)p(8) = p(36) =(72)+(352)(502)= \frac{\binom{7}{2} + \binom{35}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}} =6161225= \frac{616}{1225} =88175= \frac{88}{175},确实至少为 12\frac{1}{2}。因此 m+n=88+175=263m + n = 88 + 175 = 263

Condition on Alex and Dylan holding aa and a+9.a + 9. Blair and Corey then draw 22 of the remaining 5050 cards, and Alex and Dylan are teammates exactly when both of those cards are below aa (Alex and Dylan are the high team) or both are above a+9a + 9 (the low team). There are a1a - 1 cards below and 52(a+9)=43a52 - (a + 9) = 43 - a cards above, so p(a)=(a12)+(43a2)(502).p(a) = \frac{\binom{a-1}{2} + \binom{43-a}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}}.

The numerator is (a1)(a2)+(43a)(42a)2\frac{(a-1)(a-2) + (43-a)(42-a)}{2} =a244a+904,= a^2 - 44a + 904, so p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2} becomes a244a+90425492,a^2 - 44a + 904 \ge \frac{25 \cdot 49}{2}, that is, (a22)23852.(a - 22)^2 \ge \frac{385}{2}. Since aa is an integer, a2214,|a - 22| \ge 14, so a8a \le 8 or a36.a \ge 36.

The parabola is smallest at the admissible points closest to a=22:a = 22: p(8)=p(36)p(8) = p(36) =(72)+(352)(502)= \frac{\binom{7}{2} + \binom{35}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}} =6161225= \frac{616}{1225} =88175,= \frac{88}{175}, which is indeed at least 12.\frac{1}{2}. Thus m+n=88+175=263.m + n = 88 + 175 = 263.

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